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PSYC 311 > Frontal Lobes > Flashcards

Frontal Lobes Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal lobe

A

• Precentral gyrus -> agranular (no layer IV)
• Prefrontal cortex -> granular (anterior to
precentral gyrus)

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2
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

• Motor cortex -> cytoarchitectonic area 4
- Fine motor movements
• Premotor cortex -> cytoarchitectonic area 6
- Planning sequences of movements

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3
Q

Posterior inferior frontal gyrus

A

Broca’s area -> cytoarchitectonic areas 45 and 44

  • Area 44 -> articulation
  • Area 45 -> cognitive; active retrieval of information from memory
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4
Q

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

A

• Dorsolateral PFC (superior and middle frontal gyri)
- Mid-dorsolateral PFC (areas 9, 46, and 9/46)
- Posterior dorsolateral PFC (area 8 and rostral
area 6)
• Ventrolateral PFC (ventral frontal gyrus)
- Pars opercularis (area 44)
- Pars triangularis (area 45)
- Pars orbitalis and adjacent cortex (area 47/12)
- Mid-ventrolateral PFC = area 45 + area 47/12
• Fronto-polar region (area 10)

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5
Q

Testing of Frontal Patients

A
  • Tests of divergent thinking
  • Fluency tasks
  • Temporal ordering tasks/ Recency discrimination tasks
  • Self-ordered pointing task
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6
Q

Tests of convergent thinking

A
  • One correct answer for each question (e.g. the sun is a star)
  • Not sensitive to frontal lobe damage
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7
Q

Tests of divergent thinking

A
  • Many different responses can be produced to the same question
  • -> E.g. find as many uses to a single object as possible in a limited amount of time
  • Sensitive to frontal lobe damage
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8
Q

Fluency tasks:

A

Verbal (word) fluency -> dominant left hemisphere

  • Produce as many 4-letter words as possible in a limited amount of time
  • Write down as many words as possible beginning with a specific letter in a limited amount of time
  • > Very little spontaneous speech

Non-verbal fluency -> nondominant right hemisphere
- Draw as many different abstract designs as possible in a limited amount of time

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9
Q

Recency discrimination tasks

A
  • Use verbal and non-verbal testing material
  • Discriminate between the items shown most recently vs. the items shown a longer time ago
  • Patients with frontal lobe lesions are impaired
  • Patients with medial temporal lesions are not impaired
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10
Q

Self-ordered pointing task

A 
Critical region is the middorsolateral prefrontal cortex (for
both verbal and nonverbal stimuli)
Verbal and nonverbal material:
• Concrete words
• Abstract words
• Representational drawings
• Abstract designs
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11
Q

Maze learning task

A 
Stylus maze task = trial-and-error task
Patients with frontal lobe lesions:
- Failure to use feedback
- Rule breaking behaviour
- Loss of inhibition
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12
Q

Wisconsin card sorting test

A
  • Important diagnostic tool for frontal lobe dysfunction
  • Depends on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • Patients persevere with their responses
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13
Q

Jacobsen Lesion in Monkeys Experiment

A 
Bilateral frontal lesions
- Impaired on delayed-response task
- Successful on visual discrimination
task
Bilateral parietal lesions
- Unimpaired on both tasks
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14
Q

Delayed-response task

A

Keep track of the reward location in the current trial and inhibit the interference (memory of very similar responses) from the previous trials

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15
Q

Visual discrimination task

A

which one is bigger

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16
Q

Working Memory

A

brain system that provides temporary storage and
manipulation of the information necessary for such complex cognitive tasks as language comprehension, learning, and reasoning

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17
Q

Impairments on working memory tasks after prefrontal cortical lesions:

A
  • Due to deficits in executive processing
  • Loss of inhibitory control
  • Failure to allocate attention to different types of information and monitor the contents of working memory in the posterior cortical regions
18
Q

Mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex:

A

• Areas 9, 46 and 9/46 are involved in monitoring
or keeping track of information within working
memory
• Both spatial and non-spatial information

19
Q

Patients with lesions in the mid-dorsolateral

prefrontal cortex

A

No difficulty with short-term memory tasks
(can reproduce fixed digit sequences normally e.g.
5 2 7 9 4 3 1)
BUT cannot give digits from a list at random
(cannot perform “mental checklist” e.g. 5 2 5 3 2 5 )

20
Q

Mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

A 
• Areas 45 and 47/12
• Active retrieval from long-term memory (and
NOT automatic (passive) retrieval from longterm memory)
21
Q

Active retrieval of information from long-term memory

A
  • Goes beyond simple recognition that some stimuli are familiar while others are not
  • Initiated under conscious effort and guided by the subject’s goals/plans
  • ~ Google: SEARCH within a specific CONTEXT for SPECIFIC INFORMATION
22
Q

Automatic retrieval

A
  • Triggered by sensory stimuli
  • Requires connections between the posterior temporal and parietal association areas
  • May involve the subcortical structures
23
Q

Prefrontal cortex is involved in

A
  • Monitoring of information within working memory (mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
  • Active retrieval of information (mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex)
  • Allocation of attention to competing stimuli in the environment on the basis of conditional rules (posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
24
Q

Why is the case of Phineas Gage important for the history of neuroscience?

A
  • Extraordinary physical recovery

* Dramatic change in personality due to frontal lobe damage

25
Q

Damage to the ventromedial frontal cortex results from

A
  • Rupture of aneurysms located in the anterior cerebral or anterior communicating arteries -> bilateral lesion
  • Surgical removal of tumors (e.g. orbitofrontal meningiomas)
  • Head injury -> bilateral damage
26
Q

Patients with damage to the ventromedial frontal (= prefrontal) cortex

A

Emotional and behavioural changes/ maladaptive behaviour:
• Impaired ability to make rational decisions in personal and social domains
• Impaired processing of emotion

Few, if any, cognitive deficits:
• Normal ability to solve abstract problems and perform calculations
• Normal ability to recall appropriate knowledge and pay attention to it
• Normal performance on tests of executive (frontal lobe) function

27
Q

Ventromedial frontal cortex

A
  • Involved in emotional aspect of decision making, learning and social behavior
  • Connections with limbic and subcortical structures
28
Q

Patient C.D.

A
  • Bilateral damage to the ventromedial frontal cortex
  • Elevated error rate on the task that requires cognitive flexibility and assesses shifting skills
  • Inability to slow down response rate in order to provide more accurate answers
  • Inflexibility in behaviour -> inability to change behaviour to get different/more desirable results
  • Impulsivity and disinhibition
29
Q

Single neurons in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

encoding the emotional value of visual stimuli

30
Q

Ventromedial frontal cortex dysfunction

A
  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) -> abnormally high activity in ventromedial frontal cortex
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
31
Q

Two main hypotheses about the ventromedial frontal cortical contribution to specific mood and
anxiety disorders

A
  1. Failure of the ventromedial frontal cortex to downregulate the amygdala
  2. Enhanced activity of the ventromedial frontal cortex -> increased autonomic responses and negative affect
32
Q

Posterior ventromedial frontal cortex is positively associated with

A

negative effect

33
Q

Perigenual ventromedial frontal cortex is positively associated with

A

positive effect

34
Q

Two extreme positions on human reasoning

A

• Rule-based -> content/context-insensitive
- Use formal logic to solve problems
• Associative -> familiarity and social context of a specific situation
- Compare to situations encountered in the past
- Look at each problem individually
- Solve problems on a case-per-case basis

35
Q

Damage to the ventromedial frontal cortex results in

A
  • Failure to guide choice by feeling
  • Failure to use familiarity in decision making
  • Fail to process emotional information of situations normally
  • > Impairment in decision-making
36
Q

Patients with ventromedial frontal cortical damage

A

Possess and can access the knowledge necessary to imagine different actions and scenarios of future outcomes
BUT
Fail to act on such knowledge when making a specific decision towards a future outcome
- Immediate consequences of an action and not the long-term consequences influence decision-making

37
Q

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

A

Emotional (somatic) mechanism may indicate the potential consequences of an action and so help make an advantageous decision when selecting among different responses

38
Q

Somatic Markers

A

somatic markers are changes in the body and mind

  • Help our cognitive processes make decisions
  • Help distinguish good (advantageous) choices from bad (disadvantageous) choices
  • Acquired from our previous experiences with rewarding (pleasant) and punishing (unpleasant) stimuli/events
39
Q

Iowa Gambling Task

A

Patient Group 1:
• Bilateral damage
• Lesion overlap in the ventral and medial frontal cortex (includes bilateral ventromedial frontal and orbitofrontal cortex)
continued to choose disadvantageous cards
Patient Group 2:
• Bilateral damage
• Lesion overlap in amygdala
Did not generate SCRs in reaction to reward and punishment

40
Q

Electrodermal skin conductance response

A

was used to demonstrate (and indirectly measure) somatic state activation (arousal/depression of the nervous system) in the Iowa gambling task
- change in electrical resistance in skin

PSYC 311 (16 decks)

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