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PTA > func anat 2 > Flashcards

func anat 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s 1st Law

A

Bodies in motion
tend to remain in motion.
Bodies at rest tend to
remain at rest

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2
Q

Force

A

An action or influence on
an object that produces or
prevents motion, or has a
tendency to do so

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3
Q

Internal force

A

Muscles and other
anatomical structures

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4
Q

External force

A

weights, braces,
therapist’s hands, gravity,
etc

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5
Q

objects movement (force) depends on…

A

 Amount of force
 Inertia
 Mass
 Friction

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6
Q

Qualities of Force

A

magnitude of direction

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7
Q

what represents qualities of force

A

vector (arrow)

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8
Q

Resultant Force

A

two or more forces acting on an object, the resultant
force, and therefore the movement of the object, is a
combination of the two forces.

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9
Q

concurrent force

A

creates resultant force
ex) gluteus medias
ex) Maureen and i pulling a rope to propel Brooklyn forward.

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10
Q

formula for finding torque

A

torque = force x length of lever arm

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11
Q

longer moment arm =

A

more torque

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12
Q

torque

A

force that produces rotation of a body segment around a relatively fixed axis.

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13
Q

Torque in Physiology…

A

If the biceps muscle pulls with 12 lbs of force, and
the insertion of the muscle is 2 inches from the axis
of rotation, then the torque produced is:
1/6 ft x 12 lbs = 2 ft*lbs
Lever arm: 2 inches or 1/6 ft
Force: 12 pounds
axis=elbow
biceps flexion=force
resistance=weight of forearm and hand

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14
Q

Muscles that pull superiorly or laterally to the axis of rotation…

A
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15
Q

Muscles that pull inferiorly or medially to the axis of rotation..

A
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16
Q

Muscles that rotate body part internally…

A
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17
Q

Muscles that rotate body part externally…

A
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18
Q

force couples

A

muscles act together to produce rotational movement by acting in equal and opposite directions, resulting in a single rotational movement
ex) screwing on a jar/water bottle lid

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19
Q

force couples in the shoulder…raising your arm

A

as you abduct your arm the deltoid generates an outward and upward force on the humerus. the infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis counter this by generating a downward and inward force to keep the humerus in socket and stabilize the joint.

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20
Q

Simple Machines

A

pulleys and levers

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21
Q

pulley

A

change the direction of a force.
 With a simple pulley, you pull
down, and the object goes up.

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22
Q

patella pulley

A

The patella, or knee cap,
acts as a pulley for the
muscle of the knee.
 It changes the direction of
the pull of the muscle…
 BUT, it also adds a
mechanical advantage to
the muscle.
 It increases the lever arm of the
extensor mechanism, and thus
increase quadriceps strength by
up to 33–50%.
 It increases the moment
arm, which in turn
increases torque
production

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23
Q

lever

A

increase force or
torque.

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24
Q

moment arm

A

the perpendicular distance from an axis to the line of action of a force

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25
Q

First class lever

A

 Axis is located
between the force and
the resistance.
 Ex: See-saw
 F-A-R

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26
Q

F-A-R

A

first class lever

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27
Q

1st class levers in the human body

A

head on cervical
vertebrae. Muscles on one
side pull to maintain head
position, weight of head on
other side offer resistance

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28
Q

second class levers

A

 Axis at one end, force at the
other end, and resistance in the
middle.
 EX: Wheelbarrow
 A-R-F

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29
Q

A-R-F

A

2nd class lever

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30
Q

2nd class levers in the human body

A

levers involve movement when
you are lowering an object to
the floor.

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31
Q

3rd class lever

A

 Axis at one end, force
in the middle and
resistance at the end.
 Shoveling
 A-F-R

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32
Q

A-F-R

A

3rd class levers

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33
Q

stability

A

depends on BOS in relations to COG

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34
Q

is COG higher in males or females

A

COG is higher in males due to proportions

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35
Q

base of support

A

part of the body in contact
with the supporting
surface, including
the area between
the feet.

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36
Q

rules of stability (5)

A
  1. lower the COG, the more stable an
    object.
  2. greater the mass, the more stable an object.
  3. A line representing the
    pull of gravity from the
    COG must pass through
    the BOS in order for an
    object to be stable.
  4. Stability is increased as the BOS
    is enlarged.
  5. Increased friction between the
    object’s BOS and the surface
    increases stability.
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37
Q

4 Joints in the Shoulder Complex

A

Three joints of the shoulder girdle:
◦ Sternoclavicular
◦ Acromioclavicular
◦ Scapulothoracic
One joint of the shoulder joint:
◦ Glenohumeral

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38
Q

Only bony attachment of the upper extremity (UE) to the axial skeleton

A

sternoclavicular joint

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39
Q

Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

A

both stable AND mobile
Saddle shape joint with 3
degrees of freedom (DOF)
 Elevates (frontal plane)
 Depresses (sagittal plane)
 Rotates (transverse plane)
 Joint tightness in SC or AC
joint will limit shoulder
motion by up to 60 degrees.
Stabilized by the SC ligament,
and other structures.

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40
Q

Plane joint between
acromion of scapula and the
clavicle.

A

Acromioclavicular Joint

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41
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A

 Two degrees of freedom.
 Joint tightness in SC or AC
joint will limit shoulder
motion by up to 60 degrees.
 Stabilized primarily by the
AC ligament, as well as the
coracoacromial ligament and
the coracoclavicular
ligaments.

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42
Q

Not a “true” joint, but the
articulation between the
scapula and the thorax.

A

Scapulothoracic Joint

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43
Q

Scapulothoracic Joint

A

 Scapula moves into
 Elevation
 Depression
 Abduction (protraction)
 Adduction (retraction)
 Upward rotation
 Downward rotation

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44
Q

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

A

 Grossly, 2:1 rhythm of
humerus to scapula
 Of 180 degrees of abduction,
humerus is responsible for
about 120 degrees, scapula for
60 degrees

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45
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A

 Large ball on a relatively
small, flat “socket”
 Three degrees of freedom
 Mobility – lots!
 Stability – mostly from
muscles
 Glenohumeral ligaments
and coracohumeral ligament

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46
Q

concave convex rule

A

which surface is moving—
when a concave surface moves on a convex surface, the roll and glide occur in the same direction. Conversely, when a convex surface moves on a concave surface, the roll and glide occur in opposite directions.

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47
Q

Motions of the scapula

A

o Elevation and Depression
o Protraction and Retraction
o Upward and Downward Rotation
o Internal and External Rotation
o Tilt ↓
* Remember: normal distance
between medial borders of the
scapula is about 5 ‘’

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48
Q

joints of the elbow complex

A

 Radiohumeral
 Ulnohumeral
 (Proximal radio-ulnar)

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49
Q

Bones of the elbow complex

A

Humerus
Radius
Ulna

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49
Q

Ulnohumeral joint

A

◦ Between the trochlear notch of
the ulna and the trochlea of the
humerus

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50
Q

Radiohumeral joint

A

Between the head of the radius
and the capitulum of the
humerus

51
Q

The normal configuration of the
elbow shows a _____ degree “carrying
angle”

A

15-20

52
Q

valgus

A

joint is positioned more
medially that the joints above and
below it.
ex) elbows ‘carrying angle’

53
Q

Medial collateral
ligament of the elbow

A

Stabilizes against a
valgus force

54
Q

Lateral collateral
ligament

A

Stabilizes against a
varus force

55
Q

Forearm Joints

A
  1. Proximal radioulnar joint
  2. Distal radioulnar joint
56
Q

forarm ligaments

A

Annular ligament
Interosseous membrane

57
Q

Joint Movements of the forearm

A

pronation and supination

58
Q

Joint Movements of the elbow

A

flexion and extension

59
Q

valgus

A

pushes in toward the center of your body

60
Q

varus

A

pushing out, away from the center of your body

61
Q

She
Looks
Too
Pretty
Try
To
Catch
Her

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Trilateral
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hammate

62
Q

lateral to proximal row (starting at thumb) (palmar aspect of hand)

A

She Looks Too Pretty…
Scaphoid
Lunate
Trilateral
Pisiform

63
Q

lateral to distal row (starting at thumb) (palmar aspect of hand)

A

Try To Catch Her…
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hammate

64
Q

wrist joints

A

Distal radioulnar
Radiocarpal
Intercarpal
Mid-carpal
Carpometacarpal

65
Q

Radiocarpal

A

between radius
and scaphoid, lunate

66
Q

Intercarpal

A

“between the carpals”
 Mid-carpal – “ in the middle
of the carpals”
 Carpometacarpal

67
Q

primary wrist joint responsible for 80% of movement

A

Radiocarpal Joint

68
Q

Mid-Carpal Joint

A

Joint between the two rows of
carpals.

69
Q

Wrist Movements

A

 Wrist flexion
 Wrist extension
 Radial deviation
 Ulnar deviation

70
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

Formed by the arched shape
of the carpal bones and the
transverse carpal ligament, or
flexor retinaculum.
The median nerve and nine
tendons run through here

71
Q

80% of the forces across the
wrist occur at this joint

A

Radiocarpal Joint

between the radius
and the scaphoid and
lunate

72
Q

wrist movements

A

Wrist flexion
Wrist extension
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation

73
Q

Joints of the Hand

A

 CMC joints (5)
 Intermetacarpal joints
 MCP joints (5) – “knuckles”
 PIP joints (4)
 IP joint (1)
 DIP joints (4)

74
Q

thenar muscles

A

by base of thumb

75
Q

Hypothenar muscle

A

by base of pinky

76
Q

Intrinsic muscle
vs
Extrinsic muscle

A

intrinsic muscle are contained within a region such as the hand

extrinsic muscles move the fingers but are found outside of that region

77
Q

Digiti

A

refers to the fingers

78
Q

Minimi

A

refers to pinkie finger (5th digit)

79
Q

Indicis

A

refers to
Index finger

80
Q

anatomical snuff box

A

 Region at the base of the
thumb
 Made up of:
 Extensor pollicis longus
on medial side
 Extensor pollicis brevis
and abductor pollicis
longus on lateral side
 Scaphoid (and part of the
trapezium) make the floor

81
Q

Anatomical snuff box
tenderness can indicate a
_____

A

scaphoid fracture

82
Q

Hand Movements

A

Flexion/extension of fingers
Abduction/ adduction of
fingers
Thumb flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction,
opposition

83
Q

Types of Grips:
POWER Grips

A

spherical
cylindrical
hook

84
Q

precision grips

A

Lumbrical-handing credit card
Tip-like pinch but curved fingers
Pinch-salt bay straight finger
Three jaw chuck-writing w/ pencil
Lateral pinch-putting coins in a vending machine?

85
Q

Function of Spinal
Column

A

 Protects the spinal cord
 Neck and low back allow
lots of movement due to
many joints.
 Discs absorb shock

86
Q

how many
dof does the spinal chord have

A

3- triaxial

87
Q

how many vertebrae are in the cervical spine

A

C1-C7 (7)

88
Q

how many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine

A

T1-T12 (12)

89
Q

how many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine

A

L1-L5 (5)

90
Q

normal cervical curve

A

lordosis

91
Q

normal thoracic curve

A

kyphosis- sacrum is extended- COUNTERNUTATION

92
Q

normal lumbar curve

A

lordosis- sacrum is flexed- NUTATION

93
Q

how many vertebra are in the sacral

A

5 fused

94
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone at the bottom of the sacrum

95
Q

normal sacral curve

A

kyphosis

96
Q

Excessive protraction of the cervical spine: flexion of lower cervical
vertebrae, and extension of upper vertebrae

A

forward head position-Results in a
straightening of
the normal cervical
curvature

97
Q

increased thoracic kyphosis

A

 Occurs in sagittal plane
 Is often accompanied with
forward head position
 Scheuermann’s disease – one
cause of severe hyperkyphosis

98
Q

Increased lumbar lordosis

A

 Occurs in sagittal plane
 Many possible causes

99
Q

Scoliosis

A

 Occurs in frontal plane
 Many possible causes

100
Q

cervical spine movements

A

Flexion/extension
◦ Mostly occurs from C2-7
Right/left side bending
◦ Mostly occurs from C2-7
Right/left rotation
◦ Almost half occurs at the A-A joint
Protraction/retraction

101
Q

Thoracic and Lumbar
Spine Motions

A

Flexion/extension
 Right/left side bending
 Right/left rotation

102
Q

C1

A

atlas

103
Q

C2

A

axis- Dens or odontoid
process

104
Q

facets

A

pairs of small joints in between the vertebrae in the back of the spine

105
Q

cervical facets are in the ____ plane

A

transverse

106
Q

thoracic facets are in the ___ plane

A

frontal, Long spinous process that
points down

107
Q

Costal facets – articulates with
what structure?

A

tubercles of the ribs

108
Q

lumbar facets are in the ___ plane

A

Facets lie in sagittal plane

109
Q

why do lumbar have a larger body

A

support the weight of the upper body and withstand the stress of lifting and carrying heavy objects

110
Q

The sacrum is not a flat
surface, but inclined about
___ degrees.

A

40

111
Q

Intervertebral Disk anat

A

o Annulus fibrosus (outside)
o Nucleus pulposus (inside)

112
Q

Flexion – What
happens to the “jelly
center” of the disk?

Extension – What
happens to the “jelly
center” of the disk?

A

flexion- squished forward

extension- squished backward

113
Q

Most restricted movement of the spine

A

Thoracic spine – due to ribs,
shape of spinous processes

114
Q

posterior pevlic tilt

A

decrease lordosis- eliminates natural curve of the spine

115
Q

anterior pelvic tilt

A

increases lordosis

116
Q

Muscle groups responsible for ant tilt

A

Spine extensors – contract to
pull up posterior pelvis

Hip flexors – contract to pull
down anterior pelvis

117
Q

Muscle groups responsible for post tilt

A

Abdominals – contract to
pull up anterior pelvis

Hip extensors – contract
to pull down on posterior
pelvis

118
Q

Lumbopelvic
Rhythm

A

relative pattern of the lumbar and pelvic contributions to trunk motion in the sagittal plan; requires hip and back extensors
(curve of spine when touching your toes)

118
Q

Normal pelvic tilt is fairly minimal,
primarily due to actions of:

A

Hip abductor on stance side – pulls
down on pelvis, toward hip; this “hip
hiker” pulls up on unsupported side

119
Q

pelvic girdle

A

hip bones/pelvis
sacrum
coccyx

120
Q

Hip (“Inominate”) bones

A

◦ Ilium
◦ Ischiuim
◦ Pubis

121
Q

Joints of the Pelvis

A
  1. Sacroiliac joints (SI)
  2. Pubic symphysis
  3. L5-S1 – lumbosacral
    joint
122
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

 Synovial joint
 Irregular plane joint
 Many ligaments stabilize
 Movement is minimal
 2-4 mm in any direction

123
Q

Pubic Symphysis

A

Ligaments on top and bottom
to strengthen join
Pubic bones join anteriorly,
with cartilage disk between
them

124
Q

Lumbosacral Joint

A

Joint between L5 and S1.
Inclines at about a 40 degree angle to the horizontal.
Increased lordosis = increased angle.

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