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Chemistry > Fuels and Heats of Reactions > Flashcards

Fuels and Heats of Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Fractional Distillation is

A

The method that heats crude oil and separates the materials by their boiling points

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2
Q

What are the boiling points of crude oil called

A

Fractions

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3
Q

What is added to odourless gases like methane, ethane, propane and butane and why

A

Since they are odourless sulphurous Mercaptans are added to scent them for saftey

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4
Q

What does LPG stand for, and what are two examples

A

Liquified Petroleum Gas
(e.g Propane and Butane)

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5
Q

What is auto-ignition

A

It is the premature ignition of petrol-air mixture before normal ignition of the mixture by spark takes place

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6
Q

Knocking is when

A

Pistons vibrate due to auto-ignition

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7
Q

The Octane Number is

A

A measure of the tendency of a fuel to resist knocking

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8
Q

What cause Knocking

A

Straight chain alkanes

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9
Q

What do not cause knocking

A

Branched chained alkanes

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10
Q

What is a saturated compound

A

It is one in which there are only single bonds between the atoms in the molecule

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11
Q

What is an unsaturated compound

A

It is one that contains one or more double or triple bonds between the atoms in the molecule

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12
Q

Name the first ten members of the alkane family

A

Methane- May-CH4
Ethane- Every-C2H6
Propane- Pupil-C3H8
butane- Bloom-C4H10
pentane- Perfectly….
Hextane- Healthy….
Heptane- Happily ….
Octane- On…..
Nonane- No ones …
Decane- Deck…..

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13
Q

What are tetrahedral Fuels like Methane

A

When the bonds between carbon are single the carbon is said to be tetrahedrally bonded

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14
Q

What are planar fuels referring to

A

When a double or triple bond occurs those carbons are described as planar

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15
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A group of compounds of similar chemical property, and method of preparation, differing by a CH2 unit

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16
Q

State a use of ethene

A

It is a ripening agent found in fruit

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17
Q

What are aliphatic compounds

A

Organic compound that consists of open chains of carbon atoms and closed chain compounds that resemble them in chemical properties

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18
Q

What are Aromatic compounds

A

Compounds that contain a benzene ring structure in their molecules

19
Q

What’s Benzene

A

Molecular formula is C6H6
Discovered by Faraday
Kekule deduced ring structure
Lonsdale confirmed cyclic nature

20
Q

Monovalent

A

Atoms that are only prepared to give or share electron in order to have a full stable energy level

21
Q

What is the name of the bond benzene has that is described as ‘ a bond and a half’

A

Intermediate length bonds

22
Q

What is valency of an element

A

It is the number of atoms of hydrogen or any other monovalent element with which each atom of the element combines

23
Q

How are single bonds formed

A

The sharing of two electrons by two atoms

24
Q

How are double bonds formed

A

Two pairs of electrons are shared

25
Q

How are triple bonds formed

A

Three pairs of electrons are shared

26
Q

What is the head on overlap of two atomic orbitals called

A

sigma bond

27
Q

What is the side on overlap of two atomic orbitals called

A

Pi bond

28
Q

single bonds are

A

Sigma

29
Q

Double bonds are

A

one sigma one pi

30
Q

triple bonds are

A

one sigma two pi

31
Q

state three differences between sigma and pi bonds

A

sigma are caused by head on overlap while pi is caused by side on overlap

Sigma bonds are stronger, pi are weaker

Sigma bonds are formed first, pi are formed after

32
Q

What type of molecule is benzene

A

A planar

33
Q

Benzene electrons are not confined to specific carbon atoms, so they are said to be

A

delocalised

34
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Give heat out

35
Q

Endothermic reactions

A

take heat in

36
Q

The Heat of Reaction

A

Is the heat change when the number of moles of the reactants indicated in a balanced equation for the reaction, react completely

37
Q

Heat of Combustion

A

Is the heat change when one mole of the substance is completely burned in excess oxygen

38
Q

What is Bond Energy

A

It is the energy required to break one mole of covalent bonds and to separate the neutral atoms completely from each other.

39
Q

Heat of Neutralisation

A

Is the heat change when 1 mole of H+ ions from an acid, reacts with 1 mole of OH ions from the base

40
Q

Heat of Formation

A

Is the heat change when one mole of a compound in its standard state is formed from its elements in their standard states

41
Q

Catalytic Cracking

A

Is the breaking down of long chain hydrocarbon molecules into short chain molecules for which there is greater demand

42
Q

Techniques to improve Octane Number

A

Isomerisation, analytic Cracking, Reforming, Addition of Addictives

43
Q

What is an Isomer

A

Same molecular formula, but different structural formula

Chemistry (12 decks)

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