Functional Groups

Question 1

What are functional groups?

Answer 1

Functional groups are collections of atoms that have a characteristic pattern of chemical reactivity

Question 2

alkane

Answer 2

a hydrocarbon with no multiple bonds is an alkane

Question 3

alkane, polar/nonpolar?

Answer 3

nonpolar

Question 4

alkane - geometry?

Answer 4

tetrahedral (sp3 hybridized)

Question 5

alkane - reactivity?

Answer 5

free radical reactions (e.g. free radical chlorination or bromination)

Question 6

alkene

Answer 6

a hydrocarbon with at least one C–C double bond(πbond)is an alkene

Question 7

alkene, polar/nonpolar?

Answer 7

nonpolar. Molecule cannot rotate along double bond.

Question 8

alkene geometry

Answer 8

trigonal planar (sp2 hybridized)

Question 9

alkene reactivity

Answer 9

undergo addition reactions, as well as oxidative cleavage

Question 10

relationship of alkene stability and carbon numbers

Answer 10

Stability increases with increasing # of carbons attached

Question 11

alkyne

Answer 11

a hydrocarbon with at least one C–C triple bond (π bond) is an alkyne

Question 12

alkyne geometry

Answer 12

(sp hybridized)

Question 13

alkyne - polar/nonpolar

Answer 13

nonpolar

Question 14

alkyne Reactivity

Answer 14

addition reactions
oxidative cleavage reactions
acid-base reactions (terminal alkynes are unusually acidic)

Question 15

Benzene ring

Answer 15

A six-membered ring containing Benzene ring 3 alternating double bonds is a
benzene ring

Question 16

Benzene reactivity

Answer 16

substitution reactions (e.g. electrophilic aromatic substitution or nucleophilic aromatic substitution)
Less reactive than normal alkenes due to aromatic stability

Question 17

alkane nomenclature

Answer 17

Suffix: “-ane”. As a substituent: “alkyl”, or “methyl” for CH3, “methylene” for CH2, and
“methine” for R3C–H

Question 18

alkene nomenclature

Answer 18

Suffix: “-ene”. As a substituent: “alkenyl”

Question 19

alkyne nomenclature

Answer 19

Suffix: “-yne”. As a substituent: “alkynyl”

Question 20

Benzene nomenclature

Answer 20

Suffix: “benzene”. As a substituent: “phenyl”

Question 21

alcohol

Answer 21

OH” attached to an alkyl group is referred to as an alcohol. OH attached to a benzene ring is a “phenol” (not shown).

Question 22

alcohol nomenclature

Answer 22

Suffix: “-ol”. As a substituent: “hydroxy”

Question 23

alcohol - polar/nonpolar?

Answer 23

polar (O-H group participates in hydrogen bonding)

Question 24

alcohol reactivity?

Answer 24

acid-base reactions (can act as acids or bases)
substitution reactions (can act as nucleophiles)
oxidation reactions (primary and secondary alcohols (and methanol)
can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on structure and reagent used)

Question 25

Ether

Answer 25

An oxygen flanked by two carbons is an ether

Question 26

ether nomenclature

Answer 26

As a substituent: "alkoxy"

Question 27

ether - polar/nonpolar?

Answer 27

borderline between nonpolar and polar (due to dipole-dipole)

Question 28

reactivity

Answer 28

acid-base reactions (oxygen can act as a very weak base

Question 29

Alkyl halide

Answer 29

An alkyl group attached to a halogen is an alkyl halide

Question 30

Alkyl halide nomenclature

Answer 30

Suffix: "-ane". As a substituent: "haloalkyl"

Question 31

alkyl halide - polar/nonpolar?

Answer 31

generally considered non polar (but more polar than alkanes)

Question 32

Amine

Answer 32

Anitrogenattachedtosimplecarbonor hydrogen atoms is an amine

Question 33

amine - polar/nonpolar?

Answer 33

polar (N-H group participates in hydrogen bonding, although not as much as a hydroxy group

Question 34

amine reactivity

Answer 34

acid-base reactions (tend to act as bases) substitution reactions (can act as nucleophiles)

Question 35

aldehyde

Answer 35

A carbonyl (C=O) attached to a hydrogen and another carbon is an aldehyde

Question 36

aldehyde nomenclature

Answer 36

Suffix: "-al" (if attached to ring: carbaldehyde) As a substituent: "oxo"

Question 37

aldehyde polar/nonpolar

Answer 37

the C=O bond is somewhat polar

Question 38

ketone

Answer 38

A carbonyl (C=O) flanked by two carbons is a ketone

Question 39

ketone nomenclature

Answer 39

Suffix: "-one". As a substituent: "oxo"

Question 40

ketone polar/nomenclature

Answer 40

the C=O bond is somewhat polar (less so than O-H however)

Question 41

ketone - reactivity

Answer 41

addition reactions (the carbonyl carbon reacts easily with nucleophiles) acid-base reactions (carbons adjacent to the ketone can be deprotonated to give enolates)

Question 42

carboxylic acid

Answer 42

A carbonyl (C=O) adjacent to a hydroxyl (OH) and an R group is a carboxylic acid

Question 43

carboxylic acid nomenclature

Answer 43

Suffix: "-oic acid"

Question 44

carboxylic reactivity

Answer 44

acid-base reactions (the O–H is acidic) | acyl substitution reactions (can replace OH with other groups under acidic conditions)

Question 45

Ester

Answer 45

A carbonyl (C=O) adjacent to an alkoxy (OR) and an R group is an ester

Question 46

ester nomenclature

Answer 46

Suffix: "-oate"

Question 47

ester reactivity

Answer 47

``` acyl substitution reactions (can replace OR with other functional groups under acidic conditions) addition reactions (the carbonyl carbon reacts easily with nucleophiles) ```