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Systems Neurobiology > Complex Object Recognition > Flashcards

Complex Object Recognition Flashcards

1
Q

How does information within the cortex flow?

A

it enters through layer IV, is processed and integrated in layers II and III, and is sent out via layers V and VI

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2
Q

What does each centre in the thalamus have?

A

a different flow of information through the laminae

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3
Q

What do inhibitory neurons tend to connect with?

A

other neurons within the same layer

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4
Q

What are long range cortical connections mostly?

A

completely excitatory that can also synapse onto a local inhibitory neuron

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5
Q

How does the brain integrate sensory information?

A

pathways between cortical areas enable hierarchical, parallel, and distributed processing

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6
Q

What is the first cortical area to receive visual information?

A

V1

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7
Q

What are the 2 visual streams from V1 to higher visual areas?

A
  • ventral stream: V1 → V2 → V4 → Inferior temporal cortex (IT)
  • dorsal stream: V1 → V2 → middle temporal area (MT) → posterior parietal cortex (PPC)
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8
Q

What does the IT cortex contain?

A

TE and TEO

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9
Q

What does the PPC contain?

A

LIP and 7a

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10
Q

What is the ventral visual stream involved in?

A

recognition and identification of objects, faces and colours

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11
Q

What are the different regions in the ventral stream responsible for?

A
  • fusiform face area (FFA) specialises in face recognition
  • parahippocampal place area (PPA) is involved in recognising places and scenes
  • lateral occipital complex (LOC) is important for object recognition and distinguishing complex shapes
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12
Q

What is meant by processing along the ventral visual stream?

A

each step involves progressively more complex analysis of the visual input; it moves from basic features (like lines and edges in V1) to complex shapes and object recognition in the IT cortex

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13
Q

What sensory modalities does the ventral visual stream interact with?

A

language and memory to provide a comprehensive understanding of objects and their significance

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14
Q

What does a lesion in the ventral visual stream cause?

A

visual agnosia

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15
Q

What are symptoms of visual agnosia?

A
  • patient does not recognise her mother visually but knows her voice
  • lower vision is preserved but higher vision (e.g. edge detection) is lost
  • patient unable to indicate the size, shape and orientation of an object but has normal hand pre-shaping and rotation when reaching to grasp
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16
Q

What is the dorsal visual stream involved in?

A

vision for action i.e. spatial awareness, motion detection and visual-motor integration

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17
Q

What are the different regions in the dorsal visual stream responsible for?

A
  • MT/V5 is important for analysing motion and speed of moving objects
  • intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is involved in visually guided movements, such as reaching and eye movements (saccades)
  • superior parietal lobule processes information related to hand-eye coordination and the perception of the body in space
18
Q

What does the dorsal visual stream allow?

A

the brain to translate visual information into precise motor commands, enabling us to interact effectively with our environment

19
Q

What is the hierarchical planning of the dorsal visual stream?

A

basic motion detection to complex spatial analysis and motor planning

20
Q

What does PPC lesion cause?

A

optic ataxia or visuomotor impairment

21
Q

What are characteristics of PPC lesion?

A
  • difficulty with visually guided reaching
  • intact visual fields, stereoscopic (3D) vision, oculomotor control, proprioception, motor abilities and cerebellar function
  • patients can perform the task if they receive proprioceptive or auditory cues (unlike cerebellar ataxia)
22
Q

What is brain plasticity?

A

the ability to reorganise itself in response to learning, injury, or changes in sensory input

23
Q

What can brain plasticity lead to?

A

variability in where certain functions are localised

24
Q

Give an example of brain plasticity

A

in individuals who are blind, areas of the brain typically used for visual processing may be repurposed for processing auditory or tactile information

25
Q

What is object recognition invariant against?

A

transformations e.g. rotation, translation and scaling

26
Q

What are grandmother cells?

A

neurons that respond selectively and specifically to a particular stimulus, such as a specific face (e.g. one’s grandmother), a particular object, or a unique concept

27
Q

How are face-selective IT neurons arranged?

A

clustered in patches

28
Q

What is present in the medial temporal lobe?

A

neurons with very complex selectivities

29
Q

Where is the MTL?

A

downstream from the IT cortex

30
Q

What does the MT transition from and to what?

A

6-layered neocortex to 3 or 4-layered allocortex

31
Q

What increases from the bottom to the top of the ventral stream?

A

selectivity for real world objects

32
Q

What is retinal circuitry important for and why?

A

object recognition since it produces the on and off-centre ganglion cells which are critical for phase invariance in V1 complex cells

33
Q

What can ANNs based on the retina and cortex do?

A

perform object recognition

34
Q

What is required to create a grandmother cell in an ANN?

A

a system to be designed where a single neuron or a very small set of neurons responds exclusively to a highly specific input, such as a particular face or object

35
Q

What should a network that recognises a grandmother do?

A
  • output 1 when the input is a black and white 2D grandmother array
  • output 0 when the input is another array
36
Q

What is required for an ANN to compute a good approximation to any function?

A

enough layers of neurons and enough neurons in each layer

37
Q

What are deep networks?

A

ANNs with many layers inspired by the cortex

38
Q

What is deep learning?

A

a type of machine learning that uses deep networks to learn from large amounts of data; it mimics how the human brain processes information by recognising patterns, making decisions, and solving complex problems

39
Q

What is deep learning used by?

A
  • banks to read cheques
  • Google and Microsoft for speech recognition
  • Google to improve translate
  • Waymo for object recognition in self-driving cars
40
Q

What is the main difference between ANNs and biological neural networks?

A

how they learn; ANNs can compute anything, but for a specific task, a particular ANN must be trained and structured

41
Q

How are ANNs trained?

A

by backpropagation (does not resemble leaning by biological neural networks)

Systems Neurobiology (11 decks)

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