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SGU FTM > DLA #3: Lipids Structure/Function > Flashcards

DLA #3: Lipids Structure/Function Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids are insoluble in

A

Water

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2
Q

Lipids are soluble in

A

Organic Solvents

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3
Q

What are the three general classes of lipids

A

-simple -complex -derived

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4
Q

Give an example of a simple lipid

A

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

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5
Q

What is Triacylglycerol (TAG)

A

It is a storage lipid

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6
Q

Give one word to explain Triacylglycerol (TAG) response to water

A

HYDROPHOBIC

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7
Q

For a lipid to be classified as a complex lipid, it must

A

contain non-lipid components

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8
Q

How do derived lipids exist

A

Via hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids

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9
Q

Give examples of derived lipids

A

-Fatty acids -Cholesterol

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10
Q

Cholesterol and Complex lipids are considered to be _________ which means _________

A

-Amphipathic -They contain both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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11
Q

Describe fatty acid chemically.

A

A long carbon chain containing a methyl group on one end and a carboxyl group at the other.

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12
Q

In medicine the standard nomenclature for fatty acids is omega. Please explain what this means.

A

At the methyl end of the fatty acid chain, the carbons are counted until we reach the first double bond.

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13
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids chemically contain

A

Fatty acids that contain a double bond

Ex) Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

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14
Q

Saturated fatty acids chemically contain

A

No double bond

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15
Q

Give examples of saturated fatty acids.

A

-Palmitic Acid and Stearic acid.

***Stearic hinderance is when a compound cannot freely rotate. Saturated acids are very packed and can’t freely move

****People under palm trees get saturated in oil.

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16
Q

What are things we consume that are saturated fatty acids.

A

Butter, Coconut oil, Animal fat

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17
Q

B/c saturated fatty acids do not have kinks in their carbon chain this causes

A

Close packing and lower membrane mobility

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18
Q

A reduction of saturated fatty acids in a patients diet is important in maintaing

A

Cardiovascular health

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19
Q

Prescence of unsaturated fatty acids in a pm causes

A

Packing to be NOT as tight and fluidity to be present

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20
Q

An example of a monounsaturated fatty acid is:

A

-Oleic Acid (found in olive oil)

“Mediterranean diet”

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21
Q

We expect that the fluidity of Polyunsaturated fatty acids would be ________ than Monounsaturated b/c

A

Greater b/c polyunsaturated fatty acids contain multiple double bonds in their carbon chain

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22
Q

Name the polyunsaturated fatty acids

A
  • omega-3: a-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA
  • omega-6: linolenic acid and arachidonic acid
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23
Q

When in comes to omega-3 and omega-6, physicians recommend:

A

More omega-3, less omega-6

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24
Q

What polyunsaturated fatty acid is derived from plant oil and why is that important

A
  • Omega-6 (Linoleic Acid)
  • Important we get them from plant oil b/c they are essential fatty acids
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25
Q

Arachidonic Acids is derived from

A

Linoleic Acid.

=>Linoleic Acid is desaturated (added more double bonds) and elongated (add C)

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26
Q

Arachidonic Acid is a precursor to ______ which mediate _______

A

Prostaglandins, inflamatory response

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27
Q

Alpha-linolenic acid is considred to be a

A

Essential fatty acid.

28
Q

ALA is a precursor to

A

ALA => EPA => DHA

29
Q

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is important b/c

A

It’s cardiorotective

30
Q

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important b/c

A

Its important for myelination and neural/brain development.

Also vision.

31
Q

What are classic sources of omega-3 in our daily diet

A
  • Fish
  • Fish oil
32
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids.

A

linoleic acid and alpha linoleic acid

“the TWO Losers”

33
Q

Deficiency of fatty acids (people with fat free diet):

A

Causes:

-Dry skin and hair loss.

***Helpful tip: Vishal is Hindu. Hindu culture can stem away from selective fatty acids. Vishal has dry elbows and balding.

34
Q

Trans fatty acids act

A
  • Very similar to saturated fatty acids.
  • Have limited mobility
35
Q

Trans fatty acids increases ________

A

-LDL Cholesterol and risk of heart disease.

36
Q

In our diet trans fats are found in

A

Margarine, fried foods, baked goods

37
Q

Chemically describe cholesterol

A
  • Steroid ring
  • Amphipathic lipid:

=>OH group [hydrophilic]

and

=>Steroid ring [hydrophobic]

38
Q

Cholesterol in storage form is called

A

Cholesterol ester

39
Q

Where is cholesterol found on the pm

A

Cholesterol is located on both the inner and outer leaflets

40
Q

Functions of cholesterol

A
  • Cell/plasma membrane
  • Precursor to bile
  • Precursor of steroid hormones
  • Precursor of Vit D in skin
41
Q

Describe Triacylglycerol chemically:

A
42
Q

In adipose tissue, TAG is important b/c

A
  • Its is the strorage form of energy in the tissue.
  • Highy hydrophobic
  • Oxidized during fasting state.
43
Q

If a complex lipid has a carbohydrate as its non-lipid component, we call this a:

A

Glycolipid

44
Q

If a complex lipid contains phosphate as its non-lipid component, we call this lipid a

A

Phospholipid

45
Q

Phospholipids are further subdivided into:

A

1) Glycerophospholipids
2) Sphingophospholipids

**Note sheet tagged

46
Q

General structure of complex lipids are

A
  • Hydrophilic head
  • Hydrophobic tail
47
Q

Compostion of glycerophospholipids

A
  • Polar head group comprised of phosphate. Attached to glycerol
  • Two nonpolar fatty acid tails. Each attached to glycerol
48
Q

Phosphatidic acid is considered the

A

Building block of phospholipids

Not found in the cell membrane. Is in the intermediate

49
Q

Name the four examples of glycerophospholipids

What distinguishes these lipids from one another

A

They all have phosphate, glycerol and fatty acid tails. However, there bases vary.

Image does not have it but CARDIOLIPIN is also one as well.

50
Q

Where is cardiolipin found.

A

Cardiolipin is a glycerophospholipid that is found in the inner mitochondiral membrane

51
Q

Name the function/significance of Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin):

A

Found on the outer leaflet of the cell membrane.

Modified to DPPC (Dipalmitoylphosphatidlycholine) => the phospholipid that makes up surfactant.

52
Q

What is the name of the cells that produce surfactant called.

A

Type-ll cells

53
Q

What is the function of surfactant

A

Lines the inner surface of the alveolus in order to reduce surface tension. This prevents the alveolus from collapse.

54
Q

What happens if surfactant is not being produced efficiently.

A
  • Respiratory distress syndrome.
  • During RDS, alveolus collapses on one another.
  • Seen in smokers due to type-ll cell damage and also seen by premature birth.
55
Q

What is the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio?

A
  • Way in which physicians can check how well a fetal lung has developed.
  • Can be done by measuring the amniotic fluid in order to measure the quantity of lecithin.

ratio > 2 good

ratio < 1.5 bad

56
Q

Name the function/significance of phosphatidylserine

A

=>glycerophospolipid that is found initially on the inner leaflet. During cell death it is transferred to the outer leaftler via enzymes in order to signal for apoptosis

57
Q

Name the function/significance of phosphatidylinositol

A

Is a glycerophospholipid, found on inner leaflet of membrane, aid in production of second messenger.

Ex) DAG, IP3

58
Q

Name the function/significance of phosphatidylethanolamine

A

Inner leaflet of the cell membrane

59
Q

In general, the chemical stucture of sphingophospholipids are:

A

Phosphate choline head

Fatty acid and sphingosine tails

60
Q

What is sphingomyelin

A

Is a type of sphingolipid.

Found on the outer leaflet of cell membrane

Forms myelin sheath around neurons

61
Q

-In general, the chemical compostion of glycolipids are:

A
  • Sphingosine w/fatty acids.
  • AND VARYING CARBOHYDRATES
62
Q

ALL GLYCOLIPIDS DISCUSSED IN TERM 1 ARE FOUND IN:

A

-OUTER LEAFLET

63
Q

What is the composition of cerebrosides

A

Sphingosine + Fatty Acid + Monosaccharide

-Type of Glycolipid

64
Q

What is the composition of sulfatide

A

Sphingosine + Fatty Acid + Monosaccharide + Sulfate

-Type of Glycolipid​

65
Q

What is the compostions of Globoside

A

Sphingosine + Fatty Acid + Oligosaccharide

-Type of Glycolipid​

66
Q

What is the composition of a Ganglioside

A

Sphingosine + Fatty Acid + Oligosaccharide (w/ NANA)

BUILD UP LEADS TO TAY-SACHS DISEASE

-Type of Glycolipid

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