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FTM_02 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton

A
  • Structural support and stability
  • Organization
  • Cell division
  • Cell movement
  • Tracks for motor proteins to move organelles and vesicles
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2
Q

3 types of protein filaments are

A

1) Actin (thin-filaments or microfilaments)
2) Intermediate filaments
3) Microtubules (thick filaments)

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3
Q

Functions of microtubules

A
  • Intracellular transport
  • Cell motility (cilia, flagella)
  • Mitotic spindle formation
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4
Q

Structure of microtubules

A
  • hollow -α and β tubulin protein subunits
  • polar (+ and - ends)
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5
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

9 triplets of microtubules arranged around a central axis

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6
Q

Function of centrioles

A
  • Organize the centrosome
  • Basal body of cilia and flagella
  • Mitotic spindle formation
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7
Q

What is the nickname for the centrosome

A

-Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

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8
Q

Function of the centrosome

A
  • Organize microtubules • Initiate microtubule formation
  • Microtubules are nucleated at the centrosome at their negative (-) ends
  • Positive (+) ends point out and grow toward the cell periphery
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9
Q

Structure of the centrosome

A
  • pair of centriole perpendicular in the center
  • contain a gamme tubulin ring complex
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10
Q

Polymerization of microtubules are directed and organized at

A

MTOC’s

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11
Q

Polymerization of microtubules is a _____ dependent process

A

GTP

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12
Q

Tau proteins are

A

Proteins that stabalize axonal microtubules

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13
Q

What happens if hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins occur

A

-Alzheimers disease

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14
Q

Colchicine (Vinblastine Vincristine)

A
  • Anticancer compound
  • Prevents polymerization and breaks down mitotic spindle
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15
Q

Paclitaxel

A
  • Anticancer drug
  • Stabilizes and prevents microtubule disassembly
  • Unable to achieve metaphase spindle conformation
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16
Q

Name all the microtubule motor proteins

A
  1. Dynein Family
  2. Kinesin Family
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17
Q

What direction do Dynein motor proteins move

A

Move in the (-) direction along microtubules

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18
Q

What direction do Kinesin motor proteins move

A

Move in the (+) direction along microtubules

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19
Q

What are two examples of structure that are highly motile and are comprised of microtubules.

A

-Cilia and flagella.

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20
Q

Axonemal motor proteins are associated with

A

Cilia and flagella.

***that makes sense bc they are both made of microtubules.

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21
Q

The 9+2 arrangment is characteristic of

A

Cilia

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22
Q

Motor protein associated with cilia

A

Dynein arms

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23
Q

9+0 arrangment is characteristic of

Study These Flashcards
A

Primary Cilia

24
Q

Primary cilia is basically

Study These Flashcards
A

Sensory cilia.

Makes up chemorecptors, photoreceptors and mechanocreceptors

25
Describe Polycystic Kidney Disease
Disease in which cysts develop in the kidney. Affects the functioning of mechanoreceptors Involved w/primary cilia
26
What is the function of intermediate filaments
Have a rope like structure Stabilize cell structure Resist shearing forces
27
List the 6 classes of intermediate filaments
1 & 2: Keratin 3: Vimentin 4: Neurofilaments 5: Lamins 6: Beaded Filaments
28
What are the two types of actin
1. F-actin 2. G- actin
29
Describe G-actin
-unpolymerized actin
30
Describe F-actin
- F (filament) actin - Polymerized actin - Polymerization requires ATP
31
Function of F-actin
- makes up microvilli and stereocillia - important in cell motility and locomotion - aids in absorption
32
Explain the polarity of F-actin
* Fast growing (+) positive end * Slow growing (-) negative end
33
What is Phalloidin
- A fungal toxin which lead to excessive F-actin polymerization. - Inhibits cell movement - Causes liver and kidney failure
34
What are Cytochalasins
- A fungal toxin in which actin cannot be polymerized - inhibits cell movement and can lead to apoptosis
35
Describe stereocilia
- longer than microvilli - comprised of actin * Limited distribution * Epididymis * Proximal ductus deferens * Sensory hair cells of inner ear
36
Name the motor protein associated with actin
-myosin
37
Myosin II is very important in generating:
-Movement/contraction of muscular and skeletal tissue
38
Release of inorganic phosphate from myosin ll causes
-power stroke
39
The power stroke is
The force generated that causes a conformational change b/w the actin and myosin heads
40
Explanation of cell movement
1) Protrusion: Actin polymerization (+) protrudes (goes beyond) lamellipodium 2) Attachment: Cytoskeleton gets anchored to the extracellular matrix 3) Contraction Cell drawn forward via myosin-ll
41
Protrusions of the cell membrane are ALWAYS driven by what filament
ACTIN
42
What are the three types of protrusions
• Filopodia * Finger-like projections * Core of long, bundled actin filaments • Lamellipodia * Sheet-like structures • Pseudopodia * 3 dimensional projections
43
What are inclusions
Structures produced by metabollic products of the cell
44
Give 3 examples of inclusions
1) pigement 2) glycogen 3) lipids
45
What is Lipofuscin
- type of pigment - brownish-gold - found in non-dividing cells - builds over time
46
What is Hemosiderin
- a type of pigment - brown color - found in macrophages that engulf RBC's - iron storage
47
What is Melanin
- type of pigment - produced by melanocytes - oxidation of tyrosine causes pigment to be dark brown, brown, reddish color - responsible for skin and hair color
48
What is this histological image representing
Neutrophil Migration
49
What is this histological image
Glycogen
50
What are these histological images of
Lipids
51
What is this histological image of
Lipofuscin
52
What is this histological image of
Melanin
53
What is this histological image of
Myosin - ll and actin interaction.
54
What is this histological image of
Stereocilia
55
What is this histological image of
Microvilli
56
What is this histological image of
Cilia
57
What is this histological image of
- Centriole - Note there are 9 microtubules and they are REALLY fused together

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