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PE Studies > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Epimysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the muscle

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2
Q

Fascicle

A

A bundle of muscle fibres

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3
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue that encloses a bundle of muscle fibres (fascicle)

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4
Q

Muscle Fibre

A

Muscle Cell

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5
Q

Myofibril

A

Smaller fibres that are found in a muscle fibre: consist of thick and thin myofilaments

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6
Q

Sarcomere

A

Unit of muscle contraction

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7
Q

Myofilaments

A

Thick and thin threads found in myofibril

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8
Q

Actin

A

Thin myofilaments attached to the Z line

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9
Q

Myosin

A

Think myofilaments attached to cross bridges

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10
Q

Z-lines

A

Found at either end of a sarcomere

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11
Q

Cross bridges

A

Tiny projections on myosin filaments that attach to the actin filaments pulling the actin filaments upon contraction

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12
Q

H Zone

A

Space between the actin filaments

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13
Q

I Band

A

The gap between the end of the myosin and the Z line

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14
Q

The function of nerves

A

Send electrical impulses from the brain down the spinal cord to the muscles. Impulses cause the muscle to contract.

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15
Q

Function of the Spinal Cord

A

Part of the CNS, relays information from the brain to the body and from the body to the brain. Uses reflex arc to prevent injury.

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16
Q

The function of the motor unit

A

Refers to muscle fibres which are influenced by each nerve

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17
Q

Function of Dendrites

A

Receive signals/information from the CNS

18
Q

Function of the Axon

A

Long part of the nerve tending from nerve body where information is transmitted to target cells. Carries impulses away from the cell body.

19
Q

The Function of Neurons

A

A nerve cell. Consists of a cell body, dendrites, an axon, passing an electrical impulse from one cell to another

20
Q

The Function of Myoglobin

A

Transfers oxygen to the muscles

21
Q

The 6 Steps of the Sliding Filament Theory

A
  1. The influx of calcium, triggering the exposure of the binding sites on the actin.
  2. The binding of myosin to actin. Myosin is in a ‘high-energy’ state when grabbing the actin.
  3. The power stroke of the cross bridge that causes the sliding of the thin filaments.
  4. The binding of ATP to the cross bridge, which results in the cross bridge disconnecting from the actin. The myosin head is in a ‘low-energy’ state.
  5. The hydrolysis of ATP, which leads to the RE-energising and repositioning of the cross bridge. Myosin is back in its ‘high-energy’ state.
  6. The transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
22
Q

Force-Velocity Relationship Concentric Contraction

A

Force decreased/velocity increased

23
Q

Force-Velocity Relationship Eccentric Contraction

A

Force increased/velocity decreased

24
Q

Force-Velocity Relationship Isometric Contraction

A

Force = 0

25
Q

Force-Velocity Relationship

A

An increase in force causes a decrease in velocity and vice versa. Trade-off occurs due to a decrease in time available for cross bridges to be formed. The more time = more cross bridges formed = a greater contractile force. Slower velocity allows more force to generate. Higher velocity exercises produce lower force.

26
Q

Force-Length Relationship

A

Muscles contract most effectively when the muscle pair is in balance and it is in the midrange of the joint it flexes.

27
Q

Force-Length Relationship Shortened Muscle

A

If muscle tries to contract when shortened it will pull against elongated opposing muscle. It applies an elastic counterforce the contracting muscle must overcome.

28
Q

Force-Length Relationship Bicep Muscle

A

When fully extended, there are few cross bridge attachments and little force is produced. When bicep is fully flexed, sarcomeres are fully contracted and cannot pull any closer lacking force. 120 degrees is where the bicep has the most cross bridge attachment points and can create the most force.

29
Q

Contraction Time of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A

1: Slow
2A: Fast
2B: Very Fast

30
Q

Size of Motor Neuron of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A
  1. Small
    2A. Large
    2B. Very Large
31
Q

Resistance to Fatigue of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A
  1. High
    2A. Intermediate
    2B. Low
32
Q

Activity Used For of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A
  1. Aerobic
    2A. Long Term Anaerobic
    2B. Short Term Anaerobic
33
Q

Force Production of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A
  1. Low
    2A. High
    2B. Very High
34
Q

Mitochondrial Density of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A
  1. High
    2A. High
    2B. Low
35
Q

Capillary Density of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A
  1. High
    2A. Intermediate
    2B. Low
36
Q

Oxidative Capacity of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A
  1. High
    2A. High
    2B. Low
37
Q

Glycolytic Capacity of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A
  1. Low
    2A. High
    2B. High
38
Q

Major Storage Fuel of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

A
  1. Triglycerides
    2A. CP, Glycogen
    2B. CP, Glycogen
39
Q

Mitochondrial Density Definition

A

Ability to convert energy into ATP

40
Q

Oxidative Capacity Definition

A

The capacity of a muscle to use oxygen

41
Q

Glycolytic Capacity Definition

A

Ability to produce ATP with little oxygen. A measure of how glycogen is converted to ATP

PE Studies (5 decks)

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