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SGU FTM > FTM_01 > Flashcards

FTM_01 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is found in what organelle

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

List out the numerous components associated with the nucleus

A

-Nuclear envelope -Nuclear lamina -Nuclear pores -Nucleolus -Nucleoplasm

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3
Q

Identify parts of the nucleus histological image:

A

Answer:

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4
Q

Describe the general structure of the nuclear envelope

A
  • Considered the “membrane of the nucleus”
  • Dual structure (inner and outer)
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5
Q

Describe the inner nuclear membrane (what it faces and its contact)

A
  • Faces => nucleoplasm
  • Contact => nuclear lamina
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6
Q

Describe the outer nuclear membrane (what it faces and its contact)

A
  • Faces => cytoplasm
  • Contact => continuous w/ rER
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7
Q

Describe nuclear lamina structure and function

A
  • Thin, sheet-like meshwork
  • Scaffold/network for the nuclear envelope, chromatin, and nuclear pores
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8
Q

What intermediate filaments are associated w/ the nuclear lamina

A

Lamin A and lamin B

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9
Q

During mitosis (somatic cell division) what will happens to our complex networks of lamina

A

Disassembly

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10
Q

Explain Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria

A
  • Mutation of lamin A.
  • Alters the shape of nucleus
  • Severely aged appearance
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11
Q

Describe the Nuclear Pore Complex

A
  • Found on nuclear envelope
  • regulates what goes in and out of cell
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12
Q

What is the NPC comprised of

A

Nucleoporins (specialized proteins)

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13
Q

Molecules less than 9mm can _____ through the NPC

A

-freely diffuse

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14
Q

Molecules greater than 9mm require _____ through the NPC

A

-active transport

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15
Q

Describe the significance of the nucleolus

A

-Site of ribosomal production

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16
Q

What is Chromatin

A

Condensed DNA

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17
Q

During eukaryotic packing, linear DNA is wrapped around _______ proteins to form ______.

A

Histone, nucleasome

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18
Q

In forming the nucleosome, DNA is wrapped around ______

A

Twice

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleosome

A

Nucleosome is comprised of 4 pairs of proteins:

1) H2A
2) H2B
3) H3
4) H4

8 into total (also called histone octamer)

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20
Q

What protein anchors the DNA to the histone octamer. (What protein keeps the nucleosome structure stable)

A

H1 protein

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21
Q

Description of the levels of DNA packing

A

linear DNA => nucleosome fiber (beads on a string) => solenoid (30 nm)

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22
Q

Describe 30 nm packing of DNA

A

Nucleosomes collapse onto each other and are tied down by H1

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23
Q

Name and describe two type of chromatin

A

1) Euchromatin:

  • Lightly stained
  • Less condensed, more transcriptionally active

****Euchromatin => “Eu” = good. Good at transcription

2) Heterochromatin:

  • Densely stained
  • Highly condensed, less transcriptionally active
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24
Q

Describe the centromere

A
  • Contains heterochromatin
  • Present during interphase
  • holds sister chromatid
  • kinetochore formation
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25
Q

Describe the telomere

A
  • Repetitive sequence of DNA at the ends of our chromosomes (think of shoelace cap)
  • Job is to prevent damage to our replicative DNA
  • During DNA replication, telomere will shorten with every replication
  • At “Hayflick limit”, the chromosome will stop undergoing replication
  • Clinical relevance in cancer and aging
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26
Q

Ribsosomes are the site of ______

A

Translation

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27
Q

Translation is when

A

Protein Synthesis occurs

28
Q

if mRNA has an ER signal sequence, we expect that mRNA to be processed at the

A

rER

29
Q

if mRNA does NOT have an ER signal sequence, we expect that mRNA to be processed by

A

free ribosomes in the cytosol

30
Q

When multiple ribsomes translate a single mRNA, we call this a

A

polyribosome

31
Q

Why are polyribosomes unique

A

they can produce the same protein multiple times from one strand on mRNA

32
Q

When proteins produced by the rER are formed they are sent to the

A

Golgi

33
Q

After the Golgi has modified the proteins, what are the three pathways that can happen to the protein

A

1) Placed into a secretory vesicle and expelled exocytosis
2) Absorbed by plasma membrane
3) Placed into a lysosomal vesicle

34
Q

Proteins synthesized by free ribsomes can be sent somewhere depending upon the signal sequence it encodes. Name the 4 places it can be sent:

A

1) Nucleus 2) Mitochondria 3) Cytosol 4) Peroxisomes

35
Q

Job of rER is

A

Protein synthesis

36
Q

Job of sER is

A

1) Lipid synthesis
2) Detox (Cytochrome P450 system)
3) Calcium sequestration

37
Q

Explain the two faces of the Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Cis face => Entry point from rER into Golgi
  • Trans face => exits from Golgi
38
Q

Name the two types of transport that occur b/w the rER and Golgi

A

1) Retrograde
2) Anterograde

39
Q

Explain retrograde transport

A

Movement of COP-1 coated vesicles from CGN to rER

40
Q

Explain anterograde transport

A

Movement of COP-ll coated vesicles from rER to CGN

41
Q

Name three distinct functions of Golgi

A

1) PTM
2) Sorting
3) Packaging

42
Q

What is a lysosome

A

Digestive organelle that is enclosed with hydrolytic enzymes

43
Q

How are proteins targeted to the lysosomes

A
  • In the Golgi, protein are tagged by M6P which indicates it as a lysosomal protein.
  • The M6P on the protein will then bind to M6P receptors on a vesicle and exits the trans face to the endosome.
44
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A
  • Lysosomal Storage disease
  • Deficiency in HEXA protein
  • Autosomal recessive
  • GM2 Accumulation
  • Death of neurons.
  • Life expectancy ~1 year
45
Q

Name the paths of lysosomal digestion

A

1) Phagocytosis (technically is a form of endocytosis)
2) Endocytosis
3) Autophagy

46
Q

Name three examples of endocytosis

A
  • Receptor-mediated
  • Pinocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
47
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

A
  • Two membranes: Outer and inner
  • Two compartments: Intermembrane space and matrix
  • Contains multiple fold or cistae
48
Q

Primary function of mitochondria

A
  • Generates ATP
  • “Energy bank”: -Exchange of energy checks (NADH, FADH2) for ATP currency
49
Q

Name three important metabolic processes occurring in the mitochondria

A
  • TCA
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • B-oxidation of fatty acids
50
Q

What are porins and how do they relate to the mitochondria

A
  • Large-channel forming proteins => allows passage of small molecules
  • Located in the outer membrane
51
Q

What is Cytochrome c and how does it relate to the mitochondria

A
  • Important factor in intrinsic apoptoisis pathway
  • Found in the intermembrane space
52
Q

Oxy-redox rxns occurs in what region of the mitochondria

A

inner membrane

53
Q

Give two examples of a mitochondrial disease

A

1) Leber hereditary 2) Myoclonic epilepsy

54
Q

What are the function of peroxisomes

A
  • fat metabolism through VLCFA => catalytic rxn step in plasmalogens => necessary for formation of myelin
  • degrade reactive oxygen species.
  • detoxify alcohol in the liver (very prevalent in hepatocytes)
55
Q

Name a peroxisomal disease

A

Zellweger Syndrome

56
Q

What are the 3 zones of the nucleus along with their general characteristics

A

1) Fibrillar center => DNA loops of chromosomes and rRNA genes
2) Fibrillar material => transcription of rRNA genes
3) Granular material => initial ribosomal assembly

57
Q

What kind of disease is Hurlers syndrome:

What is the faulty enzyme:

What is the accumulating product:

What organs are affected:

A

LSD

a-L-iduronidase

Dermatan sulphate

Skeleton and nervous system

58
Q

What kind of disease in Pompe syndrome:

What is the faulty enzyme:

What is the accumulating product:

What organs are affected:

A

LSD

a-1,4-Glucosidase

Glycogen

Skeleton and nervous system

59
Q

What kind of disease is Gaucher syndrome:

What is the faulty enzyme:

What is the accumulating product:

What organs are affected:

A

LSD

Glucocerebrosidase

Glucosylceramide

Liver and spleen

60
Q

What kind of disease is I-cell disease:

What is the faulty enzyme:

What is the accumulating product

What organs are affected

A

LSD

Phosphotransferase (M6P) formation

Absence of lysosomal hydrolyses

Skeleton and nervous system

61
Q

What enzymes are present in the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

Phospholipases and Acetyl CoA Synthase

62
Q

What enzymes are present in the inter membrane space of the mitochondria. Whats so special about these enzymes?

A

CK and Adenylate Kinase

***Kinase is an enzyme that utilizes ATP.

These enzymes use ATP generated in the inner membrane.

63
Q

Name important reaction occurring in the matrix of the mitochondria

A

1) Oxidation of fatty acids
2) TCA cycle

64
Q

ATP synthesis rxns occurs in what region of the mitochondria

A

inner membrane

65
Q

Transport regulation in and out of the matrix occurs where in the mitochondria

A

inner membrane

SGU FTM (9 decks)

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