Functional Anatomy Flashcards
What does the axial skeleton consist of
Consists of the skull, vertebral column (vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx) and the thorax (ribs, sternum)
What does the appendicular skeleton contain
It is the arms legs, pelvis and shoulder. It assists with movement.
What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Storage minerals
- Red blood cell production
What are and gives some examples of anterior muscles?
Muscles on the front of the body including:
deltoid
pectorials
abdominals
quadriceps
tibiais anterior
What are and give some examples of posterior muscles?
Muscles on the back of the body including:
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
What is the function of the heart?
To receive and pump out blood around the body
List 4 points about arteries
Always carry blood away from the heart
Carry oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary artery
Have thick muscular and elastic walls to pump and accommodate blood
Carry blood under high pressure
List 4 points about veins
Always carry blood to the heart
Always carry deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary vein
Carry blood under low pressure
Have thin walls - have less muscular tissue than arteries
What is the function of capillaries?
They carry blood very close to the cells so that cells can get their oxygen and nutrients from the blood and get rid of their wastes. Their walls are only one cell thick.
What is the structure and function of red blood cells
Red blood cells are circular and biconcave disc. They have no nucleus. Blood is made up of 55% plasma and 45% red and white blood cells and platelets.
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the individual cells of the body and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes.
What is the structure and function of the alveoli?
Tiny air sacs found at the end of bronchioles
Surrounded by capillaries, The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through the process of diffusion.
What is the diaphragm?
A large ‘dome’ shaped muscle that contracts and relaxes to aid breathing at all times
As the diaphragm moves up and down, the size of the chest cavity changes, causing breathing
Where are the lungs, what do they contain and what is their primary function?
Located within the thoracic cavity and protected by the sternum, ribs and vertebral column
They contain the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
Gas exchange occurs at the site of the alveoli
What are antagonistic muscle pairs and give some examples?
In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens. The muscle that is contracting is called the agonist and the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist.
Examples are Biceps and triceps, hamstrings and quadriceps, lattissimus dorsi and deltoids.
What is the insertion site of the muscle?
The end of the muscle attached to the moveable bone. Distal to the body and moves during contraction.
What is the origin of the muscle?
The end of the muscle attached to the stationary bone. Proximal to body and doesn’t move during contraction.
What is excitability?
A muscles ability to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals.
What is extensibility?
The capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length.
What is contractability?
The ability of a muscle to contract or shorten
What is elasticity?
The ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been stretched.
Define Medial
Towards the midline of the body
Define Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
closer to the attachment point of a limb
Distal
further away from the attachment point of a limb
Flexion
Movement that results in the joint angle decreasing
Extension
Movement results in the joint angle increasing
Abduction
Movement of the arms and legs away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement of the arms and legs towards the midline of the body
Rotation
when a part turns on its axis
Circumduction
the circular movement of a limb
Pronation
the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing down
Supination
the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing up
Dorsi flexion
Movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg
Plantar flexion
Movement which increases the angle between the foot and the leg
3 types of joints and moveability
- Fibrous, immovable
- Cartilaginous, slightly moveable
- Synovial, freely moveable
6 types of synovial joints and how movement occurs in each
- Gliding joints, movemant occurs when surfaces slide across each other
- Hinge joints, similar to a door opening and closing.
- Pivot joints, allows one bone to pivot around another
- Saddle joints, two bones fit together like a rider on a saddle
- Condyloid joints, the oval shaped surface of a bone fits into the depression of another
- Ball and socket joint, the ‘ball’ of one bone fits into the cup or ‘socket’ of another
Functions of the circulatory system
- Circulate blood to body
- Transport O2, water and nutrients to cells in the blood
- Transport CO2 and wastes away from the cells
- Maintain body temperature
- Fight infection
Heart rate
The number of times your heart beats per minute
Stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat
Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
Functions of the respiratory system
- Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs
- Provide method of gaseous exchange within the lungs (oxygen enters the blood, carbon dioxide exits)
- Create speech as air passes over the vocal cords
- Facilitate sense of smell
- Expel heat and water vapor in the air breathed out
Ventilation
the amount of air that is inspired and expired during one minute. It is calculated by
Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate
Tidal volume
the amount of air breathed in and out in one breath
Respiratory rate
breaths per minute.
