Functional neuroanatomy Flashcards
Frontal lobe
- Motor cortex: motor control
- Primary motor cortex M1 (Area 4)
- Premotor cortex (Area 6): motor output of speech
Prefrontal cortex
• Language: Speech production: Area 44, 45 in the Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
• Epoptic processing (monitoring: keep information ‘online’) In the middle frontal gyrus (MFG)
• Executive functions:
- Temporal organization of goal-directed actions
- Attention, planning, organisation, decision making, reasoning and emotional processing, impulse control
orbitofrontal cortex
→Strongly connected to the amygdala by the Uncinate fasciculus
→Regulate emotions
Insula
- Hidden within the sylvian fissure
- Somatic-visceral sensations (Penfield stimulation)
Neuroimaging:
• Sensory-motor control (more posterior):
–> Visceral sensations
–> Autonomic control (heart rate, blood pressure)
- Introception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body
- Olfactory and gustatory regions
- Socio-emotional, ex: empathy
• Cognitive:
- -> Attention
- -> Speech production: motor planing (more anterior)
Parietal lobe
• Somatosensory cortex: area 3 (basic sensory information), area 1
(vibration/texture) and area 2 (size/shape of objects)
• Spatial functions
• Language (left): Reading and writing, phonological and semantics
• Dorsal stream of vision (where)
• Multisensory integration: infromation from the senses
Temporal lobe
-Auditory processing
• Primary auditory (BA 41, 42)
• Secondary auditory area (22)
-Wernicke’s area: posterior temporal
• Speech comprehension
-Ventral stream of vision (what)
-Hippocampus
→MemoryLimbic cortex
Involved in behavioral and emotional response, survival
• Cingulate cortex
• Parahippocampal gyrus / Hippocampus
• Amygdala: emotions, response to stress
But also:
• The thalamus, sends output to the cingulate
• Hypothalamus (production of important hormones and regulation of thirst, hunger, mood, etc)
• and basal ganglia (reward processing, habit formation, movement and learning) are also involved in the actions of the limbic system.
Occipital lobe
• Primary visual area (V1: BA 17)
- Within the banks of the calcarine fissure
• Secondary visual area (V2: BA 18)
• Associative visual areas (V3, V4, V5 (MT))
• Processing of visual information
Brain tumors
• Cancerous growth inside the brain
• two types: glioma & meningioma
▪ Can still affect or destroy the neurons in the region where the tumor grows
▪ Can also destroy axons
▪ Can push the brain into the skull or away
▪ Depending on the type of tumor (I, II, III IV), more or less usefull to study… If growing very fast (III, IV), new problems every day, hard to study
Glioma
tumor from the glial cells: Most tumors • Different types of glial cells • Microglia • Oligodendrocytes • Astrocytes
Meningioma
tumor from the meninges • Dura mater • Arachnoid • Pia mater → tumor that grows between the skull an the brain
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Supplies the upper part and the medial surface
Middle cerebral artery
- along the Sylvian fissure
- a lot of branches
- supplies the lateral surface: frontal, parietal, temporal (part)
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
Supplies the occipital areas and part of the temporal lobe
Stroke
interruption of blood supply in an area of the brain
2 types: ischemic & hemorrhagic
