ANAT FINALL ALLL Flashcards
Movement away from the body in the frontal plane is called _______
abduction
A patient presents with a Trendelenburg gait, in which the right hip drops during swing phase. What two muscle groups should be strengthened to correct this?
The left hip abductors and the right trunk sidebenders
The knee is ___________ to the ankle.
proximal
The normal angle of inclination of the sacrum is approximately…
40 degrees of anterior tilt
A _____ connects bone to bone, while a ______ connects muscle to bone.
ligament: tendon
The angle of inclination of the femur is normally about ___. A larger angle is called ____ and results in ____.
130 degrees : coxa valga : varus of the knee
The length-tension relationship of muscle demonstrates that …
A muscle can produce more force at a mid-range position
When testing the patellar tendon reflex, the _____ is stimulated, which results in ______ of the quadriceps.
Golgi tendon: contraction
atlas
C1
axis
C2
cervical vertebrae
7
thoracic vertebrae
12
lumbar vertebrae
5
sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
cervical spine curve
Lordotic curve
thoracic spine curve
kyphotic curve
Standing squat, lowering phase
Standing squat, rising phase
Bicep curl, lifting phase
Bicep curl, lowering phase
Closed chain, eccentric muscle contraction
Closed chain, concentric muscle contraction
Open chain, concentric muscle contraction
Open chain, eccentric muscle contraction
The ___ prevents anterior movement of the tibia on the femur, while the ___ prevents posterior movement of the tibia on the femur.
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL):posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Head flexing on the neck
first class lever
Rising up on the toes (standing plantarflexion)
second class lever
Performing a bicep curl (lifting phase)
third class lever
During an isokinetic contraction, the quality that remains constant is …
the speed of movement
knee joint shape
condyloid or ellipsoid
same thing
hip joint shape
ball and socket
pubic symphysis joint shape
cartilaginous
sacroiliac joint shape
irregular plane
proximal radio-ulnar joint shape
pivot
Movement of the wrist medially in the frontal plane is called ________.
ulnar deviation
The humero-ulnar joint has ___ degree(s) of freedom, while the glenohumeral joint has ___ degree(s) of freedom.
one: three
A broad sheet of connective tissue that serves as an attachement for muscles is called a(n)…
aponeurosis
A joint that contains synovial fluid is called (select all that apply)…
synovial and diarthrodial
Which of the following motions is generally considered a sagittal plane motion?
flexion and extenion
Landmarks for measuring Q-angle are…
ASIS, center of the patella, tibial tuberosity
ober test
TFL and IT band
thomas test
rectus formoris
90-90 test
hamstring
Which of the following joints is an articulation between the appendicular and axial skeleton?
sternoclavicular joint
When the hip extensors are contracting to produce a movement, the hip flexors are acting as a(n)…
antagonist
Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion occurs on which plane
sagittal
Inversion and Eversion
frontal
Forefoot Abduction and Forefoot Adduction
transverse
pronation and supination
tri-planer movement
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of an isometric contraction?
Can result in an increase in strength across a full range of motion
The stability of an object increases when…
when the center of gravity is lowered
The talocrural joint is made up of…
The tibia, fibula, and talus
According to the convex-concave rule, when a convex surface is moving on a concave surface, the slide or glide of a joint will occur in the…
opposite direct of the movement of the bone
During full shoulder abduction in standing, which group of scapular muscles is contracting?
upward rotators; concentrically
In connective tissue, ______ provides plasticity while ______ provides elasticity.
collagen: elastin
If we pause the motion at the very end of push-off, in what position are the lower extremity joints of the reference limb? Select all that apply.
Ankle plantarflexion
Ankle dorsiflexion
Knee near full extension
Knee near full flexion
Hip extended
Hip flexed
Pelvis rotated anteriorly
Pelvis rotated posteriorly
Ankle plantarflexion
Knee near full extension
Hip extended
Pelvis rotated posteriorly
The normal spinal curvatures exist is which plane?
sagittal
If we pause the motion at the point of heel strike, in what position are the lower extremity joints of the reference limb? Select all the apply.
Ankle plantarflexion
Ankle dorsiflexion
Knee near full extension
Knee near full flexion
Hip extended
Hip flexed
Pelvis rotated anteriorly
Pelvis rotated posteriorly
Ankle dorsiflexion
Knee near full extension
Hip flexed
Pelvis rotated anteriorly
When the pelvis tilts anteriorly, the lumbar spine ____. When the pelvis tilts posteriorly, the lumbar spine ____.
extends: flexes
When the lumbar spine flexes, in which direction does the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks move?
posteriorly
When the midfoot in “locked” the foot is in a ______ position. When the midfoot is “unlocked” the foot is in a ______ position.
pronated: supinated
Concentric contraction
A muscle shortens as it contracts
Eccentric contraction
A muscle lengthens as it contracts
Isometric contraction
A muscle does not change length as it contracts
Reversal of action
The origin moves toward the insertion
The medial (ulnar) collateral ligament of the elbow stabilizes against a ____ force, while the lateral (radial) collateral ligament stabilizes against a ____ force.
valgus (lateral): varus (medial)
arm is in anatomical position…
The screw home mechanism in open chain involves…
Lateral rotation of the tibia at end range knee extension
The axis of rotation for a movement occurring in the sagittal plane runs in what direction?
medial-lateral
The torsion angle of the femur is normally about ___. Greater than this amount is called ____ and results in ____.
15 degrees : anteversion : toe in
The carrying angle of the elbow is approximately…
10 degrees of valgus
In the anatomical position, the arm is in the position of…
Shoulder external rotation, elbow extension, and forearm supination
This principle states that bone will grow in response to stress on the tissue.
wolff’s law
Aponeurosis
broad, flat tendon that serves as a means
to connect muscle to bone
ground substance
jelly-like fluid allowing movement and cell nourishment
Protein fibers
collagen- stretch
elastin- flexibility
reticular- structure
cells (blasts)
fibroblasts- make fibers
osteoblasts- make bones
chondroblasts- make cartilage
Collagen produces…
stretch
Elastin produces…
flexability
Reticular produces…
structure
3 components of connective tissue
ground substance
cells
protein fibers
Wolff’s law
bone will change its structure to adapt to stress
Ligaments
bone to bone (crosshatched)
Tendons
muscle to bone (parallel alignment)
hyperextension
Genu recurvatum
flexion/ extension occurs in which plane…
sagittal
abduction/adduction occurs in which plane…
frontal
internal/external rotation occurs in which plane…
transverse
pronation/supination (hand and foot) occurs in which plane…
all three planes
tri-planar
dorsiflexion/plantar flexion occurs in which plane…
sagittal
horizontal abduction/adduction occurs in which plane…
transverse
inversion/eversion occurs in which plane…
frontal
protraction/retraction (scapula and head) occurs in which plane…
sagittal
radial/ulnar deviation occurs in which plane…
frontal
circumlocution occurs in which plane…
transverse
classifying joints by function
Synarthrosis – allowing little or no movement
Amphiarthrosis – allowing limited movement
Diarthrosis – freely moveable
classifying joint by structure
Fibrous – no space, dense tissue holds together
Cartilaginous – no space, held together by cartilage
Synovial – space, held together by a joint capsule
fibrous joint by be…
*synarthrosis (no movement)- skull sutures and gomphosis between teeth and jaw
*amphiarthrosis (slight movement)- interosseous membrane and distal tib-fib joint
cartilaginous joint may be…
amphiarthrosis (slight movement)- synchondrosis between ribs and sternum and pubic symphysis
synovial joints may be…
diarthrosis (freely movable)- shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, wrists, etc.
moving elbow into extension, but position is flexed…
you are flexed but extending
joints must be…
mobile and stable
Hinge joint
o Shaped like a door hinge
o One degree of freedom
o Joint between the humerus and ulna
is an example
pivot joint
o Allows one degree of freedom
o Proximal radio-ulnar joint is an example
o doorknob
ellipsoid joint
o Allows two degrees of freedom
o Radiocarpal joint is example
o Book uses analogy of an egg in your palm
saddle joint
o Joint surface is concave in one
direction, and convex in the other. Has
an articulating surface that matches
o Allows for two degrees of freedom
o CMC joints are example
ball-and-socket joint
o Ball and matching cup-like socket
o Allows for three degrees of freedom
o Shoulder and hip are examples
gliding/plane joint
o Articulation between two flat surfaces
of bone.
o Joints slide on each other
o Zero degrees of freedom – nonaxial.
o Joints between the carpals are an
example.
o Book uses the analogy of sliding a book
on a table.
concave on convex
same direction
convex on concave
opposite direction
Concave and convex-starting at shoulder going down to wrist
A = concave
X = convex
A X X A A X
Open chain
distal portion moves
proximal is stationary
-hands/feet moving, hips and shoulders are fixed
ex) biceps curl, leg extensions
Closed chain
proximal portion moves
distal is stationary
- hands/ feet are fixed, hips and shoulders moving
ex) pushups, squats
concentric
- muscle length is shortening
- LIFT a load
eccentric
- muscle length is lengthening
- LOWER a load, SLOW DOWN a load, and ABSORBS forces
agonist
- prime mover
- causing movement
antagonist
muscle performs opposite motion against agonist (prime mover)
synergist
- assists agonist (prime mover) by stabilizing
- weak assistance
active insufficiency
SHORTENING A MUSCLE SO ITS WEAKER, ALLOWING SURROUNDING MUSCLE TO BE STRETCHED
- muscles become too short to allow further contraction—> make muscle shorter to allow further movement
- a 2 joint muscle is unable to actively shorten the muscle over both joints
passive insufficiency
STRETCHING A MUSCLE ACROSS ALL OF ITS JOINTS
- 2 joint muscles STRETCHED over both joints will show limitations of motions, not apparent when stretching over each joint separately
length-tension relationship
a muscle is stronger mid-range compared to being shortened or lengthened
—–due to number of sarcomeres available to ‘help out’
reversal of action
muscle can reverse their action, having the origin move towards the insertion; typically closed chain
—–typical contraction = insertion moves toward orgin
force couples
muscles work together to produce rotational movement by action in equal and opposite directions resulting in a single rotational movement
Excursion
The degree to which a muscle can change in length
— usually shortens or lengthens to half of its resting length
—ex) if resting length is 8”, then it can be stretched 12” or shortened (contracted) to 4” ==> excursion of 8’
Golgi tendon organ
notifies spinal chord of tension in muscle/tendon and causes it to relax to protect against damage
nervous system function
coordinates, controls, and communicates through the whole body
CNS
brain and spinal chord
PNS
-somatic
-autonomic
—–sympathetic
—–parasympathetic
efferent
motor
afferent
sensory
Scapulohumeral rhythm
2:1 ratio
Total of 180 degree abduction
- humerus moves 120
- scapula mores 60
2:1 ratio of humerus to scapula rotation for full elevation and abduction
scapulohumeral rhythm
first class lever
FAR
- seesaw
- head on cervical vertebrea
second class lever
ARF
- wheelbarrow
- lowering an object
third class lever
AFR
- shoveling
- lifting a weight
FAR
1st class lever
ARF
2nd class lever
AFR
3rd class lever
Rules of stability
1) The lower the COG more stable the base
2) greater mass = more stability
3) COG must pass through the BOS for stability
4) Increases BOS and increase stability
5) Increased friction between BOS and surface increases stability
Vectors…
magnitude and direction
resultant force
two or more forces acting on an object
concurrent force
create a resultant force
- ex) gluteus medius
The major components of
connective tissues are
- Cells
- Protein fibers
- Ground substance
Blast cells – (blast means “_____”)
maker’
a) Fibroblast – major cell of connective tissue
b) Chondroblast – found in connective tissue, esp. cartilages
c) Osteoblast – found in bone
Protein fibers
a) Collagen fibers
b) Elastin fibers
c) Reticular fibers
Blast cells are builders or makers.
Their cellular arch-nemesis are the _____ cells,
which are destroyers
clast
collagen
STRENGTH- major protein fiber in the body.
It provides strength and resistance to stress (tensile
strength) to tissue. The more collagen in a tissue, the
stronger it is.
elastin
FLEXABILITY- thin fiber that is like a thin piece of
elastic. The more elastin in a tissue, the better the tissue can elongate and then return to the original length.
reticular fibers
STRUCTURE- framework or lattice
to support blood vessels and nerves. Sort of nature’s trellis.
What Connective Tissue Needs
strength (collagen) , flexibility (elastin), structure (reticular fibers)
Ground substance
jelly-like fluid that the cells and fibers are sitting
in; allows movement
Stretch
ability to stretch to some
degree without being damaged or torn
plasticity
quality of being plastic, refers to the
tissue’s ability to alter it’s shape/length
More collagen = more plasticity
creep
Connective tissues that are
exposed to steady forces for a
long time will change shape
responsible for postural changes
tensile strength
Tensile strength refers
to the ability to withstand stresses in two opposing
directions without tearing
Thixotrophy
ground substance changes from a firm gel to a liquid when it’s heated or warmed
ex) honey
Piezoelectric
electricity that is caused from pressure.
Soft tissues exhibit the generation of a slight electric charge when they are squeezed or compressed.
colloidal
property of resisting compression yet being malleable. The nature of colloids is that they don’t resist movement if you move SLOWLY through the substance. However, if you attempt to move quickly, the material takes on the property of a solid.
ex) cornstarch and water
Foramen,fossa, groove, meatus, sinus
Depressions or openings
Condyle, eminence, facet, head
projections that fit into joints
Crest, epicondyle, line, spine, trochanter, tubercle,
tuberosity
projects for tendons and ligaments
Fibrocartilage
Toughest type
Elastic cartilage
stretchy type
Hyaline cartilage
common type
ligaments
BONE TO BONE
Purpose is generally to stabilize a joint.
Ligaments are composed of connective tissue that is
arranged in a cross hatched alignment to provide tensile
strength.
tendons
MUSCLE TO BONE
Purpose is to provide a method of attachment of a muscle
belly to the bone in order to move the bone.
Tendons are composed of connective tissue that is arranged
in a parallel alignment to resist stress in one direction.
hyperextension
usually elbows and knees
“Genu recurvatum”
Spinal Movements
Flexion/extension
Lateral bending or side bending
Rotation
Sagittal Plane
flexion/extension
Frontal Plane
abduction/adduction
Transverse Plane
rotation
how can you classify joint
structure and function
Synarthrosis (classifying joints by function)
allowing little or no movement
Amphiarthrosis (classifying joints by function)
allowing limited movement
Diarthrosis (classifying joints by function)
freely moving
Fibrous (classifying joints by structure)
no space, dense tissue holds together
Cartilaginous (classifying joints by structure)
no space, held together by cartilage
Synovial (classifying joints by structure)
space, held together by a joint capsule
Nonaxial – carpals –
0 DOF
Uniaxial –elbow –
1 DOF
Biaxial – wrist, knee –
2 DOF
Triaxial – hip, shoulder –
3 DOF
7 joint classifications based on joint SHAPE:
- HINGE
- PIVOT
- ELLIPSOID
- BALL AND SOCKET
- PLANE
- SADDLE
- CONDYLOID
scapula and humeral movers/ shoulder joint
- Deltoid – anterior, middle,
posterior - RTCs – supraspinatus,
infraspinatus, teres minor,
subscapularis - Pectoralis major
- Latissimus dorsi & teres
major - Coracobrachialis
- Biceps brachii
- Triceps brachii (long head)
- shoulder girdle bones
- shoulder girdle joints
- scapula and clavicle
- acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, scapulothoracic (AC, SC, ST)
- shoulder joint bones
- shoulder joints
- scapula and humeral
- glenohumeral
Most common cause of scapular
winging is serratus anterior
weakness, often caused by…
weakened serratus anterior
resulting from long thoracic nerve damage
shoulder complex: nerves
- long thoracic
orgin= originates from the upper part of the brachial plexus’s superior trunk then inserts into the serratus anterior muscle - spinal accessory- ravels parallel to the spine of the scapula
- musculocutaneous- emerges at the inferior border of Pectoralis minor muscle.It passes lateral to the axillary and upper part of brachial artery.
cause of scapular winging
SERRATUS ANTERIOR
also…
weakness of the trapezius or
weakness of the rhomboids
rotator cuff muscles
S - supraspinatus- adduction
I - infraspinatus- adduction, ER
T - teres minor- adduction, ER
S – subscapularis- IR
elbow joint movments
flexion/extension
elbow joints
Ulnohumeral joint
◦ Between the trochlear notch of
the ulna and the trochlea of the
humerus
Radiohumeral joint
◦ Between the head of the radius
and the capitulum of the
humerus
elbow bones
humerus
radius
ulna
ligaments of elbow
- Medial collateral ligament (valgus)
- Lateral collateral ligament (varus)
- annular ligament (wraps around head of radius)
forearm joints
- Proximal radioulnar joint
- Distal radioulnar joint
forearm ligaments (muscle
Annular ligament
Interosseous membrane
forarm joint movments
pronation/supination
attachments of wrist and hand muscles
medial and lateral epicondyles
carrying angle of the elbow
15-20 degrees
VALGUS
hand joints
CMC joints (5)
Intermetacarpal joints
MCP joints (5) – “knuckles”
PIP joints (4)
IP joint (1)
DIP joints (4)
Region at the base of the
thumb
anatomic snuff box
hand movements
Flexion/extension of fingers
Abduction/ adduction of
fingers
Thumb flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction,
opposition
thenar
thumb side
hypothenar
pinky side
digiti
fingers
minimi
pinkie finger
indicis
index finger
forward head position
flexion of lower cervical
vertebrae, and extension of upper vertebrae.
Scheuermann’s disease
severe hyperkyphosis
Scoliosis
Occurs in frontal plane
Many possible causes
thoracic and lumbar spine movements
Flexion/extension
Right/left side bending
Right/left rotation
directions of facets
cervical- transverse
thoracic- frontal
lumbar-sagittal
spine extension
bending back- anterior bulging of intervertebral disk
spine flexion
bending forward- posterior bulging of intervertebral disk
spinal movements
flexion, extension, rotation and lateral flexion
hip bones
◦ Ilium
◦ Ischiuim
◦ Pubis
hip joints
- Sacroiliac joints (SI)
- Pubic symphysis
- L5-S1 – lumbosacral
joint
anterior pelvic tilt
Spine extensors – contract to
pull up posterior pelvis
Hip flexors – contract to pull
down anterior pelvis
posterior pelvic tilt
Abdominals – contract to
pull up anterior pelvis
Hip extensors – contract
to pull down on posterior
pelvis
Flexion of the sacrum generally is associated with increased…
lordosis of the lumbar spine = lumbar extension.
We use the term
NUTATION for this movement.
Extension of the sacrum generally is associated with decreased…
lordosis of the lumbar spine = lumbar flexion.
We use the term
COUNTERNUTATION for this movement.
lateral tilt of pelvis
The unsupported side of the pelvis
drops slightly when the leg comes
off ground
The spine side bends slightly to
opposite side of unsupported leg
Supporting leg adducts,
unsupported side abducts
Normal pelvic tilt is fairly minimal,
primarily due to actions of:
Hip abductor on stance side – pulls
down on pelvis, toward hip; this “hip
hiker” pulls up on unsupported side
sacral angle of inclination
about 40 degrees
Hip Joint between…
the femoral head and the acetabulum of
the pelvis
normal torsion of femur
15 degress
anteversion
more than 15 degrees torsion
retroversion
less than 15 degree torsion
normal angle of inclination
125-135 degrees between the neck and shaft of femur
torsion
a twisting of the thigh bone (femur), where the top part of the bone is rotated slightly inward or outward compared to the bottom, causing the knees to point in a certain direction
coxa vara
decreased angle between the neck of the femur and its shaft
- neck pointed downward
- varus, knee pointed laterally
coxa valga
increased angle between the neck of the femur and its shaft
- neck pointed upward
- valgus, knee pointed medially
In a closed chain hip movement…
foot is fixed on the ground, causing the pelvis to move relative to the stationary leg
- Squats, Lunges, Leg press, and Step-ups.
in an open chain hip movement…
the leg is free to move in space with the pelvis relatively stable, allowing for isolated muscle activation of the hip joint
- Hip flexion with leg raised (like lying on your back and bringing your knee towards your chest)
- Hip extension with leg raised (like leg extensions on a machine)
- Hip abduction with leg raised (like side-lying leg lifts)
knee ligaments
- MCL – medial collateral
- LCL – lateral collateral
- ACL – anterior cruciate
- PCL – posterior cruciate
medial collateral lig
resists a valgus/lateral- producing force
lateral collateral lig
resists a varus/medial- producing force
anterior cruciate lig
prevents anterior translation of the tibia on the
femur
posterior cruciate lig
prevents posterior translation of the tibia on the
femur
knees:
1. varus
- valgus
- pointed laterally
- pointed medially
motions of the knee
flexion
extension
rotation (screw home mechanism)
screw home mechanism
rotation that happens during the last degrees of knee extension, where the tibia slightly rotates inwards on the femur, effectively “locking” the knee joint in a stable position for standing upright
concentric knee example
Muscle shortens while contracting.
Example: Pushing up from a squat, straightening the knee during a leg extension.
eccentric knee example
Muscle lengthens while contracting.
Example: Lowering into a squat, slowly bending the knee during a leg extension.
regions of the foot
- Forefoot
* Metatarsals and phalanges - Midfoot
* Navicular, Cuneiforms, cuboid - Rearfoot (or hindfoot)
* Talus and calcaneus
- Longitudinal arch
- Transverse arch
- sagittal plane
- frontal plane
ankle motion
- Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion- sagittal plane (talocrural joint)
- Inversion/Eversion- frontal plane
- Abduction/Adduction- transverse plane (forefoot, calcaneus, talus)
combination of all is pronation/supination
Calcaneal abduction = calcaneal eversion = …
calcaneal valgus
Calcaneal adduction = calcaneal inversion = …
calcaneal varus
Motion occurring
in all three planes of the foot
is called…
supination or pronation
In an open chain, _________ is a combination of:
* Inversion
* Plantarflexion
* Forefoot adduction
and/or calcaneal
varus (adduction).
TRY IT ON YOURSELF IT MAKES SENSE
supination
In an open chain, _________ is a combination of
* Eversion
* Dorsiflexion
* Forefoot abduction
and/or calcaneal
valgus (abduction)
TRY IT ON YOURSELF IT MAKES SENSE
pronation
Closed chain _______ is combination of
* Calcaneal varus
* Abduction of the talus on the calcaneus.
supination
Closed chain _________ is
combination of:
* Calcaneal valgus
* Plantarflexion
* Adduction of the talus on the
calcaneus.
pronation
tri-planar (foot and ankle)
Motion occurring
in all three planes
is called
supination or
pronation
ankle pronation
leaning inward
ankle supination
leaning outward
Let’s review the foot and ankle motions
- DF : PF — sagittal plane
- Inv : Ev — frontal plane
- Forefoot ABduction : forefoot ADduction — transverse plane
- Pronation : Supination — Triplanar movement
- Calcaneal varus and valgus — frontal plane
- Calcaneal ABduction = c. ______ = c. valgus
- Calcaneal ADduction = c. ______ = c. valgus
- eversion
- inversion
Midfoot is ___1____ and RIGID when foot is in
supination, and ___2___ in pronation
- locked
- unlocked
Plantar Fascia
- Fascial sheath that
runs from the
calcaneus to
proximal phalanx of
the great toe. - Is pulled taut with
extension of big toe
how foot and ankle position effect knees
Pronation (flat feet):
When your foot rolls inward excessively (pronates), it can cause your knee to angle inwards (valgus), putting stress on the medial ligaments and cartilage of the knee.
Supination (high arches):
If your foot arches too much (supinates), it can cause your knee to angle outwards (varus), placing stress on the lateral side of the knee joint.
Toe-in/Toe-out:
The direction your toes point (foot progression angle) significantly impacts knee alignment; toe-in can increase knee adduction moments, while toe-out can lead to increased knee valgus.
Fner
