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******Chemistry***** > Functional Groups > Flashcards

Functional Groups Flashcards

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1
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Functional groups are collections of atoms that have a characteristic pattern of chemical reactivity

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2
Q

alkane

A

a hydrocarbon with no multiple bonds is an alkane

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3
Q

alkane, polar/nonpolar?

A

nonpolar

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4
Q

alkane - geometry?

A

tetrahedral (sp3 hybridized)

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5
Q

alkane - reactivity?

A

free radical reactions (e.g. free radical chlorination or bromination)

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6
Q

alkene

A

a hydrocarbon with at least one C–C double bond(πbond)is an alkene

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7
Q

alkene, polar/nonpolar?

A

nonpolar. Molecule cannot rotate along double bond.

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8
Q

alkene geometry

A

trigonal planar (sp2 hybridized)

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9
Q

alkene reactivity

A

undergo addition reactions, as well as oxidative cleavage

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10
Q

relationship of alkene stability and carbon numbers

A

Stability increases with increasing # of carbons attached

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11
Q

alkyne

A

a hydrocarbon with at least one C–C triple bond (π bond) is an alkyne

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12
Q

alkyne geometry

A

(sp hybridized)

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13
Q

alkyne - polar/nonpolar

A

nonpolar

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14
Q

alkyne Reactivity

A

addition reactions
oxidative cleavage reactions
acid-base reactions (terminal alkynes are unusually acidic)

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15
Q

Benzene ring

A

A six-membered ring containing Benzene ring 3 alternating double bonds is a
benzene ring

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16
Q

Benzene reactivity

A 
substitution reactions (e.g. electrophilic aromatic substitution or nucleophilic aromatic substitution)
Less reactive than normal alkenes due to aromatic stability
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17
Q

alkane nomenclature

A

Suffix: “-ane”. As a substituent: “alkyl”, or “methyl” for CH3, “methylene” for CH2, and
“methine” for R3C–H

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18
Q

alkene nomenclature

A

Suffix: “-ene”. As a substituent: “alkenyl”

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19
Q

alkyne nomenclature

A

Suffix: “-yne”. As a substituent: “alkynyl”

20
Q

Benzene nomenclature

A

Suffix: “benzene”. As a substituent: “phenyl”

21
Q

alcohol

A

OH” attached to an alkyl group is referred to as an alcohol. OH attached to a benzene ring is a “phenol” (not shown).

22
Q

alcohol nomenclature

A

Suffix: “-ol”. As a substituent: “hydroxy”

23
Q

alcohol - polar/nonpolar?

A

polar (O-H group participates in hydrogen bonding)

24
Q

alcohol reactivity?

A 
acid-base reactions (can act as acids or bases)
substitution reactions (can act as nucleophiles)
oxidation reactions (primary and secondary alcohols (and methanol)
can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on structure and reagent used)
25
Q

Ether

A

An oxygen flanked by two carbons is an ether

26
Q

ether nomenclature

A

As a substituent: “alkoxy”

27
Q

ether - polar/nonpolar?

A

borderline between nonpolar and polar (due to dipole-dipole)

28
Q

reactivity

A

acid-base reactions (oxygen can act as a very weak base

29
Q

Alkyl halide

A

An alkyl group attached to a halogen is an alkyl halide

30
Q

Alkyl halide nomenclature

A

Suffix: “-ane”. As a substituent: “haloalkyl”

31
Q

alkyl halide - polar/nonpolar?

A

generally considered non polar (but more polar than alkanes)

32
Q

Amine

A

Anitrogenattachedtosimplecarbonor hydrogen atoms is an amine

33
Q

amine - polar/nonpolar?

A

polar (N-H group participates in hydrogen bonding, although not as much as a hydroxy group

34
Q

amine reactivity

A

acid-base reactions (tend to act as bases) substitution reactions (can act as nucleophiles)

35
Q

aldehyde

A

A carbonyl (C=O) attached to a hydrogen and another carbon is an aldehyde

36
Q

aldehyde nomenclature

A

Suffix: “-al” (if attached to ring: carbaldehyde) As a substituent: “oxo”

37
Q

aldehyde polar/nonpolar

A

the C=O bond is somewhat polar

38
Q

ketone

A

A carbonyl (C=O) flanked by two carbons is a ketone

39
Q

ketone nomenclature

A

Suffix: “-one”. As a substituent: “oxo”

40
Q

ketone polar/nomenclature

A

the C=O bond is somewhat polar (less so than O-H however)

41
Q

ketone - reactivity

A

addition reactions (the carbonyl carbon reacts easily with nucleophiles) acid-base reactions (carbons adjacent to the ketone can be deprotonated to give enolates)

42
Q

carboxylic acid

A

A carbonyl (C=O) adjacent to a hydroxyl (OH) and an R group is a carboxylic acid

43
Q

carboxylic acid nomenclature

A

Suffix: “-oic acid”

44
Q

carboxylic reactivity

A

acid-base reactions (the O–H is acidic)

acyl substitution reactions (can replace OH with other groups under acidic conditions)

45
Q

Ester

A

A carbonyl (C=O) adjacent to an alkoxy (OR) and an R group is an ester

46
Q

ester nomenclature

A

Suffix: “-oate”

47
Q

ester reactivity

A 
acyl substitution reactions (can replace OR with other functional groups under acidic conditions)
addition reactions (the carbonyl carbon reacts easily with nucleophiles)

******Chemistry***** (13 decks)

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