Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > From Cells to Organisms > Flashcards

From Cells to Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

descriptive name of the cell membrane

A

semi-permeable phospholipid bi-layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

basic definition of semi-permeable

A

only allows certain substances in or out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

transport methods & functions in a cell membrane

A

channels & transporters for facilitated passive transport
Na+/K+ATPase pumps for active transport
cell membrane deforms to allow for endocytosis & exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

communication function of the cell membrane

A

receptors for specific chemical messages (neurotransmitters & hormones)
some cells have antigens, which are recognised by immune system cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

special features of the cell membrane

A

cilia
microvilli
flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

function of cilia + example

A

beat to move substances

e.g., mucus up airways so you can cough it out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

function of microvilli + example

A

increase surface area

e.g., absorptive cells that line your gut wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

function of flagella + example

A

help single cells to move

e.g., sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

the fluid part of the cell, what all the structures of the cell sit in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is in cytoplasm?

A

water
ions
molecules for making ATP
molecules for building cell structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

basic definition of the cytoskeleton

A

a network of interlinking protein strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

basic definition of the nucleus

A

the ‘controller’ of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

function of the cytoskeleton

A

connect organelles in the cell
forms the shape of the cel
transports within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

function of the nucleus

A

stores the cell’s DNA

builds structures and creates products to export out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is DNA used for?

A

DNA is the blueprint or ‘code’ needed to make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the nucleolus + function?

A

nucleolus is part of the nucleus

creates ribosomes for ER to make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

basic definition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

ER is the ‘construction warehouse’

builds lipids & proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

distinctive factors about smooth ER

A

has enzymes to build lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

distinctive factors about rough ER

A

has ribosomes to build proteins

20
Q

function of ribosomes

A

convert genetic code into amino acids

build proteins

21
Q

how do proteins move from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

A

proteins are transported in vesicles

a bit of the ER membrane pinches off to take the proteins to the Golgi apparatus

22
Q

basic definition of the Golgi apparatus

A

the ‘gift-wrapping, post office’ made of layers of phospholipid bilayer membrane

23
Q

function of the Golgi apparatus

A

protein processing & packaging
can break large proteins into small proteins
can add carbs to the proteins
re-packages proteins into vesicles to transport them out of the cell

24
Q

basic definition of the mitochondria

A

the ‘power houses’ of the cell

25
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

cellular respiration = uses fuel molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) & oxygen to create ATP (the energy currency of the cell)

26
Q

what is blood made of (3 components)?

A

plasma
buffy coat
hematocrit

27
Q

what is plasma (the fluid portion of blood) made of & what percentage?

A

plasma proteins 7%
other solutes 1%
water 92%

28
Q

what percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

29
Q

what are the formed elements (the solid portion of blood) made of & what percentage?

A

platelets <0.1%
white blood cells <0.1%
red blood cells 99.9%

30
Q

what percentage of blood is hematocrit (formed elements)?

A

45%

31
Q

the main functions of blood

A 
maintaining core body temp
transporting substances throughout the body
maintaining ion and nutrient balance
injury repair
immunity
32
Q

what is the optimum core body temp?

A

around 37 degrees celsius

33
Q

how does blood maintain core body temp?

A

because blood is mostly water, it retains heat well

as the warm blood circulates, blood vessels can constrict to retain heat/dilate to lose more heat at the skin

34
Q

how does the blood maintain ion and nutrient balance (basic explanation)?

A

substances are transported around the body, to and from the cells

35
Q

function of plasma proteins

A

they are transported to where they need to be

then they help transport lipids & other substances

36
Q

what are the other solutes in the plasma?

A

nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)
gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide)
metabolic wastes (lactic acid & hydrogen)
ions from electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine, etc.)
hormones

37
Q

how does blood transport gases, what gases, and where?

A

full of hemoglobin proteins
transports oxygen from lungs to cells
transports carbon dioxide from cells to lungs

38
Q

parts of the blood to help form blood clots

A

fibrinogen
globulin
platelets
erythrocytes

39
Q

basic structure & function of fibrinogen

A

a plasma protein

creates a mesh at the wound to stop bleeding

40
Q

basic structure & function of globulin

A

a plasma protein

helps enhance blood clotting processes

41
Q

basic structure & function of platelets

A

small flat blood cells

form a plug at the wound to stop bleeding

42
Q

basic structure & function of erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

get caught int he fibrin mesh to stop bleeding

43
Q

what is albumin & what does it do?

A

most common plasma protein
accounts for half of all protein in plasma
helps keep water in blood -> helpful to restore blood volume after bleeding
helps transport other substances

44
Q

parts of the blood to defend the body against toxins & pathogens (immunity)

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

globulins

45
Q

function of leukocytes

A

help recognise foreign substances
release antibodies
release inflammatory chemicals
kill bacteria and other pathogens

46
Q

function of globulins

A

plasma proteins

form antibodies to immobilise pathogens

Physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions