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PTA > ANAT FINALL ALLL > Flashcards

ANAT FINALL ALLL Flashcards

1
Q

Movement away from the body in the frontal plane is called _______

A

abduction

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2
Q

A patient presents with a Trendelenburg gait, in which the right hip drops during swing phase. What two muscle groups should be strengthened to correct this?

A

The left hip abductors and the right trunk sidebenders

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3
Q

The knee is ___________ to the ankle.

A

proximal

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4
Q

The normal angle of inclination of the sacrum is approximately…

A

40 degrees of anterior tilt

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5
Q

A _____ connects bone to bone, while a ______ connects muscle to bone.

A

ligament: tendon

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6
Q

The angle of inclination of the femur is normally about ___. A larger angle is called ____ and results in ____.

A

130 degrees : coxa valga : varus of the knee

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7
Q

The length-tension relationship of muscle demonstrates that …

A

A muscle can produce more force at a mid-range position

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8
Q

When testing the patellar tendon reflex, the _____ is stimulated, which results in ______ of the quadriceps.

A

Golgi tendon: contraction

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9
Q

atlas

A

C1

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10
Q

axis

A

C2

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11
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7

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12
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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13
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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14
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae

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15
Q

cervical spine curve

A

Lordotic curve

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16
Q

thoracic spine curve

A

kyphotic curve

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17
Q

Standing squat, lowering phase

Standing squat, rising phase

Bicep curl, lifting phase

Bicep curl, lowering phase

A

Closed chain, eccentric muscle contraction

Closed chain, concentric muscle contraction

Open chain, concentric muscle contraction

Open chain, eccentric muscle contraction

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18
Q

The ___ prevents anterior movement of the tibia on the femur, while the ___ prevents posterior movement of the tibia on the femur.

A

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL):posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

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19
Q

Head flexing on the neck

A

first class lever

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20
Q

Rising up on the toes (standing plantarflexion)

A

second class lever

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21
Q

Performing a bicep curl (lifting phase)

A

third class lever

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22
Q

During an isokinetic contraction, the quality that remains constant is …

A

the speed of movement

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23
Q

knee joint shape

A

condyloid or ellipsoid

same thing

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24
Q

hip joint shape

A

ball and socket

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25
Q

pubic symphysis joint shape

A

cartilaginous

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26
Q

sacroiliac joint shape

A

irregular plane

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27
Q

proximal radio-ulnar joint shape

A

pivot

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28
Q

Movement of the wrist medially in the frontal plane is called ________.

A

ulnar deviation

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29
Q

The humero-ulnar joint has ___ degree(s) of freedom, while the glenohumeral joint has ___ degree(s) of freedom.

A

one: three

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30
Q

A broad sheet of connective tissue that serves as an attachement for muscles is called a(n)…

A

aponeurosis

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31
Q

A joint that contains synovial fluid is called (select all that apply)…

A

synovial and diarthrodial

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32
Q

Which of the following motions is generally considered a sagittal plane motion?

A

flexion and extenion

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33
Q

Landmarks for measuring Q-angle are…

A

ASIS, center of the patella, tibial tuberosity

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34
Q

ober test

A

TFL and IT band

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35
Q

thomas test

A

rectus formoris

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36
Q

90-90 test

A

hamstring

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37
Q

Which of the following joints is an articulation between the appendicular and axial skeleton?

A

sternoclavicular joint

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38
Q

When the hip extensors are contracting to produce a movement, the hip flexors are acting as a(n)…

A

antagonist

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39
Q

Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion occurs on which plane

A

sagittal

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40
Q

Inversion and Eversion

A

frontal

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41
Q

Forefoot Abduction and Forefoot Adduction

A

transverse

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42
Q

pronation and supination

A

tri-planer movement

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43
Q

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of an isometric contraction?

A

Can result in an increase in strength across a full range of motion

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44
Q

The stability of an object increases when…

A

when the center of gravity is lowered

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45
Q

The talocrural joint is made up of…

A

The tibia, fibula, and talus

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46
Q

According to the convex-concave rule, when a convex surface is moving on a concave surface, the slide or glide of a joint will occur in the…

A

opposite direct of the movement of the bone

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47
Q

During full shoulder abduction in standing, which group of scapular muscles is contracting?

A

upward rotators; concentrically

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48
Q

In connective tissue, ______ provides plasticity while ______ provides elasticity.

A

collagen: elastin

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49
Q

If we pause the motion at the very end of push-off, in what position are the lower extremity joints of the reference limb? Select all that apply.

Ankle plantarflexion
Ankle dorsiflexion
Knee near full extension
Knee near full flexion
Hip extended
Hip flexed
Pelvis rotated anteriorly
Pelvis rotated posteriorly

A

Ankle plantarflexion
Knee near full extension
Hip extended
Pelvis rotated posteriorly

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50
Q

The normal spinal curvatures exist is which plane?

A

sagittal

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51
Q

If we pause the motion at the point of heel strike, in what position are the lower extremity joints of the reference limb? Select all the apply.

Ankle plantarflexion
Ankle dorsiflexion
Knee near full extension
Knee near full flexion
Hip extended
Hip flexed
Pelvis rotated anteriorly
Pelvis rotated posteriorly

A

Ankle dorsiflexion
Knee near full extension
Hip flexed
Pelvis rotated anteriorly

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52
Q

When the pelvis tilts anteriorly, the lumbar spine ____. When the pelvis tilts posteriorly, the lumbar spine ____.

A

extends: flexes

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53
Q

When the lumbar spine flexes, in which direction does the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks move?

A

posteriorly

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54
Q

When the midfoot in “locked” the foot is in a ______ position. When the midfoot is “unlocked” the foot is in a ______ position.

A

pronated: supinated

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55
Q

Concentric contraction

A

A muscle shortens as it contracts

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56
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

A muscle lengthens as it contracts

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57
Q

Isometric contraction

A

A muscle does not change length as it contracts

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58
Q

Reversal of action

A

The origin moves toward the insertion

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59
Q
A
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60
Q

The medial (ulnar) collateral ligament of the elbow stabilizes against a ____ force, while the lateral (radial) collateral ligament stabilizes against a ____ force.

A

valgus (lateral): varus (medial)

arm is in anatomical position…

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61
Q

The screw home mechanism in open chain involves…

A

Lateral rotation of the tibia at end range knee extension

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62
Q

The axis of rotation for a movement occurring in the sagittal plane runs in what direction?

A

medial-lateral

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63
Q

The torsion angle of the femur is normally about ___. Greater than this amount is called ____ and results in ____.

A

15 degrees : anteversion : toe in

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64
Q

The carrying angle of the elbow is approximately…

A

10 degrees of valgus

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65
Q

In the anatomical position, the arm is in the position of…

A

Shoulder external rotation, elbow extension, and forearm supination

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66
Q

This principle states that bone will grow in response to stress on the tissue.

A

wolff’s law

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67
Q

Aponeurosis

A

broad, flat tendon that serves as a means
to connect muscle to bone

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68
Q

ground substance

A

jelly-like fluid allowing movement and cell nourishment

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69
Q

Protein fibers

A

collagen- stretch
elastin- flexibility
reticular- structure

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70
Q

cells (blasts)

A

fibroblasts- make fibers
osteoblasts- make bones
chondroblasts- make cartilage

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71
Q

Collagen produces…

A

stretch

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72
Q

Elastin produces…

A

flexability

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73
Q

Reticular produces…

A

structure

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74
Q

3 components of connective tissue

A

ground substance
cells
protein fibers

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75
Q

Wolff’s law

A

bone will change its structure to adapt to stress

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76
Q

Ligaments

A

bone to bone (crosshatched)

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77
Q

Tendons

A

muscle to bone (parallel alignment)

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78
Q

hyperextension

A

Genu recurvatum

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79
Q

flexion/ extension occurs in which plane…

A

sagittal

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80
Q

abduction/adduction occurs in which plane…

A

frontal

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81
Q

internal/external rotation occurs in which plane…

A

transverse

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82
Q

pronation/supination (hand and foot) occurs in which plane…

A

all three planes

tri-planar

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83
Q

dorsiflexion/plantar flexion occurs in which plane…

A

sagittal

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84
Q

horizontal abduction/adduction occurs in which plane…

A

transverse

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85
Q

inversion/eversion occurs in which plane…

A

frontal

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86
Q

protraction/retraction (scapula and head) occurs in which plane…

A

sagittal

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87
Q

radial/ulnar deviation occurs in which plane…

A

frontal

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88
Q

circumlocution occurs in which plane…

A

transverse

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89
Q

classifying joints by function

A

 Synarthrosis – allowing little or no movement
 Amphiarthrosis – allowing limited movement
 Diarthrosis – freely moveable

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90
Q

classifying joint by structure

A

 Fibrous – no space, dense tissue holds together
 Cartilaginous – no space, held together by cartilage
 Synovial – space, held together by a joint capsule

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91
Q

fibrous joint by be…

A

*synarthrosis (no movement)- skull sutures and gomphosis between teeth and jaw

*amphiarthrosis (slight movement)- interosseous membrane and distal tib-fib joint

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92
Q

cartilaginous joint may be…

A

amphiarthrosis (slight movement)- synchondrosis between ribs and sternum and pubic symphysis

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93
Q

synovial joints may be…

A

diarthrosis (freely movable)- shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, wrists, etc.

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94
Q

moving elbow into extension, but position is flexed…

A

you are flexed but extending

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95
Q

joints must be…

A

mobile and stable

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96
Q

Hinge joint

A

o Shaped like a door hinge
o One degree of freedom
o Joint between the humerus and ulna
is an example

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97
Q

pivot joint

A

o Allows one degree of freedom
o Proximal radio-ulnar joint is an example
o doorknob

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98
Q

ellipsoid joint

A

o Allows two degrees of freedom
o Radiocarpal joint is example
o Book uses analogy of an egg in your palm

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99
Q

saddle joint

A

o Joint surface is concave in one
direction, and convex in the other. Has
an articulating surface that matches
o Allows for two degrees of freedom
o CMC joints are example

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100
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

o Ball and matching cup-like socket
o Allows for three degrees of freedom
o Shoulder and hip are examples

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101
Q

gliding/plane joint

A

o Articulation between two flat surfaces
of bone.
o Joints slide on each other
o Zero degrees of freedom – nonaxial.
o Joints between the carpals are an
example.
o Book uses the analogy of sliding a book
on a table.

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102
Q

concave on convex

A

same direction

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103
Q

convex on concave

A

opposite direction

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104
Q

Concave and convex-starting at shoulder going down to wrist

A = concave
X = convex

A

A X X A A X

105
Q

Open chain

A

distal portion moves
proximal is stationary

-hands/feet moving, hips and shoulders are fixed

ex) biceps curl, leg extensions

106
Q

Closed chain

A

proximal portion moves
distal is stationary

  • hands/ feet are fixed, hips and shoulders moving

ex) pushups, squats

107
Q

concentric

A
  • muscle length is shortening
  • LIFT a load
108
Q

eccentric

A
  • muscle length is lengthening
  • LOWER a load, SLOW DOWN a load, and ABSORBS forces
109
Q

agonist

A
  • prime mover
  • causing movement
110
Q

antagonist

A

muscle performs opposite motion against agonist (prime mover)

111
Q

synergist

A
  • assists agonist (prime mover) by stabilizing
  • weak assistance
112
Q

active insufficiency

A

SHORTENING A MUSCLE SO ITS WEAKER, ALLOWING SURROUNDING MUSCLE TO BE STRETCHED
- muscles become too short to allow further contraction—> make muscle shorter to allow further movement
- a 2 joint muscle is unable to actively shorten the muscle over both joints

113
Q

passive insufficiency

A

STRETCHING A MUSCLE ACROSS ALL OF ITS JOINTS
- 2 joint muscles STRETCHED over both joints will show limitations of motions, not apparent when stretching over each joint separately

114
Q

length-tension relationship

A

a muscle is stronger mid-range compared to being shortened or lengthened
—–due to number of sarcomeres available to ‘help out’

115
Q

reversal of action

A

muscle can reverse their action, having the origin move towards the insertion; typically closed chain
—–typical contraction = insertion moves toward orgin

116
Q

force couples

A

muscles work together to produce rotational movement by action in equal and opposite directions resulting in a single rotational movement

117
Q

Excursion

A

The degree to which a muscle can change in length
— usually shortens or lengthens to half of its resting length
—ex) if resting length is 8”, then it can be stretched 12” or shortened (contracted) to 4” ==> excursion of 8’

118
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

notifies spinal chord of tension in muscle/tendon and causes it to relax to protect against damage

119
Q

nervous system function

A

coordinates, controls, and communicates through the whole body

120
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal chord

121
Q

PNS

A

-somatic
-autonomic
—–sympathetic
—–parasympathetic

122
Q

efferent

A

motor

123
Q

afferent

A

sensory

124
Q

Scapulohumeral rhythm

A

2:1 ratio

Total of 180 degree abduction
- humerus moves 120
- scapula mores 60

125
Q

2:1 ratio of humerus to scapula rotation for full elevation and abduction

A

scapulohumeral rhythm

126
Q

first class lever

A

FAR
- seesaw
- head on cervical vertebrea

127
Q

second class lever

A

ARF
- wheelbarrow
- lowering an object

128
Q

third class lever

A

AFR
- shoveling
- lifting a weight

129
Q

FAR

A

1st class lever

130
Q

ARF

A

2nd class lever

131
Q

AFR

A

3rd class lever

132
Q

Rules of stability

A

1) The lower the COG more stable the base
2) greater mass = more stability
3) COG must pass through the BOS for stability
4) Increases BOS and increase stability
5) Increased friction between BOS and surface increases stability

133
Q

Vectors…

A

magnitude and direction

134
Q

resultant force

A

two or more forces acting on an object

135
Q

concurrent force

A

create a resultant force
- ex) gluteus medius

136
Q

The major components of
connective tissues are

A
  1. Cells
  2. Protein fibers
  3. Ground substance
137
Q

Blast cells – (blast means “_____”)

A

maker’
a) Fibroblast – major cell of connective tissue
b) Chondroblast – found in connective tissue, esp. cartilages
c) Osteoblast – found in bone

138
Q

Protein fibers

A

a) Collagen fibers
b) Elastin fibers
c) Reticular fibers

139
Q

Blast cells are builders or makers.
Their cellular arch-nemesis are the _____ cells,
which are destroyers

A

clast

140
Q

collagen

A

STRENGTH- major protein fiber in the body.
It provides strength and resistance to stress (tensile
strength) to tissue. The more collagen in a tissue, the
stronger it is.

141
Q

elastin

A

FLEXABILITY- thin fiber that is like a thin piece of
elastic. The more elastin in a tissue, the better the tissue can elongate and then return to the original length.

142
Q

reticular fibers

A

STRUCTURE- framework or lattice
to support blood vessels and nerves. Sort of nature’s trellis.

143
Q

What Connective Tissue Needs

A

strength (collagen) , flexibility (elastin), structure (reticular fibers)

144
Q

Ground substance

A

jelly-like fluid that the cells and fibers are sitting
in; allows movement

145
Q

Stretch

A

ability to stretch to some
degree without being damaged or torn

146
Q

plasticity

A

quality of being plastic, refers to the
tissue’s ability to alter it’s shape/length

More collagen = more plasticity

147
Q

creep

A

Connective tissues that are
exposed to steady forces for a
long time will change shape

responsible for postural changes

148
Q

tensile strength

A

Tensile strength refers
to the ability to withstand stresses in two opposing
directions without tearing

149
Q

Thixotrophy

A

ground substance changes from a firm gel to a liquid when it’s heated or warmed

ex) honey

150
Q

Piezoelectric

A

electricity that is caused from pressure.
Soft tissues exhibit the generation of a slight electric charge when they are squeezed or compressed.

151
Q

colloidal

A

property of resisting compression yet being malleable. The nature of colloids is that they don’t resist movement if you move SLOWLY through the substance. However, if you attempt to move quickly, the material takes on the property of a solid.

ex) cornstarch and water

152
Q

Foramen,fossa, groove, meatus, sinus

A

Depressions or openings

153
Q

Condyle, eminence, facet, head

A

projections that fit into joints

154
Q

Crest, epicondyle, line, spine, trochanter, tubercle,
tuberosity

A

projects for tendons and ligaments

155
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Toughest type

156
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

stretchy type

157
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

common type

158
Q

ligaments

A

BONE TO BONE
Purpose is generally to stabilize a joint.
Ligaments are composed of connective tissue that is
arranged in a cross hatched alignment to provide tensile
strength.

159
Q

tendons

A

MUSCLE TO BONE
Purpose is to provide a method of attachment of a muscle
belly to the bone in order to move the bone.
Tendons are composed of connective tissue that is arranged
in a parallel alignment to resist stress in one direction.

160
Q

hyperextension

A

usually elbows and knees
“Genu recurvatum”

161
Q

Spinal Movements

A

Flexion/extension
Lateral bending or side bending
Rotation

162
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

flexion/extension

163
Q

Frontal Plane

A

abduction/adduction

164
Q

Transverse Plane

A

rotation

165
Q

how can you classify joint

A

structure and function

166
Q

Synarthrosis (classifying joints by function)

A

allowing little or no movement

167
Q

Amphiarthrosis (classifying joints by function)

A

allowing limited movement

168
Q

Diarthrosis (classifying joints by function)

A

freely moving

169
Q

Fibrous (classifying joints by structure)

A

no space, dense tissue holds together

170
Q

Cartilaginous (classifying joints by structure)

A

no space, held together by cartilage

171
Q

Synovial (classifying joints by structure)

A

space, held together by a joint capsule

172
Q

Nonaxial – carpals –

A

0 DOF

173
Q

Uniaxial –elbow –

A

1 DOF

174
Q

Biaxial – wrist, knee –

A

2 DOF

175
Q

Triaxial – hip, shoulder –

A

3 DOF

176
Q

7 joint classifications based on joint SHAPE:

A
  1. HINGE
  2. PIVOT
  3. ELLIPSOID
  4. BALL AND SOCKET
  5. PLANE
  6. SADDLE
  7. CONDYLOID
177
Q

scapula and humeral movers/ shoulder joint

A
  1. Deltoid – anterior, middle,
    posterior
  2. RTCs – supraspinatus,
    infraspinatus, teres minor,
    subscapularis
  3. Pectoralis major
  4. Latissimus dorsi & teres
    major
  5. Coracobrachialis
  6. Biceps brachii
  7. Triceps brachii (long head)
178
Q
  1. shoulder girdle bones
  2. shoulder girdle joints
A
  1. scapula and clavicle
  2. acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, scapulothoracic (AC, SC, ST)
179
Q
  1. shoulder joint bones
  2. shoulder joints
A
  1. scapula and humeral
  2. glenohumeral
180
Q

Most common cause of scapular
winging is serratus anterior
weakness, often caused by…

A

weakened serratus anterior

resulting from long thoracic nerve damage

181
Q

shoulder complex: nerves

A
  • long thoracic
    orgin= originates from the upper part of the brachial plexus’s superior trunk then inserts into the serratus anterior muscle
  • spinal accessory- ravels parallel to the spine of the scapula
  • musculocutaneous- emerges at the inferior border of Pectoralis minor muscle.It passes lateral to the axillary and upper part of brachial artery.
182
Q

cause of scapular winging

A

SERRATUS ANTERIOR
also…
weakness of the trapezius or
weakness of the rhomboids

183
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

S - supraspinatus- adduction
I - infraspinatus- adduction, ER
T - teres minor- adduction, ER
S – subscapularis- IR

184
Q

elbow joint movments

A

flexion/extension

185
Q

elbow joints

A

Ulnohumeral joint
◦ Between the trochlear notch of
the ulna and the trochlea of the
humerus

Radiohumeral joint
◦ Between the head of the radius
and the capitulum of the
humerus

186
Q

elbow bones

A

humerus
radius
ulna

187
Q

ligaments of elbow

A
  • Medial collateral ligament (valgus)
  • Lateral collateral ligament (varus)
  • annular ligament (wraps around head of radius)
188
Q

forearm joints

A
  1. Proximal radioulnar joint
  2. Distal radioulnar joint
189
Q

forearm ligaments (muscle

A

Annular ligament
Interosseous membrane

190
Q

forarm joint movments

A

pronation/supination

191
Q

attachments of wrist and hand muscles

A

medial and lateral epicondyles

192
Q

carrying angle of the elbow

A

15-20 degrees
VALGUS

193
Q

hand joints

A

 CMC joints (5)
 Intermetacarpal joints
 MCP joints (5) – “knuckles”
 PIP joints (4)
 IP joint (1)
 DIP joints (4)

194
Q

Region at the base of the
thumb

A

anatomic snuff box

195
Q

hand movements

A

Flexion/extension of fingers

Abduction/ adduction of
fingers

Thumb flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction,
opposition

196
Q

thenar

A

thumb side

197
Q

hypothenar

A

pinky side

198
Q

digiti

A

fingers

199
Q

minimi

A

pinkie finger

200
Q

indicis

A

index finger

201
Q

forward head position

A

flexion of lower cervical
vertebrae, and extension of upper vertebrae.

202
Q

Scheuermann’s disease

A

severe hyperkyphosis

203
Q

Scoliosis

A

 Occurs in frontal plane
 Many possible causes

204
Q

thoracic and lumbar spine movements

A

Flexion/extension
 Right/left side bending
 Right/left rotation

205
Q

directions of facets

A

cervical- transverse
thoracic- frontal
lumbar-sagittal

206
Q

spine extension

A

bending back- anterior bulging of intervertebral disk

207
Q

spine flexion

A

bending forward- posterior bulging of intervertebral disk

208
Q

spinal movements

A

flexion, extension, rotation and lateral flexion

209
Q

hip bones

A

◦ Ilium
◦ Ischiuim
◦ Pubis

210
Q

hip joints

A
  1. Sacroiliac joints (SI)
  2. Pubic symphysis
  3. L5-S1 – lumbosacral
    joint
211
Q

anterior pelvic tilt

A

 Spine extensors – contract to
pull up posterior pelvis
 Hip flexors – contract to pull
down anterior pelvis

212
Q

posterior pelvic tilt

A

 Abdominals – contract to
pull up anterior pelvis
 Hip extensors – contract
to pull down on posterior
pelvis

213
Q

Flexion of the sacrum generally is associated with increased…

A

lordosis of the lumbar spine = lumbar extension.
We use the term

NUTATION for this movement.

214
Q

Extension of the sacrum generally is associated with decreased…

A

lordosis of the lumbar spine = lumbar flexion.
We use the term

COUNTERNUTATION for this movement.

215
Q

lateral tilt of pelvis

A

 The unsupported side of the pelvis
drops slightly when the leg comes
off ground

 The spine side bends slightly to
opposite side of unsupported leg

 Supporting leg adducts,
unsupported side abducts

 Normal pelvic tilt is fairly minimal,
primarily due to actions of:

 Hip abductor on stance side – pulls
down on pelvis, toward hip; this “hip
hiker” pulls up on unsupported side

216
Q

sacral angle of inclination

A

about 40 degrees

217
Q

Hip Joint between…

A

the femoral head and the acetabulum of
the pelvis

218
Q

normal torsion of femur

A

15 degress

219
Q

anteversion

A

more than 15 degrees torsion

220
Q

retroversion

A

less than 15 degree torsion

221
Q

normal angle of inclination

A

125-135 degrees between the neck and shaft of femur

222
Q

torsion

A

a twisting of the thigh bone (femur), where the top part of the bone is rotated slightly inward or outward compared to the bottom, causing the knees to point in a certain direction

223
Q

coxa vara

A

decreased angle between the neck of the femur and its shaft
- neck pointed downward
- varus, knee pointed laterally

224
Q

coxa valga

A

increased angle between the neck of the femur and its shaft
- neck pointed upward
- valgus, knee pointed medially

225
Q

In a closed chain hip movement…

A

foot is fixed on the ground, causing the pelvis to move relative to the stationary leg

  • Squats, Lunges, Leg press, and Step-ups.
226
Q

in an open chain hip movement…

A

the leg is free to move in space with the pelvis relatively stable, allowing for isolated muscle activation of the hip joint

  • Hip flexion with leg raised (like lying on your back and bringing your knee towards your chest)
  • Hip extension with leg raised (like leg extensions on a machine)
  • Hip abduction with leg raised (like side-lying leg lifts)
227
Q

knee ligaments

A
  • MCL – medial collateral
  • LCL – lateral collateral
  • ACL – anterior cruciate
  • PCL – posterior cruciate
228
Q

medial collateral lig

A

resists a valgus/lateral- producing force

229
Q

lateral collateral lig

A

resists a varus/medial- producing force

230
Q

anterior cruciate lig

A

prevents anterior translation of the tibia on the
femur

231
Q

posterior cruciate lig

A

prevents posterior translation of the tibia on the
femur

232
Q

knees:
1. varus

  1. valgus
A
  1. pointed laterally
  2. pointed medially
233
Q

motions of the knee

A

flexion
extension
rotation (screw home mechanism)

234
Q

screw home mechanism

A

rotation that happens during the last degrees of knee extension, where the tibia slightly rotates inwards on the femur, effectively “locking” the knee joint in a stable position for standing upright

235
Q

concentric knee example

A

Muscle shortens while contracting.

Example: Pushing up from a squat, straightening the knee during a leg extension.

236
Q

eccentric knee example

A

Muscle lengthens while contracting.

Example: Lowering into a squat, slowly bending the knee during a leg extension.

237
Q

regions of the foot

A
  • Forefoot
    * Metatarsals and phalanges
  • Midfoot
    * Navicular, Cuneiforms, cuboid
  • Rearfoot (or hindfoot)
    * Talus and calcaneus
238
Q
  1. Longitudinal arch
  2. Transverse arch
A
  1. sagittal plane
  2. frontal plane
239
Q

ankle motion

A
  • Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion- sagittal plane (talocrural joint)
  • Inversion/Eversion- frontal plane
  • Abduction/Adduction- transverse plane (forefoot, calcaneus, talus)

combination of all is pronation/supination

240
Q

Calcaneal abduction = calcaneal eversion = …

A

calcaneal valgus

241
Q

Calcaneal adduction = calcaneal inversion = …

A

calcaneal varus

242
Q

Motion occurring
in all three planes of the foot
is called…

A

supination or pronation

243
Q

In an open chain, _________ is a combination of:
* Inversion
* Plantarflexion
* Forefoot adduction
and/or calcaneal
varus (adduction).

TRY IT ON YOURSELF IT MAKES SENSE

A

supination

244
Q

In an open chain, _________ is a combination of
* Eversion
* Dorsiflexion
* Forefoot abduction
and/or calcaneal
valgus (abduction)

TRY IT ON YOURSELF IT MAKES SENSE

A

pronation

245
Q

Closed chain _______ is combination of
* Calcaneal varus
* Abduction of the talus on the calcaneus.

A

supination

246
Q

Closed chain _________ is
combination of:
* Calcaneal valgus
* Plantarflexion
* Adduction of the talus on the
calcaneus.

A

pronation

247
Q

tri-planar (foot and ankle)

A

Motion occurring
in all three planes
is called
supination or
pronation

248
Q

ankle pronation

A

leaning inward

249
Q

ankle supination

A

leaning outward

250
Q

Let’s review the foot and ankle motions

A
  • DF : PF — sagittal plane
  • Inv : Ev — frontal plane
  • Forefoot ABduction : forefoot ADduction — transverse plane
  • Pronation : Supination — Triplanar movement
  • Calcaneal varus and valgus — frontal plane
251
Q
  1. Calcaneal ABduction = c. ______ = c. valgus
  2. Calcaneal ADduction = c. ______ = c. valgus
A
  1. eversion
  2. inversion
252
Q

Midfoot is ___1____ and RIGID when foot is in
supination, and ___2___ in pronation

A
  1. locked
  2. unlocked
253
Q

Plantar Fascia

A
  • Fascial sheath that
    runs from the
    calcaneus to
    proximal phalanx of
    the great toe.
  • Is pulled taut with
    extension of big toe
254
Q

how foot and ankle position effect knees

A

Pronation (flat feet):
When your foot rolls inward excessively (pronates), it can cause your knee to angle inwards (valgus), putting stress on the medial ligaments and cartilage of the knee.

Supination (high arches):
If your foot arches too much (supinates), it can cause your knee to angle outwards (varus), placing stress on the lateral side of the knee joint.

Toe-in/Toe-out:
The direction your toes point (foot progression angle) significantly impacts knee alignment; toe-in can increase knee adduction moments, while toe-out can lead to increased knee valgus.

255
Q
A
256
Q
A
257
Q
A
258
Q
A
259
Q

Fner

A

PTA (5 decks)

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