from EBOD

Question 1

Congenital nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction is very common at birth; anatomical obstructions exist in up to […] % of newborns

Answer 1

73%

Question 2

It is recommendable to perform dacryocystography to confirm the location of the obstruction prior to probing - T or F

Answer 2

F

Question 3

kolejność interwencji

Answer 3

massages , probing , balloon catheter dilation , dacryocystorhinostomy

Question 4

DCR -local or general anejsezja

Answer 4

under local anaesthesia with intravenous sedation

Question 5

DCR in mucocele?

Answer 5

can be performed without any problem in cases of mucocele; in fact, it tends to be easier to open the sac in cases with mucocele

Question 6

IOI - sex

Answer 6

both sexes equally

Question 7

IOI - initial imaging test

Answer 7

The initial imaging test of choice is CT, due to its speed and lower cost

Question 8

IOI - It is necessary to perform a biopsy of the affected tissues to make a diagnosis of idiopathic orbital disease - T or F

Answer 8

F

Question 9

TAO - mild cases - treatment

Answer 9

Mild cases are treated with selenium as an antioxidant

Question 10

TAO - GKS and exophthalmos

Answer 10

Corticosteroids improve the inflammation, but they have not shown to reverse the exophthalmos.

Question 11

The Fasanella–Servat procedure

Answer 11

the predecessor to Müller’s muscle–conjunctival resection, but it involved resection of the tarsus in addition to the conjunctiva and Müller’s muscle; like Müller’s muscle–conjunctival resection, it is a technique for correcting ptosis

Question 12

The following are surgical procedures indicated for treating upper eyelid retraction due to thyroid eye disease:

Answer 12

Müllerectomy, Upper eyelid levator recession, Full-thickness blepharotomy

Question 13

Müller’s muscle–conjunctival resection

Answer 13

a technique for correcting palpebral ptosis, as it tightens Müller’s muscle by shortening the posterior lamella

Question 14

blepharotomy

Answer 14

weakening both Müller’s muscle and the levator

Question 15

dural fistulas

Answer 15

indirect. middle meningeal artery branches in dural fistulas) with the orbital venous or cavernous sinus system

Question 16

fistulas - treatment

Answer 16

embolization by selective arteriography. In dural cases, it is sometimes necessary to use a venous approach, via vessels such as the superior ophthalmic vein

Question 17

Emergency surgery for fractures

Answer 17

Emergency surgery is only indicated in trapdoor fractures in children, in cases of luxation of the globe into the maxillary sinus or if there is an incoercible oculocardiac reflex

Question 18

Ectropion is usually associated with punctal stenosis - T or F

Answer 18

T

Question 19

Cicatricial Ectropion is caused by

Answer 19

Caused by anterior lamella deficiency. Hyperlaxity is not a requirement, as traction due to the anterior lamellar deficiency/scarring is enough to cause it

Question 20

BCC - the least common type

Answer 20

morpheaform (more aggressive than nodular) and multicentric

Question 21

congenital ptosis - It involves limited downward movement of the upper eyelid in downgaze - T or F

Answer 21

T. caused by lack of elasticity of the muscle

Question 22

Congenital ptosis - This type of ptosis is primarily neurogenic and secondarily myogenic - T or F

Answer 22

T

Question 23

Marcus–Gunn ptosis or jaw winking - caused by

Answer 23

due to synkinesis between the masticatory branch of the fifth cranial nerve and the levator muscle of the upper eyelid

Question 24

Ptosis usually improves within the first year of life as the child develops - T or F

Answer 24

F. It is almost always unilateral, and the ptosis and synkinesis remain stable throughout life

Question 25

Marcus–Gunn ptosis or jaw winking - treatment

Answer 25

The optimal treatment in severe cases is sectioning of the levator muscle to treat the synkinesis and frontalis suspension to treat the ptosis with poor levator function

Question 26

The causes of non-traumatic enophthalmos

Answer 26

the use of topical prostaglandins, linear scleroderma and Parry–Romberg syndrome, and scirrhous carcinomas metastases, generally of the breast. Large, highly distensible varices can cause enophthalmos while standing, with exophthalmos during the Valsalva manoeuvre.

Question 27

The two main causes of implant extrusion in anophthalmic cavities

Answer 27

wound closure under tension, due to not having made posterior sclerotomies, and the use of non-resorbable sutures, which causes chronic trauma to the overlying tissue

Question 28

implant- size

Answer 28

Creating posterior sclerotomies makes it possible to place implants of an appropriate size, generally 20 mm or more.

Question 29

dysthyroid optic neuropathy - treatment

Answer 29

Initial treatment is with intravenous corticosteroids and if there is no response, orbital decompression.