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SGU FTM > FTM_02 > Flashcards

FTM_02 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton

A
  • Structural support and stability
  • Organization
  • Cell division
  • Cell movement
  • Tracks for motor proteins to move organelles and vesicles
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2
Q

3 types of protein filaments are

A

1) Actin (thin-filaments or microfilaments)
2) Intermediate filaments
3) Microtubules (thick filaments)

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3
Q

Functions of microtubules

A
  • Intracellular transport
  • Cell motility (cilia, flagella)
  • Mitotic spindle formation
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4
Q

Structure of microtubules

A
  • hollow -α and β tubulin protein subunits
  • polar (+ and - ends)
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5
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

9 triplets of microtubules arranged around a central axis

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6
Q

Function of centrioles

A
  • Organize the centrosome
  • Basal body of cilia and flagella
  • Mitotic spindle formation
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7
Q

What is the nickname for the centrosome

A

-Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

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8
Q

Function of the centrosome

A
  • Organize microtubules • Initiate microtubule formation
  • Microtubules are nucleated at the centrosome at their negative (-) ends
  • Positive (+) ends point out and grow toward the cell periphery
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9
Q

Structure of the centrosome

A
  • pair of centriole perpendicular in the center
  • contain a gamme tubulin ring complex
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10
Q

Polymerization of microtubules are directed and organized at

A

MTOC’s

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11
Q

Polymerization of microtubules is a _____ dependent process

A

GTP

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12
Q

Tau proteins are

A

Proteins that stabalize axonal microtubules

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13
Q

What happens if hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins occur

A

-Alzheimers disease

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14
Q

Colchicine (Vinblastine Vincristine)

A
  • Anticancer compound
  • Prevents polymerization and breaks down mitotic spindle
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15
Q

Paclitaxel

A
  • Anticancer drug
  • Stabilizes and prevents microtubule disassembly
  • Unable to achieve metaphase spindle conformation
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16
Q

Name all the microtubule motor proteins

A
  1. Dynein Family
  2. Kinesin Family
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17
Q

What direction do Dynein motor proteins move

A

Move in the (-) direction along microtubules

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18
Q

What direction do Kinesin motor proteins move

A

Move in the (+) direction along microtubules

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19
Q

What are two examples of structure that are highly motile and are comprised of microtubules.

A

-Cilia and flagella.

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20
Q

Axonemal motor proteins are associated with

A

Cilia and flagella.

***that makes sense bc they are both made of microtubules.

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21
Q

The 9+2 arrangment is characteristic of

A

Cilia

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22
Q

Motor protein associated with cilia

A

Dynein arms

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23
Q

9+0 arrangment is characteristic of

A

Primary Cilia

24
Q

Primary cilia is basically

A

Sensory cilia.

Makes up chemorecptors, photoreceptors and mechanocreceptors

25
Q

Describe Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Disease in which cysts develop in the kidney.

Affects the functioning of mechanoreceptors

Involved w/primary cilia

26
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments

A

Have a rope like structure

Stabilize cell structure

Resist shearing forces

27
Q

List the 6 classes of intermediate filaments

A

1 & 2: Keratin

3: Vimentin
4: Neurofilaments
5: Lamins
6: Beaded Filaments

28
Q

What are the two types of actin

A
  1. F-actin
  2. G- actin
29
Q

Describe G-actin

A

-unpolymerized actin

30
Q

Describe F-actin

A
  • F (filament) actin
  • Polymerized actin
  • Polymerization requires ATP
31
Q

Function of F-actin

A
  • makes up microvilli and stereocillia
  • important in cell motility and locomotion
  • aids in absorption
32
Q

Explain the polarity of F-actin

A
  • Fast growing (+) positive end
  • Slow growing (-) negative end
33
Q

What is Phalloidin

A
  • A fungal toxin which lead to excessive F-actin polymerization.
  • Inhibits cell movement
  • Causes liver and kidney failure
34
Q

What are Cytochalasins

A
  • A fungal toxin in which actin cannot be polymerized
  • inhibits cell movement and can lead to apoptosis
35
Q

Describe stereocilia

A
  • longer than microvilli
  • comprised of actin
  • Limited distribution
  • Epididymis
  • Proximal ductus deferens
  • Sensory hair cells of inner ear
36
Q

Name the motor protein associated with actin

A

-myosin

37
Q

Myosin II is very important in generating:

A

-Movement/contraction of muscular and skeletal tissue

38
Q

Release of inorganic phosphate from myosin ll causes

A

-power stroke

39
Q

The power stroke is

A

The force generated that causes a conformational change b/w the actin and myosin heads

40
Q

Explanation of cell movement

A

1) Protrusion:

Actin polymerization (+) protrudes (goes beyond) lamellipodium

2) Attachment:

Cytoskeleton gets anchored to the extracellular matrix

3) Contraction

Cell drawn forward via myosin-ll

41
Q

Protrusions of the cell membrane are ALWAYS driven by what filament

A

ACTIN

42
Q

What are the three types of protrusions

A

• Filopodia

  • Finger-like projections
  • Core of long, bundled actin filaments

• Lamellipodia

  • Sheet-like structures

• Pseudopodia

  • 3 dimensional projections
43
Q

What are inclusions

A

Structures produced by metabollic products of the cell

44
Q

Give 3 examples of inclusions

A

1) pigement
2) glycogen
3) lipids

45
Q

What is Lipofuscin

A
  • type of pigment
  • brownish-gold
  • found in non-dividing cells
  • builds over time
46
Q

What is Hemosiderin

A
  • a type of pigment
  • brown color
  • found in macrophages that engulf RBC’s
  • iron storage
47
Q

What is Melanin

A
  • type of pigment
  • produced by melanocytes
  • oxidation of tyrosine causes pigment to be dark brown, brown, reddish color
  • responsible for skin and hair color
48
Q

What is this histological image representing

A

Neutrophil Migration

49
Q

What is this histological image

A

Glycogen

50
Q

What are these histological images of

A

Lipids

51
Q

What is this histological image of

A

Lipofuscin

52
Q

What is this histological image of

A

Melanin

53
Q

What is this histological image of

A

Myosin - ll and actin interaction.

54
Q

What is this histological image of

A

Stereocilia

55
Q

What is this histological image of

A

Microvilli

56
Q

What is this histological image of

A

Cilia

57
Q

What is this histological image of

A
  • Centriole
  • Note there are 9 microtubules and they are REALLY fused together

SGU FTM (9 decks)

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