Functional Anatomy Flashcards
The muscular system can be divided into 2 types. What are they?
Appendicular limb muscles
(biceps brachii, rectus femoris)
Axial trunk muscles
(rectus abdominus, quadratus lumborum)
How many skeletal muscles are in the human body?
650
What are the 2 key fibre orientations?
Pennate (includes Uni and Bi)
Non-pennate (parallel and fusiform)
The adult human skeleton has how many bones?
206
At birth the skeleton has how many bones?
270
What are green stick fractures?
Young, soft bone which bends and partially breaks
What is the mineral content in bones for young children & middle aged adults?
Young children 61% mineral content
Middle aged adults 66% mineral
Loading effects. Bone is metabolically active- responds to mechanical stimuli by initiating or inhibiting bone modeling (remodelling)
True
Loading effects
Heavy/excessive intensity weight bearing
Results in decrease, increase or no change in bone?
No change/decrease in bone strength
Loading effects
High intensity, non-weight bearing (swimming)
Results in increase, decrease or no change in bone strength?
No change
Loading effects
Moderate intensity weight bearing
Results in increase, decrease or no change in bone?
Increase of bone
Loading effects
Normal daily living weight bearing
Results in increase, decrease or no change in bone?
No change only maintenance
Loading effects
Immobilisation (non weight bearing)
Results in?
Loss of bone
The appendicular skeleton has how many bones?
These are the levers/movement bones
126
The axial skeleton has how many bone?
These support and protect
80
Two examples of lever bones are?
Long bone
example- femur (thigh bone)
Short bone
Example- carpal
Give examples of Support/protection bone
Irregular
Example vertebrae
Flat
Example skull bones
Bone type
Cortical (compact)
What % of the skeleton makes up this?
Cancellous (trabecular)
What % of the skeleton makes up this?
Cortical 80%
Cancellous 20%
What are the mechanical functions of bone?
Levers
Support/protection
What are the metabolic functions of bone?
Mineral storage (skeletal muscle & nerve conduction) Blood production (hemopoiesis & cardiovascular function)
Osteoblasts job is?
Bone forming
What do osteoclasts do?
Bone resorbing
Function of osteocytes is?
Mature cell
Endochondral ossification
Growth in length or width of long bones?
Length
Appositional ossification
Growth in length or width of long bones?
Width
What is the function of the agonist muscle
Prime mover
What is the function of the synergist (role) muscle
Assistant mover
What is the function of the stabiliser?
Fixator
What is the function of the antagonist?
Co-contraction
Muscle size & loading
Genetic (eg myostatin)
Hormonal (eg peptide hormones)
Environment (eg nutrition)
True
Bone functions
Mechanical functions
-levers
-support & protection
Metabolic functions
-mineral storage (skeletal muscle, nerve conduction)
-blood production (hemopoiesis, cardiovascular function
True
What is bone remodeling (or bone metabolism)?
Is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation)
