From intelligence test to theory

Question 1

Galton

Answer 1

1850-1900
First twin studies
Nature vs. nurture 
Correlation coefficient
Normal distribution
Relation between sensory discrimination and general intelligence

Question 2

J. Catell

Answer 2

1900-1950

Mental tests for elementary abilities, no correlation between test scores and school performance

Question 3

Binet

Answer 3

1900-1950

Intelligence test for children. Goddard made english version, Stern made IQ test and Terman: stanford-binet schaal

Question 4

Spearman

Answer 4

1900-1950
general intelligence g
specific ability s

Question 5

Wechsler

Answer 5

1900-1950

WAIS intelligence scale: fluid and crystillized

Question 6

Raven

Answer 6

1900-1950

Progressive matrices test: fluid intelligence

Question 7

R. Catell

Answer 7

1900-1950

culture fair intelligence test: distinction between fluid and crystallized

Question 8

Fluid intelligence

Answer 8

solve new problems without prior knowledge

Question 9

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 9

acquired knowledge (facts, language)

Question 10

Flynn effect

Answer 10

test scores of intelligence tests have increased almost linearly

Question 11

Variability hypothesis

Answer 11

males display greater variability in intelligence than women, so they have more chance of a very high or very low score

Question 12

Leta Hollingworth

Answer 12

1900-1950
variability hypothesis about gender differences in mental abilities investigated with data bases. Overrepresentation of men in data

Question 13

Helen Thompson

Answer 13

1900-1950

gender differences in intelligence measured with test batteries, more similarities found

Question 14

Kurt Lewin

Answer 14

1900-1950

emphasize on person and environment, group dynamics, social action research > lewin’s interaction theory

Question 15

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 15

The whole is different from the sum of its parts

Question 16

Wolfgang Köhler

Answer 16

1900-1950
problem solving in apes
saw gestalt principles

Question 17

Max Wertheimer

Answer 17

1900-1950

Problem solving in humans: insight in humans > productive thinking (in line with fluid and crystallized)

Question 18

Frederic Bartlett

Answer 18

1950-now

remembering as a reconstructive process where information is retrieved and changed to fit into existing schemes

Question 19

Noam Chomsky

Answer 19

1950-now

review of Skinner’s Verbal behavior. Innate language aqcuisition device

Question 20

Roger Brown

Answer 20

1950-now
tip of the tongue phenomenon
Flashbulb memories (memory of major traumatic events and what they were doing)

Question 21

George Miller

Answer 21

1950-now

Revival of Wundt’s attention span > span is about 7 items +- 2

Question 22

Donald Broadbent

Answer 22

1950-now
Revival of role attention of Wundt and James
Filter model of selective attention. Use of flow chart

Question 23

Jerome Bruner

Answer 23

1950-now

Revival of introspection in studies of thinking (Külpe). Experiments on stimulus categorization tasks

Question 24

Herbert Simon

Answer 24

1950-now
Revival of Selz: procedural knowledge underlies problem solving. Intelligence is the ability to solve problems by rule application

Question 25

Newell and Simon

Answer 25

1950-now

Artificial intelligence, computer metaphor

Question 26

Wundt

Answer 26

1900-1950

g factor relfects attentional capability, linked to frontal cortex

Question 27

John Duncan

Answer 27

1950-now

Relation between fluid intelligence and attention. Intelligence as problem-solving ability with serial focused attention

Question 28

Genetic influence (Duncan)

Answer 28

COMT gene: ValVal, ValMet, MetMet
Val works harder then met, dopamine is longer available in frontal and parietal cortex in Met. SO MetMet has the most dopamine available > lober availability should ease the neural processing and performance of intelligence-recquired tasks.
So: causal link intelligence and fronto-parietal cortex