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Hippology > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

the cell

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2
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All cells arise from already existing cells through reproduction

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3
Q

How do cells reproduce?

A

Cell Division; ordinary cell division is called mitosis

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4
Q

Cell activities are carried out by what?

A

Organelles

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5
Q

All animal cells have a nucleus except for what?

A

Mature red blood cells

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6
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The outer layer of an animal cell is the cell membrane

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7
Q

The material in a cell that organelles move around is called what?

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is the Mitochondria responsible for?

A

The organelles responsible for the chemical reactions which supply energy to the cell

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9
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue can be found where?

A

Is found in the skin, lining of hollow organs such as the alimentary canal, the bladder, the uterus; glands are also made up of epithelial tissue

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11
Q

Connective tissue is found where?

A

bones, tendons, ligaments, and sheets of fibrous tissue; blood is also a connective tissue

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12
Q

Muscular tissue can be found where?

A

the skeletal muscles, smooth muscles of the alimentary canal, bladder, and the cardiac muscle of the heart

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13
Q

What type of tissue has the capacity to transmit messages?

A

Nervous tissues

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14
Q

Where can nervous tissue be found?

A

the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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15
Q

The Digestive tract is located where?

A

Abdominal cavity

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16
Q

The alimentary canal is how long?

A

100ft

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17
Q

the alimentary tract includes what?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, small colon, large colon, rectum, anus

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18
Q

Prehension

A

The grasping of food

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19
Q

Mastication

A

chewing

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20
Q

How many teeth does a horse have at birth?

A

24 milk teeth

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21
Q

A full mouthed stallion has how many teeth?

A

40

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22
Q

Mares have how many teeth?

A

36

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23
Q

Saliva is produced by three sets of salivary glands, how much do they produce?

A

10 gallons

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24
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

It contains the enzyme ptyalin, which converts starch to maltose

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25
Q

How long is the esophagus?

A

60 inches or about 5ft

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26
Q

What is food known as when it is in the esophagus?

A

Bolus

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27
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Wave-like muscular contractions that aid in digestion

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28
Q

Why can horses not vomit?

A

They cannot vomit because peristalsis is a one way movement

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29
Q

Food enters the stomach through what?

A

the cardia

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30
Q

The stomach holds how much?

A

8-17 quarts

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31
Q

The Gastric Mucosa produces what?

A

Gastric Juices

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32
Q

What are the two main gastric juices?

A

Peptic Acid and Hydrochloric acid

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33
Q

Food is known as what in the stomach?

A

chyme

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34
Q

How does chyme leave?

A

It leaves the stomach through the pyloric valve

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35
Q

The small intestine is approximately how long?

A

70ft long with a capacity of 12 gallons

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36
Q

The small intestine consists of three sections?

A

the Duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum

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37
Q

What is bile?

A

A blueish green fluid secreted by the liver which aids int he emulsification(breakdown) of fats

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38
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

Produced by the pancreas, and works on carbohydrates

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39
Q

Nutrients in the small intestine are absorbed by what?

A

Villi, this is normally found in the jejunum of the small intestine

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40
Q

From the cecum the food travels then through what?

A

Cecum, it is also known as a water gut or blind gut

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41
Q

How long is the cecum and what is the capacity?

A

4ft long and holds 28-32 quarts

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42
Q

Vitamin B12/ Cobalamin is synthesized where?

A

Cecum

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43
Q

Where does food move the slowest in the body?

A

Cecum

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44
Q

Where does food move after the cecum?

A

Undigested material moves into the remainder of the large intestine

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45
Q

The large intestine is approximately how long?

A

25ft long and holds approximately 80qts

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46
Q

What are the accessory organs in digestion?

A

liver, pancreas, teeth, and salivary glands

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47
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

liver

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48
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

parotid, submaxillary(submandibular), sublingual

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49
Q

What membrane protects the digestive organs?

A

peritoneum

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50
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

A double fold of the peritoneum which supports the small intestine

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51
Q

The mesenteric artery supplies blood where?

A

The small intestine

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52
Q

Describe the process of respiration?

A

It includes the exchange of gases in individual tissues

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53
Q

The respiratory system is located where?

A

It is located in the thoracic cavity, commonly called the chest cavity

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54
Q

The respiratory system can be divided into what

A

upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract

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55
Q

Air is taken through the nostrils then to what?

A

The nasal passages then through the pharynx then into the larynx

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56
Q

What does the larynx determine?

A

It determines how much air enters the trachea and lower respiratory tract

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57
Q

What is the trachea commonly called?

A

windpipe

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58
Q

The trachea is how long?

A

75-80 centimeters long

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59
Q

Air is filtered by small hairlike projections called what?

A

Cilia

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60
Q

Inhaling and exhaling is controlled by what?

A

The diaphragm

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61
Q

What is the normal respiration rate of a resting horse?

A

10 breaths per minute

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62
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

It uses blood to carry oxygen, food, and water to cells throughout the body

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63
Q

The circulatory consists of what?

A

blood, veins, arteries, smaller blood vessels, and the heart

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64
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

right and left ventricle and the right and left auricles

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65
Q

What is the wall of tissue which divides the heart in half?

A

Septum

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66
Q

What is the membrane that surrounds the heart?

A

The pericardium

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67
Q

Blood returns to the heart through what?

A

Veins

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68
Q

Blood leaves the heart through what?

A

arteries

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69
Q

The blood enters the heart through what?

A

Vena Cava

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70
Q

Blood leaves the heart to return to the body through what?

A

Aorta

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71
Q

What are the four valves of the horse?

A

tricuspid and the mitral valve

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72
Q

What is the horses normal pulse rate?

A

36 beats per minute

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73
Q

An abnormally slow heart rate is what?

A

Bradycardia

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74
Q

An abnormally fast heart rate is called what?

A

Tachycardia

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75
Q

Blood contains what?

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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76
Q

Plasma makes up what percent of the blood?

A

40-50%

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77
Q

Plasma is made up of what?

A

93% water, 6% protein, 1% mineral salts

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78
Q

red blood cells contains what?

A

Pigment hemoglobin

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79
Q

What do red blood cells carry?

A

Oxygen

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80
Q

What are white blood cells also called?

A

Leucocytes

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81
Q

What cell is part of the immune system, and destroys bacteria and other foreign matter in the bloodstream?

A

White Blood Cells

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82
Q

What are the five types of leucocytes?

A

Lymphocytes(non-granular), Monocytes(non-granular), esinophils(granular acidic), basophils(granular alkaline), neutrophils(granular neutral)

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83
Q

How is the loss of blood stopped when a blood vessel is damaged?

A

the process of clotting

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84
Q

What vitamin is necessary for clotting?

A

Vitamin K

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85
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

The spleen destroys old blood cells and stores new ones for release when they are needed

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86
Q

What is bloods path to the heart?

A

vena cava- right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary vein- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta- the body

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87
Q

What is the secondary system of transport which removes excess water from tissues?

A

Lymphatic system

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88
Q

How is lymph fluid moved through out the body?

A

By the actions of the skeletal muscles

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89
Q

What does the excretory system consist of?

A

Two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and urethra

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90
Q

Where is the right kidney located?

A

Under the last three ribs

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91
Q

Where is the left kidney located?

A

It is opposites the last rib and is slightly farther back than the right kidney

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92
Q

What connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

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93
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

Functions to maintain water and electrolyte balance within the body, as well as to excrete waste products such as urea

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94
Q

The kidneys produce what?

A

Urine

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95
Q

The urinary bladder stores what?

A

Urine

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96
Q

How many times does an adult horse urinate in a day?

A

4-6

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97
Q

What is the nervous system made of?

A

Nerve cells, or neurons, which carry messages in the form of electro

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98
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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99
Q

What does the CNS contain?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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100
Q

The brain and the spinal cord are protected by three membranes, or meninges?

A

The dura mater, the arachnoid mater, the pia mater

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101
Q

The brain and the spine is protected by what?

A

Brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae

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102
Q

The brain is how much of the horses body weight?

A

1%

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103
Q

The three primary segments of the brain?

A

hind brain, midbrain, fore-brain

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104
Q

The brainstem regulates what?

A

Breathing

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105
Q

What does the cerebellum control

A

Movement

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106
Q

What is the pons involved with?

A

Emotions and Behavior

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107
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for?

A

sight, smell, and control of hind brain activity

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108
Q

The forebrain contains what?

A

Pituitary gland

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109
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

6-7 feet

110
Q

The forty-two pairs of spinal nerves connect the spinal cord to the what?

A

Peripheral Nerves

111
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

All the nerves in the body

112
Q

ANS is divided into what?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

113
Q

The ANS controls what?

A

Involuntary activity

114
Q

What is the gap between one neuron and the next called?

A

Synapse

115
Q

Bunches of nerve tissue are called what?

A

Ganglia

116
Q

The endocrine system is responsible for what?

A

Secretion of hormones

117
Q

What are hormones

A

Body regulating chemicals secreted by glands

118
Q

How are hormones carried throughout the body?

A

The bloodstream

119
Q

What are the two systems of control?

A

The endocrine system and the nervous system

120
Q

The pituitary gland is divided into two divisions?

A

Anterior and Posterior pituitary

121
Q

What does the anterior pituitary produce?

A 
FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)
LH(leutinizing hormone)
GH(growth hormone)
TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH
122
Q

FSH

A

causes the development of the follicle in the ovary

123
Q

LH

A

causes ovulation

124
Q

Prolactin

A

Causes milk secretion

125
Q

GH

A

has a general action on metabolism, and aids in growth regulation

126
Q

TSH

A

causes the secretion of thyroxine

127
Q

ACTH

A

causes the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

128
Q

What does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

oxytocin

129
Q

Oxytocin

A

causes uterine contractions

130
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

131
Q

Insulin

A

Controls the level of sugar in the blood

132
Q

The thyroid gland produces what?

A

thyroxine

133
Q

Thyroxine

A

It is involved in metabolic control

134
Q

Where are the two adrenal glands located?

A

In front of each kidney

135
Q

What does the adrenal gland consist of?

A

Adrenal Cortex and the Adrenal Medulla

136
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex produce?

A

Cortisone

137
Q

Cortisone

A

Affects the water content of tissues

138
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce

A

adrenaline

139
Q

adrenaline

A

known as the “fight/flight” hormone, increases heart rate and the blood supply to muscles, and also affects sweating

140
Q

What does the yellow body of the ovary produce?

A

Progesterone

141
Q

Progesterone

A

Causes the changes of diestrus and pregnancy

142
Q

What does the yellow body follicle of the ovary produce?

A

Estrogen

143
Q

Estrogen

A

Causes estrus, or heat, and associated behavior

144
Q

What is produced in the uterus?

A

Prostaglandin and PMSG

145
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Stops the secretion of progesterone

146
Q

PMSG( Pregnant Mare’s Serum Gonadotrophin)

A

Maintains Pregnancy

147
Q

The Pineal gland inhibits what?

A

Sex Drive

148
Q

Steroid hormones are hormones that have a chemical structure of what?

A

4 carbon rings

149
Q

What are some steroid hormones?

A

Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, and cortisone

150
Q

Progesterone is secreted in non-pregnant mares where?

A

the yellow body of the ovary

151
Q

Pregnant mares secrete progesterone where?

A

Placenta

152
Q

Estrogens are hormones secreted by what

A

The lining of the follicles in the ovaries

153
Q

The Cuboni test

A

It is used to diagnose pregnancy after 120 days, tests for estrogen in the urine

154
Q

Estrogens include what?

A

estradiol, estrone sulphate, estrone, equenin, equilinin

155
Q

What is the horses largest organ?

A

Skin

156
Q

What is the skin’s responsible for?

A

Protection, excretion, temperature control, synthesization of vitamin D, the sense of touch

157
Q

Where is the skin thinnest and thickest?

A

thinnest on the face, thickest over the back

158
Q

What are the skin’s three layers?

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutis

159
Q

What are the three layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum

160
Q

What is the stratum corneum

A

the outer layer of the epidermis, it is made up of dead cells which are shed as dandruff

161
Q

Where are new epidermal cells made?

A

the stratum germinativum, by mitosis, or cell division

162
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

vessels, nerves and sweat glands

163
Q

Nerves in the skin can sense what?

A

pressure, pain, and temperature

164
Q

What is the subcutis made up of?

A

fatty connective tissue, which loosely connects the skin to muscle

165
Q

What muscle is responsible for shivering?

A

panniculus muscle which runs beneath the subcutis

166
Q

What is panniculus also called?

A

fly twitcher

167
Q

What are the five senses?

A

sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch

168
Q

What are the sense organs?

A

eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin

169
Q

What are the horses two visions?

A

Monocular and Binocular vision

170
Q

Monocular vision?

A

The ability to look in different directions with each eye

171
Q

Binocular vision

A

The ability to focus both eyes on a single object

172
Q

What cavity is the eye found in?

A

Orbital cavity of the skull

173
Q

The horse has how many eyelids?

A

three

174
Q

What glands secrete tears?

A

The lacrimal glands

175
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A thin, pink, moist mucous membrane on the inside of the eyelids which turns into a layer of transparent cells forming part of the cornea in order to cover the front of the eye

176
Q

What is the cornea?

A

A thick, tough, and transparent tissue which forms the anterior portion of the eyeball; at the outer edges it is continuous with the sclera

177
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The white of the eye

178
Q

What is the juncture of the cornea and sclera called?

A

Limbus

179
Q

What is the iris?

A

The colored part of the anterior portion of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye

180
Q

The pupil

A

The hole in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye

181
Q

What is the fluid within he eye called?

A

vitreous humour

182
Q

The optic nerve

A

It enters the eye at the back, passes through the sclera, and spreads to help form the retina

183
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear

184
Q

What is the secondary function of the ear?

A

To maintain equilibrium and inform the brain about the position of the head

185
Q

What is the erect cartilaginous portion of the ear called

A

Outer ear or pinna

186
Q

What does the middle ear consist of?

A

auditory system, which attaches the outer ear to the eardrum and inner ear

187
Q

The middle ear is connected to the pharynx by what?

A

Eustachian tube, allowing for the equalization of air pressure

188
Q

What are the three bones in the ear?

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

189
Q

What is the inner ear also called?

A

Labyrinth

190
Q

What is the main cavity of the inner ear?

A

vestibule

191
Q

The inner ear consists of a series of membranous tubes which are filled with what fluid?

A

Endolymph

192
Q

The inner ear is divided into two what divisions

A

Cochlea, which is responsible for hearing. Semicirular canals, which are responsible for balance.

193
Q

What is the olfactory system is responsible for what?

A

Sense of smell

194
Q

Wild horses used smell to do what?

A

Detect and avoid predators, find distant water holes, for reproduction

195
Q

What do the nasal cavities include?

A

vomeronasel organs and Jacobsen’s organs, which detect pheromones

196
Q

Why do horses blow into each others noes when they greet each other?

A

They are memorizing one another’s scent

197
Q

Stallions can smell a mare in heat from how far away?

A

1/2 mile

198
Q

How is taste detected?

A

By the tastebuds on the tongue

199
Q

What are the four tastes that a horse can taste?

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

200
Q

To get a more precise taste the horse has to what?

A

the interaction of smell

201
Q

Bones are made up of what?

A

bone cells and minerals

202
Q

What is a bone cell called?

A

osteocyte

203
Q

What is most of the mineral matter of bone?

A

Calcium Phosphate

204
Q

What are very dense bones called

A

compact bones

205
Q

What are the 4 types of bone?

A

long, short, flat, irregular

206
Q

Where are long bones called?

A

found in limbs, and include enlargements at each end for attachment of tendons and ligaments

207
Q

Short bones include what?

A

pastern bones and coffin bones

208
Q

Describe flat bones?

A

Large surface area, like the scapula and sternum

209
Q

Irregular bones include what?

A

Those in vertebral column, and have a large number of projections

210
Q

Red blood cells are produced where?

A

In the marrow of the long bones

211
Q

What is the growth plate of a long bone called?

A

Epiphysis

212
Q

The membrane which surrounds and protects a bone is called what?

A

Periosteum

213
Q

Tendons connect what?

A

Muscle to bone

214
Q

Ligaments connect what?

A

bone to bone

215
Q

both tendons and ligaments are made up of what?

A

Connective Tissue

216
Q

Articulations or joints are what?

A

Junctions between bones

217
Q

What are the four types of joints?

A

Hinge, ball and socket, gliding, and immovable joints

218
Q

Which joints do not allow any movement?

A

Immovable or fixed joints

219
Q

The sutures in the skull are what joint?

A

Immovable joints, joining the plates of the skull together

220
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Fetlock

221
Q

What are three types of muscles?

A

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

222
Q

Where can cardiac muscle be found?

A

In the heart

223
Q

Where can smooth muscle be found?

A

Found in the alimentary canal, bladder, and other organs

224
Q

Muscle fibers are surrounded by what?

A

A thin membrane sheaths called the sarcolemma

225
Q

The horse has how many bones

A

Approximately 205 bones

226
Q

The skull forms what?

A

Cranial cavity, which holds the brain

227
Q

What is the eye socket called?

A

orbit

228
Q

The lower jaw is called

A

The mandible

229
Q

The summit of the occipital crest forms what?

A

The poll

230
Q

The first cervical vertebrae is called what?

A

Atlas

231
Q

The second cervical vertebrae is called what?

A

Axis

232
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

Seven

233
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

Eighteen

234
Q

What is the thoracic vertebrae also called?

A

Dorsal vertebrae

235
Q

How many lumbar are there?

A

Six

236
Q

The ribs protect what?

A

thoracic cavity

237
Q

What are the bones of the foreleg?

A

scapula, humorous, ulna, radius, 7 carpal bones, cannon bone, 2 splint bones, 2 proximal sesamoids, long pastern bone, short pastern bone, coffin bone, navicular bone

238
Q

What are the 6 joints of the foreleg?

A

shoulder, elbow, knee, fetlock, pastern, coffin joint

239
Q

What are the 7 carpal bones?

A

Pyramidal bone, semilunar bone, radial carpal bone, trapezoid, os magnum, unciform, accessory carpal bone

240
Q

The cannon bone is called what?

A

3rd metacarpus

241
Q

The 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones are what?

A

Splint Bones

242
Q

Where are the proximal sesamoids?

A

the 2 bones on the back of the fetlock

243
Q

What is the proper name for the long pastern bone?

A

1st phalanx

244
Q

What is the proper name for the short pastern bone?

A

2nd phalanx

245
Q

The coffin bone is also known as the pedal bone also known as?

A

3rd phalanx

246
Q

The navicular bone is also called what?

A

Distal sesamoid bone

247
Q

What are the two bones within the hoof?

A

Navicular and the coffin bone

248
Q

What are the bones of the hind leg?

A

pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsal bones, metatarsal, 2 splint bones, 2 proximal sesamoids, long pastern bone, short pastern bone, coffin bone, navicular bone

249
Q

What are the three bones of the pelvis?

A

Ilium, pubis, ischium

250
Q

What is the largest bone in the body?

A

Femur

251
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

A

patella

252
Q

How many tarsal bones make up the tarsal?

A

7

253
Q

What are the 7 joints in the hind leg?

A

sacro-iliac, hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin

254
Q

What is the membrane covering a bone?

A

periosteum

255
Q

What is the membrane covering the heart

A

pericardium

256
Q

What is the membrane covering the digestive system?

A

Peritoneum

257
Q

What is the membrane covering a cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

258
Q

What is the membrane covering the root of a tooth?

A

Periodontal Membrane

259
Q

What is the membrane covering the lungs?

A

Pleura

260
Q

Caudal

A

the plane going towards the hindered. The rear portion

261
Q

Cranial

A

The plane going towards the head end. The front portion

262
Q

Distal

A

Further away from the main part of the body, furthest

263
Q

Dorsal

A

Back surface or topline

264
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the median plane. It is also the outside or external surface

265
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle of the body. The inner or more internal part

266
Q

Palmer

A

The sole of the front hoof continuing up to the back of the knee

267
Q

Plantar

A

The sole of the hind hoof continuing up to the back of the hock

268
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the body, or point of attachment

269
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the nose

270
Q

ventral

A

Underneath or belly side

Hippology (5 decks)

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