func anat 2 Flashcards

(126 cards)

1
Q

Newton’s 1st Law

A

Bodies in motion
tend to remain in motion.
Bodies at rest tend to
remain at rest

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2
Q

Force

A

An action or influence on
an object that produces or
prevents motion, or has a
tendency to do so

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3
Q

Internal force

A

Muscles and other
anatomical structures

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4
Q

External force

A

weights, braces,
therapist’s hands, gravity,
etc

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5
Q

objects movement (force) depends on…

A

 Amount of force
 Inertia
 Mass
 Friction

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6
Q

Qualities of Force

A

magnitude of direction

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7
Q

what represents qualities of force

A

vector (arrow)

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8
Q

Resultant Force

A

two or more forces acting on an object, the resultant
force, and therefore the movement of the object, is a
combination of the two forces.

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9
Q

concurrent force

A

creates resultant force
ex) gluteus medias
ex) Maureen and i pulling a rope to propel Brooklyn forward.

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10
Q

formula for finding torque

A

torque = force x length of lever arm

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11
Q

longer moment arm =

A

more torque

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12
Q

torque

A

force that produces rotation of a body segment around a relatively fixed axis.

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13
Q

Torque in Physiology…

A

If the biceps muscle pulls with 12 lbs of force, and
the insertion of the muscle is 2 inches from the axis
of rotation, then the torque produced is:
1/6 ft x 12 lbs = 2 ft*lbs
Lever arm: 2 inches or 1/6 ft
Force: 12 pounds
axis=elbow
biceps flexion=force
resistance=weight of forearm and hand

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14
Q

Muscles that pull superiorly or laterally to the axis of rotation…

A
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15
Q

Muscles that pull inferiorly or medially to the axis of rotation..

A
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16
Q

Muscles that rotate body part internally…

A
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17
Q

Muscles that rotate body part externally…

A
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18
Q

force couples

A

muscles act together to produce rotational movement by acting in equal and opposite directions, resulting in a single rotational movement
ex) screwing on a jar/water bottle lid

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19
Q

force couples in the shoulder…raising your arm

A

as you abduct your arm the deltoid generates an outward and upward force on the humerus. the infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis counter this by generating a downward and inward force to keep the humerus in socket and stabilize the joint.

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20
Q

Simple Machines

A

pulleys and levers

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21
Q

pulley

A

change the direction of a force.
 With a simple pulley, you pull
down, and the object goes up.

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22
Q

patella pulley

A

The patella, or knee cap,
acts as a pulley for the
muscle of the knee.
 It changes the direction of
the pull of the muscle…
 BUT, it also adds a
mechanical advantage to
the muscle.
 It increases the lever arm of the
extensor mechanism, and thus
increase quadriceps strength by
up to 33–50%.
 It increases the moment
arm, which in turn
increases torque
production

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23
Q

lever

A

increase force or
torque.

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24
Q

moment arm

A

the perpendicular distance from an axis to the line of action of a force

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25
First class lever
 Axis is located between the force and the resistance.  Ex: See-saw  F-A-R
26
F-A-R
first class lever
27
1st class levers in the human body
head on cervical vertebrae. Muscles on one side pull to maintain head position, weight of head on other side offer resistance
28
second class levers
 Axis at one end, force at the other end, and resistance in the middle.  EX: Wheelbarrow  A-R-F
29
A-R-F
2nd class lever
30
2nd class levers in the human body
levers involve movement when you are lowering an object to the floor.
31
3rd class lever
 Axis at one end, force in the middle and resistance at the end.  Shoveling  A-F-R
32
A-F-R
3rd class levers
33
stability
depends on BOS in relations to COG
34
is COG higher in males or females
COG is higher in males due to proportions
35
base of support
part of the body in contact with the supporting surface, including the area between the feet.
36
rules of stability (5)
1. lower the COG, the more stable an object. 2. greater the mass, the more stable an object. 3. A line representing the pull of gravity from the COG must pass through the BOS in order for an object to be stable. 4. Stability is increased as the BOS is enlarged. 5. Increased friction between the object’s BOS and the surface increases stability.
37
4 Joints in the Shoulder Complex
Three joints of the shoulder girdle: ◦ Sternoclavicular ◦ Acromioclavicular ◦ Scapulothoracic One joint of the shoulder joint: ◦ Glenohumeral
38
Only bony attachment of the upper extremity (UE) to the axial skeleton
sternoclavicular joint
39
Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint
both stable AND mobile Saddle shape joint with 3 degrees of freedom (DOF)  Elevates (frontal plane)  Depresses (sagittal plane)  Rotates (transverse plane)  Joint tightness in SC or AC joint will limit shoulder motion by up to 60 degrees. Stabilized by the SC ligament, and other structures.
40
Plane joint between acromion of scapula and the clavicle.
Acromioclavicular Joint
41
Acromioclavicular Joint
 Two degrees of freedom.  Joint tightness in SC or AC joint will limit shoulder motion by up to 60 degrees.  Stabilized primarily by the AC ligament, as well as the coracoacromial ligament and the coracoclavicular ligaments.
42
Not a “true” joint, but the articulation between the scapula and the thorax.
Scapulothoracic Joint
43
Scapulothoracic Joint
 Scapula moves into  Elevation  Depression  Abduction (protraction)  Adduction (retraction)  Upward rotation  Downward rotation
44
Scapulohumeral Rhythm
 Grossly, 2:1 rhythm of humerus to scapula  Of 180 degrees of abduction, humerus is responsible for about 120 degrees, scapula for 60 degrees
45
Glenohumeral Joint
 Large ball on a relatively small, flat “socket”  Three degrees of freedom  Mobility – lots!  Stability – mostly from muscles  Glenohumeral ligaments and coracohumeral ligament
46
concave convex rule
which surface is moving--- when a concave surface moves on a convex surface, the roll and glide occur in the same direction. Conversely, when a convex surface moves on a concave surface, the roll and glide occur in opposite directions.
47
Motions of the scapula
o Elevation and Depression o Protraction and Retraction o Upward and Downward Rotation o Internal and External Rotation o Tilt ↓ * Remember: normal distance between medial borders of the scapula is about 5 ‘’
48
joints of the elbow complex
 Radiohumeral  Ulnohumeral  (Proximal radio-ulnar)
49
Bones of the elbow complex
Humerus Radius Ulna
49
Ulnohumeral joint
◦ Between the trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus
50
Radiohumeral joint
Between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
51
The normal configuration of the elbow shows a _____ degree “carrying angle”
15-20
52
valgus
joint is positioned more medially that the joints above and below it. ex) elbows 'carrying angle'
53
Medial collateral ligament of the elbow
Stabilizes against a valgus force
54
Lateral collateral ligament
Stabilizes against a varus force
55
Forearm Joints
1. Proximal radioulnar joint 2. Distal radioulnar joint
56
forarm ligaments
Annular ligament Interosseous membrane
57
Joint Movements of the forearm
pronation and supination
58
Joint Movements of the elbow
flexion and extension
59
valgus
pushes in toward the center of your body
60
varus
pushing out, away from the center of your body
61
She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her
Scaphoid Lunate Trilateral Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hammate
62
lateral to proximal row (starting at thumb) (palmar aspect of hand)
She Looks Too Pretty... Scaphoid Lunate Trilateral Pisiform
63
lateral to distal row (starting at thumb) (palmar aspect of hand)
Try To Catch Her... Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hammate
64
wrist joints
Distal radioulnar Radiocarpal Intercarpal Mid-carpal Carpometacarpal
65
Radiocarpal
between radius and scaphoid, lunate
66
Intercarpal
“between the carpals”  Mid-carpal – “ in the middle of the carpals”  Carpometacarpal
67
primary wrist joint responsible for 80% of movement
Radiocarpal Joint
68
Mid-Carpal Joint
Joint between the two rows of carpals.
69
Wrist Movements
 Wrist flexion  Wrist extension  Radial deviation  Ulnar deviation
70
Carpal Tunnel
Formed by the arched shape of the carpal bones and the transverse carpal ligament, or flexor retinaculum. The median nerve and nine tendons run through here
71
80% of the forces across the wrist occur at this joint
Radiocarpal Joint between the radius and the scaphoid and lunate
72
wrist movements
Wrist flexion Wrist extension Radial deviation Ulnar deviation
73
Joints of the Hand
 CMC joints (5)  Intermetacarpal joints  MCP joints (5) – “knuckles”  PIP joints (4)  IP joint (1)  DIP joints (4)
74
thenar muscles
by base of thumb
75
Hypothenar muscle
by base of pinky
76
Intrinsic muscle vs Extrinsic muscle
intrinsic muscle are contained within a region such as the hand extrinsic muscles move the fingers but are found outside of that region
77
Digiti
refers to the fingers
78
Minimi
refers to pinkie finger (5th digit)
79
Indicis
refers to Index finger
80
anatomical snuff box
 Region at the base of the thumb  Made up of:  Extensor pollicis longus on medial side  Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus on lateral side  Scaphoid (and part of the trapezium) make the floor
81
Anatomical snuff box tenderness can indicate a _____
scaphoid fracture
82
Hand Movements
Flexion/extension of fingers Abduction/ adduction of fingers Thumb flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition
83
Types of Grips: POWER Grips
spherical cylindrical hook
84
precision grips
Lumbrical-handing credit card Tip-like pinch but curved fingers Pinch-salt bay straight finger Three jaw chuck-writing w/ pencil Lateral pinch-putting coins in a vending machine?
85
Function of Spinal Column
 Protects the spinal cord  Neck and low back allow lots of movement due to many joints.  Discs absorb shock
86
how many dof does the spinal chord have
3- triaxial
87
how many vertebrae are in the cervical spine
C1-C7 (7)
88
how many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine
T1-T12 (12)
89
how many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine
L1-L5 (5)
90
normal cervical curve
lordosis
91
normal thoracic curve
kyphosis- sacrum is extended- COUNTERNUTATION
92
normal lumbar curve
lordosis- sacrum is flexed- NUTATION
93
how many vertebra are in the sacral
5 fused
94
coccyx
tailbone at the bottom of the sacrum
95
normal sacral curve
kyphosis
96
Excessive protraction of the cervical spine: flexion of lower cervical vertebrae, and extension of upper vertebrae
forward head position-Results in a straightening of the normal cervical curvature
97
increased thoracic kyphosis
 Occurs in sagittal plane  Is often accompanied with forward head position  Scheuermann’s disease – one cause of severe hyperkyphosis
98
Increased lumbar lordosis
 Occurs in sagittal plane  Many possible causes
99
Scoliosis
 Occurs in frontal plane  Many possible causes
100
cervical spine movements
Flexion/extension ◦ Mostly occurs from C2-7 Right/left side bending ◦ Mostly occurs from C2-7 Right/left rotation ◦ Almost half occurs at the A-A joint Protraction/retraction
101
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Motions
Flexion/extension  Right/left side bending  Right/left rotation
102
C1
atlas
103
C2
axis- Dens or odontoid process
104
facets
pairs of small joints in between the vertebrae in the back of the spine
105
cervical facets are in the ____ plane
transverse
106
thoracic facets are in the ___ plane
frontal, Long spinous process that points down
107
Costal facets – articulates with what structure?
tubercles of the ribs
108
lumbar facets are in the ___ plane
Facets lie in sagittal plane
109
why do lumbar have a larger body
support the weight of the upper body and withstand the stress of lifting and carrying heavy objects
110
The sacrum is not a flat surface, but inclined about ___ degrees.
40
111
Intervertebral Disk anat
o Annulus fibrosus (outside) o Nucleus pulposus (inside)
112
Flexion – What happens to the “jelly center” of the disk? Extension – What happens to the “jelly center” of the disk?
flexion- squished forward extension- squished backward
113
Most restricted movement of the spine
Thoracic spine – due to ribs, shape of spinous processes
114
posterior pevlic tilt
decrease lordosis- eliminates natural curve of the spine
115
anterior pelvic tilt
increases lordosis
116
Muscle groups responsible for ant tilt
Spine extensors – contract to pull up posterior pelvis Hip flexors – contract to pull down anterior pelvis
117
Muscle groups responsible for post tilt
Abdominals – contract to pull up anterior pelvis Hip extensors – contract to pull down on posterior pelvis
118
Lumbopelvic Rhythm
relative pattern of the lumbar and pelvic contributions to trunk motion in the sagittal plan; requires hip and back extensors (curve of spine when touching your toes)
118
Normal pelvic tilt is fairly minimal, primarily due to actions of:
Hip abductor on stance side – pulls down on pelvis, toward hip; this “hip hiker” pulls up on unsupported side
119
pelvic girdle
hip bones/pelvis sacrum coccyx
120
Hip (“Inominate”) bones
◦ Ilium ◦ Ischiuim ◦ Pubis
121
Joints of the Pelvis
1. Sacroiliac joints (SI) 2. Pubic symphysis 3. L5-S1 – lumbosacral joint
122
Sacroiliac Joint
 Synovial joint  Irregular plane joint  Many ligaments stabilize  Movement is minimal  2-4 mm in any direction
123
Pubic Symphysis
Ligaments on top and bottom to strengthen join Pubic bones join anteriorly, with cartilage disk between them
124
Lumbosacral Joint
Joint between L5 and S1. Inclines at about a 40 degree angle to the horizontal. Increased lordosis = increased angle.