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Fuck Bio Haha Flashcards

1
Q

Antennapedia

A

Transcription factor that tells specify genes to turn on during development

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2
Q

What’s a vector?

A

Specialized plasmid that was engineered to carry out specific functions

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3
Q

cDNA

A

DNA synthetised from a single stranded RNA (mRNA or miRNA) by the action of the ez reverse transcriptase

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4
Q

Ribonuclease H or RNase H

A

Enlève le segment de RNA dans un dsRNA:DNA (une solution alkaline peut aussi imiter cette fonction en brisant tous les liens H)

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5
Q

cDNA libraries

A

-Quand on veut se concentrer sur les protéines coding genes
-Isoler le mRNA de tRNA et de rRNA : oligo T nucleotides linked to a solid support. Wash the junk.
Poly A linked avec T: ça sert de primer pour RT
-On enlève le RNA avec solution alkaline ou RNase-H.
-On ajoute un polydG adapter. On prime avec un poly dC. Là on obtient un ds cDNA.
-Ajouter des restrictions sites aux deux bouts pour pouvoir insérer dans un plasmid.
-la library est représentative du nombre de mRNA de chaque sorte dans l’organisme

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6
Q

Polynucleotide Kinase

A

Phosphorylation of nucleotides by adding gamma (y) phosphate of ATP to the free hydroxyl at 5’end of the oligonucleotides. Ça rend radioactif : utiliser pour faire des probes qui sont visibles

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7
Q

Lac promoter

A

Quand on ajoute du galactose, le gène downstream se fait transcrire

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8
Q

How to transfect a vector in animal cell

A

Lipid treatment or electroporation

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9
Q

Solid support

A

Nitrocellulose for RNA

Nylon for DNA

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10
Q

Probe

A

Single stranded nucleic acid complementary with target (acts as a visual aid, donc a quelque chose pour qu’on le voit)

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11
Q

2 ways to make probes

A

Polynucleotide kinase: takes the y phosphate of ATP and put it on free hydroxyl of 5’end of the oligonucleotide (makes radioactive)

By PCR: sauf qu’on utilise certains nucleotides radiolabeled on their alpha phosphate (watch out, you have to make it single-stranded before using it)

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12
Q

Why alkaline solution dénature DNA

A

Bc less H in the solution, plus OH- qui attire les H des liaisons entre bases

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13
Q

Ca2+ binding protein

A

Calmodulin: quand avec Ca, binds to other prots (because other conformation) in a Ca2+ dépendant manner

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14
Q

Plastid

A

Organelle for transcription in plants and algae

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15
Q

Poison that affects Pol

A

Alpha-amanitin

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16
Q

SDS

A

Sodium Dodecylsulfate

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17
Q

ChIP-chromatin immunoprecipitation

A

Antibody + agarose beads.
Antibody recognizes phosphorylated residues on CtD of elongating (or pausing) Pol II.

Centrifugation.

Next-gen sequencing of DNA/RNA bound to the Pol II

To find actively transcribed genes

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18
Q

Reporter genes

A

Gives info about relative efficiency of transcription (luciferase, bc gives light or GFP)

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19
Q

Recognition helix

A

Alpha-helical domain of the transcription factors that binds with non-covalent interactions with the bases in the major groove

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20
Q

EMSA

A

Electrophoretic mobility shift assays

Savoir quel bout de ton promoter est bound par des transcription factors

Make dsDNA radiolabbeled probe de ton cis-element qui est important + electrophoresis. Ceux qui vont pas loin: bound to proteins

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21
Q

Acetylation

A

Rend histone + chargé donc interagit plus avec DNA

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22
Q

P-TEFb or CDK9

A

Phosphorylation of Ser2

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23
Q

Hybridation experiment

A

To find existence of introns!

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24
Q

RNP

A

Ribonucleoprotein

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25
Self splicing introns
Group I: nuclear rRNA in protozoan | Group II: tRNA and rRNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts
26
Ce qu,on fait avec le lariat intron
Debranching enzyme: rend ça linéaire et après chewed up
27
Sequence that contains the polyadenylafion signal (AAUAAA)
Recognized by cleavage and polyadenylation stimulating factors Cleaved at the polyA site + PAP
28
RNA editing
Ça change À to I et C to U (attention Ca peut causer un stop codon plus tôt)
29
NLS
Nuclear localisation signal : sur protéine qui doit aller dans le noyau
30
mRNA exporter
2 subunits: NXF1 and NXT1
31
2 organismes vraiment importants
E.Coli + bacteriophage lamba
32
Autoradiography
To see hybridized probes
33
Shine Dalargo in mammaliens
Kozak sequence
34
Kozak sequence
ACCAUGG
35
De U2snRNP à U1snRNP
Cross-exon recognition complex
36
SR proteins bind to
Exonic splicing enhancers
37
Enzyme to oxydate SH groups on cysteine to make disulfide bridges
PDI: Protein disulfide isomerase (only present in ER)
38
Chaperonins for humans
TriC and GroEL for bacteria
39
Oxydation
Perte d'un H
40
Enzyme pour créer des disulfide bridges
PDI (protein disulfide isomerase). On la trouve juste dans ER
41
Chaperones
Hsp70, Hsp90 Dans ER: BiP and Calreiculin/Calnexin (BiP qui lache Ire1 crée une dimerisation de celle-ci + UPR : augmentation transcription factor pour chaperones)
42
Sequence in the 3'end of UTR in mRNA that tend to shorten lives of mRNA
Repeats of UAAAU
43
Which amino acid are phosphorylated?
Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine
44
Protein modification (post-translational)
Phosphorylation Glysosylation Lipid moieties Methylation / acetylation
45
Amino acid pour ubiquitin
Lysine
46
What is linked scanning mutation?
(To find which part of the promoter/upstream region is really important for transcription initiation / what part binds proteins)
47
EMSA
Electrophoretic mobility shift assays
48
Recognition helix
Alpha helix dans DNA binding domain des transcription factors
49
Acetylation
Rajout d'un acetyl, rend l’histoire moins positif, donc la chromatine est plus ouverte donc plus de transcription : actif.
50
YSPTSPS
Repeat dans CTD
51
CPSF
Cleavage and polyadenylation stimulating factors
52
CDK9 / P-Tefb
Phosphorylation of Serine 2
53
eIF5
Arrive avec tRNAi bound to eIF2-GTP
54
ABCE1 complex
A les eIF 1, 3 and 1A
55
Polysome
mRNA avec pleins de ribosomes dessus
56
IREs
Iron response element (in 3'UTR)
57
Isomers of amino acids
L (common), D (rare)
58
Topoisomerase
Relieves supercoil avant la réplication fork
59
polycistronic mRNA
Suite à un opéron, se fait translate de plusieurs manières (donné plusieurs protéines)
60
Transposons
Interspersed repeated DNA elements that can move everywhere in the genome (also referred to as jumping genes)
61
Primer for reverse transcription
tRNA
62
Forme normale de DNA
B form (right-handed)
63
Signal for polyadenylation
AAUAAA
64
Chromosome des procaryotes
Souvent juste un et seulement ORI est nécessaire!
65
Diameter nucleosome
10 nm (linked DNA is between 10 and 90 bp in length)
66
Number of bp around a nucleosome core
147 bp (almost 2 full turns)
67
SAR
Scaffold associated region (sert à la chromatine (30 nom fiber) pour bind le scaffold de protéines)
68
Telomerase
Ribonucleoprotein (RNA et reverse transcriptase)
69
Orthologous
Same gene in different species! (Alpha tubulin in fly and alpha-tubulin in human)
70
Paralogous
2 gènes that look alike in same specie (duplication) (alpha-tubulin and bet-tubulin in human)
71
Reverse genetics
Analyse la fonction d'un gène en trouvant son effet sur le phénotype
72
Forward analysis
Trouver la bas génétique d,un phénotype
73
Chaperonine
E.Coli: GroEL | Human: TriC
74
SIR2 in yeast
Deacetylated tails proche d'elles
75
Histone methyltransferase
Reconnaît H3K9me3 pour methylate les histones natifs autour (ça permet de transférer à la progeny les epigenetic traits)
76
CDK9
P-TEFb
77
La stabilité de ton mRNA
Ca se passe dans ton 3' UTR
78
Genomic library
Juste avec DNA (pas cDNA libraries)

Phgy209 (4 decks)

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