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ATAR Physical Education 12 > Functional Anatomy - Muscle > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy - Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Internal, involuntary tissue.

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2
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Involuntary muscle found only in the wall of the heart.

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3
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

External, voluntary muscle such as the deltoid or bicep.

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4
Q

Fusiform Muscle

A
  • Fibres run parallel to each other and attach to a central tendon.
  • Quicker, less powerful movements.
  • Eg. Biceps brachii
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5
Q

Pennate Muscle

A
  • Fibres approach the central tendon at on oblique angle.
  • Large number of muscle fibres.
  • Generate great force, but tire easily.
  • Have three classifications:
    • Unipennate
    • Bipennate
    • Multipennate
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6
Q

Unipennate

A
  • Fibres are all on one side of the tendon.
  • Enables great strength.
  • Eg. Tibialis posterior in the calf.
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7
Q

Bipennate

A
  • Muscle fibres attached to both sides of a centrally located tendon.
  • Greater power, less range of motion.
  • Eg. Rectus femoris in the quadriceps group and soleus.
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8
Q

Multipennate

A
  • Multiple rows of fibres attached to a central tendon which branches into two or more tendons.
  • Eg. Deltoid (anterior, posterior and lateral)
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9
Q

Angle of Pennation

A
  • The angle of orientation between a tendon and muscle fibres.
  • Varies from 0° to 30°
  • As angle increases, the force transmitted is decreased.
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10
Q

Microstructure of Skeletal Muscle

A
  • Epimysium > Perimysium > Endomysium > Muscle Fibre > Myofibril > Sarcomere > Actin & Myosin
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11
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A
  • Nerve impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction and releases Acetylcholine.
  • ACh causes depolarisation of motor end plate.
  • Allows calcium to be released into the muscle.
  • Calcium prompts reaction between myosin and actin.
  • Breakdown of ATP releases energy which causes the myosin filaments cock.
  • Results in contraction.
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12
Q

Isometric

A
  • Muscle length remains unchanged while contracting.

- Joint angle remains the same.

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13
Q

Concentric

A

Muscle shortens while contracting.

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14
Q

Eccentric

A

Occurs when the muscle lengthens while still contracting.

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15
Q

Advantages of Isometric Training

A
  • No equipment required
  • Can be done anywhere
  • Improves specific muscle strength quickly
  • Develops static strength
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16
Q

Disadvantages of Isometric Training

A
  • No joint movement
  • Does nor contribute to cardiovascular fitness
  • Lack of blood flow
  • Not sufficient on its own
17
Q

Plyometric Training

A
  • Where a muscle is contracted eccentrically followed by a concentric concentration.
  • Improves power and strength.
18
Q

Advantages of Isotonic Training

A
  • Strengthens the muscle throughout a range of movement
  • Choose exercises to match the actions in your sport
  • Can exercise all the major muscle groups
19
Q

Disadvantages of Isotonic Training

A
  • Forces are uneven throughout exercise
  • Muscle groups are not fully strengthened.
  • May result in muscle soreness because of the stresses during the eccentric contraction.
20
Q

Isokinetic

A
  • Where the muscle shortens at a constant speed.

- Only achieved through specialist equipment.

21
Q

Advantages of Isokinetic Training

A
  • Strengthens the entire muscle
  • Exercises can be designed to mirror the actual speeds of sports-specific activities
  • Fastest way to gain strength
22
Q

Disadvantages of Isokinetic Training

A
  • Can only be performed using specialised equipment

- Types of movements are limited.

23
Q

Factors Affecting Muscle Force

A
  • No. of fibres recruited
  • Muscle fibre type
  • Cross-sectional area
  • Joint angle and muscle length
  • Muscle shape and location
  • Speed of contraction
  • Type of muscle contraction
  • Age
  • Sex
24
Q

Force-velocity

A
  • High force = low velocity
  • Low force = high velocity
  • Max power is achieved at approx 1/3 max velocity.
25
Q

Force-length

A
  • Long/short length = Low force

- Resting length = high force (during contraction)

ATAR Physical Education 12 (9 decks)

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