From Cells to Organisms

Question 1

descriptive name of the cell membrane

Answer 1

semi-permeable phospholipid bi-layer

Question 2

basic definition of semi-permeable

Answer 2

only allows certain substances in or out

Question 3

transport methods & functions in a cell membrane

Answer 3

channels & transporters for facilitated passive transport
Na+/K+ATPase pumps for active transport
cell membrane deforms to allow for endocytosis & exocytosis

Question 4

communication function of the cell membrane

Answer 4

receptors for specific chemical messages (neurotransmitters & hormones)
some cells have antigens, which are recognised by immune system cells

Question 5

special features of the cell membrane

Answer 5

cilia
microvilli
flagella

Question 6

function of cilia + example

Answer 6

beat to move substances

e.g., mucus up airways so you can cough it out

Question 7

function of microvilli + example

Answer 7

increase surface area

e.g., absorptive cells that line your gut wall

Question 8

function of flagella + example

Answer 8

help single cells to move

e.g., sperm

Question 9

what is cytoplasm?

Answer 9

the fluid part of the cell, what all the structures of the cell sit in

Question 10

what is in cytoplasm?

Answer 10

water
ions
molecules for making ATP
molecules for building cell structures

Question 11

basic definition of the cytoskeleton

Answer 11

a network of interlinking protein strands

Question 12

basic definition of the nucleus

Answer 12

the ‘controller’ of the cell

Question 13

function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 13

connect organelles in the cell
forms the shape of the cel
transports within the cell

Question 14

function of the nucleus

Answer 14

stores the cell’s DNA

builds structures and creates products to export out of the cell

Question 15

what is DNA used for?

Answer 15

DNA is the blueprint or ‘code’ needed to make proteins

Question 16

what is the nucleolus + function?

Answer 16

nucleolus is part of the nucleus

creates ribosomes for ER to make proteins

Question 17

basic definition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 17

ER is the ‘construction warehouse’

builds lipids & proteins

Question 18

distinctive factors about smooth ER

Answer 18

has enzymes to build lipids

Question 19

distinctive factors about rough ER

Answer 19

has ribosomes to build proteins

Question 20

function of ribosomes

Answer 20

convert genetic code into amino acids

build proteins

Question 21

how do proteins move from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 21

proteins are transported in vesicles

a bit of the ER membrane pinches off to take the proteins to the Golgi apparatus

Question 22

basic definition of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 22

the ‘gift-wrapping, post office’ made of layers of phospholipid bilayer membrane

Question 23

function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 23

protein processing & packaging
can break large proteins into small proteins
can add carbs to the proteins
re-packages proteins into vesicles to transport them out of the cell

Question 24

basic definition of the mitochondria

Answer 24

the ‘power houses’ of the cell

Question 25

function of the mitochondria

Answer 25

cellular respiration = uses fuel molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) & oxygen to create ATP (the energy currency of the cell)

Question 26

what is blood made of (3 components)?

Answer 26

plasma buffy coat hematocrit

Question 27

what is plasma (the fluid portion of blood) made of & what percentage?

Answer 27

plasma proteins 7% other solutes 1% water 92%

Question 28

what percentage of blood is plasma?

Answer 28

55%

Question 29

what are the formed elements (the solid portion of blood) made of & what percentage?

Answer 29

platelets <0.1% white blood cells <0.1% red blood cells 99.9%

Question 30

what percentage of blood is hematocrit (formed elements)?

Answer 30

45%

Question 31

the main functions of blood

Answer 31

``` maintaining core body temp transporting substances throughout the body maintaining ion and nutrient balance injury repair immunity ```

Question 32

what is the optimum core body temp?

Answer 32

around 37 degrees celsius

Question 33

how does blood maintain core body temp?

Answer 33

because blood is mostly water, it retains heat well | as the warm blood circulates, blood vessels can constrict to retain heat/dilate to lose more heat at the skin

Question 34

how does the blood maintain ion and nutrient balance (basic explanation)?

Answer 34

substances are transported around the body, to and from the cells

Question 35

function of plasma proteins

Answer 35

they are transported to where they need to be | then they help transport lipids & other substances

Question 36

what are the other solutes in the plasma?

Answer 36

nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) metabolic wastes (lactic acid & hydrogen) ions from electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine, etc.) hormones

Question 37

how does blood transport gases, what gases, and where?

Answer 37

full of hemoglobin proteins transports oxygen from lungs to cells transports carbon dioxide from cells to lungs

Question 38

parts of the blood to help form blood clots

Answer 38

fibrinogen globulin platelets erythrocytes

Question 39

basic structure & function of fibrinogen

Answer 39

a plasma protein | creates a mesh at the wound to stop bleeding

Question 40

basic structure & function of globulin

Answer 40

a plasma protein | helps enhance blood clotting processes

Question 41

basic structure & function of platelets

Answer 41

small flat blood cells | form a plug at the wound to stop bleeding

Question 42

basic structure & function of erythrocytes

Answer 42

red blood cells | get caught int he fibrin mesh to stop bleeding

Question 43

what is albumin & what does it do?

Answer 43

most common plasma protein accounts for half of all protein in plasma helps keep water in blood -> helpful to restore blood volume after bleeding helps transport other substances

Question 44

parts of the blood to defend the body against toxins & pathogens (immunity)

Answer 44

leukocytes (white blood cells) | globulins

Question 45

function of leukocytes

Answer 45

help recognise foreign substances release antibodies release inflammatory chemicals kill bacteria and other pathogens

Question 46

function of globulins

Answer 46

plasma proteins | form antibodies to immobilise pathogens