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PE Studies > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of

A

Consists of the skull, vertebral column (vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx) and the thorax (ribs, sternum)

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2
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton contain

A

It is the arms legs, pelvis and shoulder. It assists with movement.

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Storage minerals
  5. Red blood cell production
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4
Q

What are and gives some examples of anterior muscles?

A

Muscles on the front of the body including:
deltoid
pectorials
abdominals
quadriceps
tibiais anterior

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5
Q

What are and give some examples of posterior muscles?

A

Muscles on the back of the body including:
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

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6
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To receive and pump out blood around the body

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7
Q

List 4 points about arteries

A

Always carry blood away from the heart

Carry oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary artery

Have thick muscular and elastic walls to pump and accommodate blood

Carry blood under high pressure

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8
Q

List 4 points about veins

A

Always carry blood to the heart

Always carry deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary vein

Carry blood under low pressure

Have thin walls - have less muscular tissue than arteries

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9
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

They carry blood very close to the cells so that cells can get their oxygen and nutrients from the blood and get rid of their wastes. Their walls are only one cell thick.

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of red blood cells

A

Red blood cells are circular and biconcave disc. They have no nucleus. Blood is made up of 55% plasma and 45% red and white blood cells and platelets.
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the individual cells of the body and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes.

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs found at the end of bronchioles
Surrounded by capillaries, The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through the process of diffusion.

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12
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A large ‘dome’ shaped muscle that contracts and relaxes to aid breathing at all times
As the diaphragm moves up and down, the size of the chest cavity changes, causing breathing

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13
Q

Where are the lungs, what do they contain and what is their primary function?

A

Located within the thoracic cavity and protected by the sternum, ribs and vertebral column
They contain the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
Gas exchange occurs at the site of the alveoli

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14
Q

What are antagonistic muscle pairs and give some examples?

A

In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens. The muscle that is contracting is called the agonist and the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist.
Examples are Biceps and triceps, hamstrings and quadriceps, lattissimus dorsi and deltoids.

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15
Q

What is the insertion site of the muscle?

A

The end of the muscle attached to the moveable bone. Distal to the body and moves during contraction.

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16
Q

What is the origin of the muscle?

A

The end of the muscle attached to the stationary bone. Proximal to body and doesn’t move during contraction.

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17
Q

What is excitability?

A

A muscles ability to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals.

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18
Q

What is extensibility?

A

The capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length.

19
Q

What is contractability?

A

The ability of a muscle to contract or shorten

20
Q

What is elasticity?

A

The ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been stretched.

21
Q

Define Medial

A

Towards the midline of the body

22
Q

Define Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

23
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the attachment point of a limb

24
Q

Distal

A

further away from the attachment point of a limb

25
Q

Flexion

A

Movement that results in the joint angle decreasing

26
Q

Extension

A

Movement results in the joint angle increasing

27
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of the arms and legs away from the midline of the body

28
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of the arms and legs towards the midline of the body

29
Q

Rotation

A

when a part turns on its axis

30
Q

Circumduction

A

the circular movement of a limb

31
Q

Pronation

A

the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing down

32
Q

Supination

A

the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing up

33
Q

Dorsi flexion

A

Movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg

34
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Movement which increases the angle between the foot and the leg

35
Q

3 types of joints and moveability

A
  • Fibrous, immovable
  • Cartilaginous, slightly moveable
  • Synovial, freely moveable
36
Q

6 types of synovial joints and how movement occurs in each

A
  • Gliding joints, movemant occurs when surfaces slide across each other
  • Hinge joints, similar to a door opening and closing.
  • Pivot joints, allows one bone to pivot around another
  • Saddle joints, two bones fit together like a rider on a saddle
  • Condyloid joints, the oval shaped surface of a bone fits into the depression of another
  • Ball and socket joint, the ‘ball’ of one bone fits into the cup or ‘socket’ of another
37
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A
  1. Circulate blood to body
  2. Transport O2, water and nutrients to cells in the blood
  3. Transport CO2 and wastes away from the cells
  4. Maintain body temperature
  5. Fight infection
38
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times your heart beats per minute

39
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat

40
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

41
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs
  2. Provide method of gaseous exchange within the lungs (oxygen enters the blood, carbon dioxide exits)
  3. Create speech as air passes over the vocal cords
  4. Facilitate sense of smell
  5. Expel heat and water vapor in the air breathed out
42
Q

Ventilation

A

the amount of air that is inspired and expired during one minute. It is calculated by
Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate

43
Q

Tidal volume

A

the amount of air breathed in and out in one breath

44
Q

Respiratory rate

A

breaths per minute.

PE Studies (5 decks)

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