Functional Groups And Everything Else

Question 1

-OH

Answer 1

Hydroxyl Group (alcohol)

Question 2

Catechol and pheyl groups

Question 3

COOH

Answer 3

Carboxyl group acid

Question 4

Amine Group

Answer 4

NH2

Question 5

Amino acide

Answer 5

Has both amine group and carboxyl group

Question 6

COH

Answer 6

Aldehyde

Question 7

Oxidize of Aldehyde gives COH

Answer 7

Acid COOH

Question 8

Glycine

Answer 8

Amino acid

Simplist form

Question 9

Affinity

Answer 9

Likehood that a Ligand can bound to a receptor

Question 10

Kd and IC50

Answer 10

Measure the affinity either by

Kd dissacosiation constant how much kigand it takes to occupy 50% of receptors

Question 11

CANNABINOIDS

Answer 11

Anandamide (AN)
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
Synthesized from arachinoid acid

Question 12

PETPTIDES: OPIATES

Answer 12

Endorphins (a, b, g; alpha, beta, gamma)
Enkephalins (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin)
Dynorphins (dynorphin A, dynorphin B)

Question 13

Sympathetic

Answer 13

: NE is neurotransmitter. Promotes
energy expenditure, activated by emotion and stress (e.g. increases heart rate, blood pressure, decreases lung secretions)

(Alpha and Beta receptors)

Question 14

Parasympathetic

Answer 14

ACH is neurotransmitter. Promotes digestion and excretion (e.g., decreases heart rate & blood pressure, stimulates salivation, lung secretions, stomach and intestinal activity, excretion)

(muscarinic receptors)

Question 15

Potency

Answer 15

At what doses does the drug have its effect? How much of the drug is necessary?? Often measured by ED50. ED50 is inversely related to potency.

Question 16

EFFICACY:

Answer 16

Effect of the drug on system or organism (not just intrinsic cellular activity), e.g., therapeutic efficacy. Efficacy can vary from drug to drug. Also, it can be expressed as % of subjects showing an effect, or the magnitude of the effect by some direct measure.
Determined by maximal affect

Question 17

ED50

Answer 17

ED50: effective dose 50; dose that gives 50% maximal effect; measure of POTENCY of the drug

Question 18

Tolerance:

Answer 18

reduced potency, and sometimes reduced efficacy, with repeated dosing

Question 19

Sensitization

Answer 19

: increased potency, and sometimes increased efficacy, with repeated dosing

Question 20

Affects on the dose/response curve

Answer 20

Competitive Antagonists: Competitive antagonists produce a parallel shift to the right in the dose/response curve for agonists

Non-competitive antagonists: shift agonist dose response curve, and reduce maximum response

Question 21

ALLOSTERIC MODULATOR

Answer 21

binds to a different site on the receptor (called the allosteric site), modulates affinity of the receptor for its transmitter (e.g. benzodiazepines such as Valium are positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor; facilitate the inhibitory actions of GABA, enhance affinity for GABA)

Question 22

reversible antagonist

Answer 22

binds non-covalently to the receptor, binding is very transient, and therefore it can be displaced by a ligand that binds to the same receptor.

Question 23

INVERSE AGONIST:

Answer 23

binds to receptor, stimulates intrinsic activity opposite of neurotransmitter

Question 24

nigrostriatal

Answer 24

(substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to caudate/putamen (CPU, neostriatum, “striatum”); involved in aspects of learning, compulsive behavior, habit formation and motor control; degenerates in Parkinson’s Disease, mediates Parkinsonian side effects of antipsychotics

Question 25

mesolimbic

Answer 25

(VTA to nucleus accumbens); involved in motivation, behavioral activation, effort expenditure, learning, aspects of drug abuse, depression, schizophrenia

Question 26

mesocortical

Answer 26

(VTA to prefrontal and cingulate cortex); involved in schizophrenia, depression, ADHD, stress, learning, decision making

Question 27

intrinsic striatal neurons

Answer 27

(start and end within the CPU/ striatum); site of ACH/DA interaction in Parkinsonism

Question 28

basal forebrain system

Answer 28

(originate in or near septum, also basal nucleus, projects to neocortex and hippocampus) degenerates in Alzheimer’s disease, involved in cognition

Question 29

ventral bundle

Answer 29

(brainstem to hypothalamus); involved in food intake, stress
For NE

Question 30

dorsal bundle

Answer 30

(locus coeruleus projects to neocortex and hippocampus); involved in learning, attention, ADHD, stress, depression

Question 31

raphe system

Answer 31

(midbrain/pons projects to hypothalamus, striatum, cortex, hippocampus); involved in depression, anxiety, stress, drug abuse, motor control, learning