From Cells to Organisms Flashcards
descriptive name of the cell membrane
semi-permeable phospholipid bi-layer
basic definition of semi-permeable
only allows certain substances in or out
transport methods & functions in a cell membrane
channels & transporters for facilitated passive transport
Na+/K+ATPase pumps for active transport
cell membrane deforms to allow for endocytosis & exocytosis
communication function of the cell membrane
receptors for specific chemical messages (neurotransmitters & hormones)
some cells have antigens, which are recognised by immune system cells
special features of the cell membrane
cilia
microvilli
flagella
function of cilia + example
beat to move substances
e.g., mucus up airways so you can cough it out
function of microvilli + example
increase surface area
e.g., absorptive cells that line your gut wall
function of flagella + example
help single cells to move
e.g., sperm
what is cytoplasm?
the fluid part of the cell, what all the structures of the cell sit in
what is in cytoplasm?
water
ions
molecules for making ATP
molecules for building cell structures
basic definition of the cytoskeleton
a network of interlinking protein strands
basic definition of the nucleus
the ‘controller’ of the cell
function of the cytoskeleton
connect organelles in the cell
forms the shape of the cel
transports within the cell
function of the nucleus
stores the cell’s DNA
builds structures and creates products to export out of the cell
what is DNA used for?
DNA is the blueprint or ‘code’ needed to make proteins
what is the nucleolus + function?
nucleolus is part of the nucleus
creates ribosomes for ER to make proteins
basic definition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
ER is the ‘construction warehouse’
builds lipids & proteins
distinctive factors about smooth ER
has enzymes to build lipids
distinctive factors about rough ER
has ribosomes to build proteins
function of ribosomes
convert genetic code into amino acids
build proteins
how do proteins move from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?
proteins are transported in vesicles
a bit of the ER membrane pinches off to take the proteins to the Golgi apparatus
basic definition of the Golgi apparatus
the ‘gift-wrapping, post office’ made of layers of phospholipid bilayer membrane
function of the Golgi apparatus
protein processing & packaging
can break large proteins into small proteins
can add carbs to the proteins
re-packages proteins into vesicles to transport them out of the cell
basic definition of the mitochondria
the ‘power houses’ of the cell
function of the mitochondria
cellular respiration = uses fuel molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) & oxygen to create ATP (the energy currency of the cell)
what is blood made of (3 components)?
plasma
buffy coat
hematocrit
what is plasma (the fluid portion of blood) made of & what percentage?
plasma proteins 7%
other solutes 1%
water 92%
what percentage of blood is plasma?
55%
what are the formed elements (the solid portion of blood) made of & what percentage?
platelets <0.1%
white blood cells <0.1%
red blood cells 99.9%
what percentage of blood is hematocrit (formed elements)?
45%
the main functions of blood
maintaining core body temp transporting substances throughout the body maintaining ion and nutrient balance injury repair immunity
what is the optimum core body temp?
around 37 degrees celsius
how does blood maintain core body temp?
because blood is mostly water, it retains heat well
as the warm blood circulates, blood vessels can constrict to retain heat/dilate to lose more heat at the skin
how does the blood maintain ion and nutrient balance (basic explanation)?
substances are transported around the body, to and from the cells
function of plasma proteins
they are transported to where they need to be
then they help transport lipids & other substances
what are the other solutes in the plasma?
nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)
gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide)
metabolic wastes (lactic acid & hydrogen)
ions from electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine, etc.)
hormones
how does blood transport gases, what gases, and where?
full of hemoglobin proteins
transports oxygen from lungs to cells
transports carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
parts of the blood to help form blood clots
fibrinogen
globulin
platelets
erythrocytes
basic structure & function of fibrinogen
a plasma protein
creates a mesh at the wound to stop bleeding
basic structure & function of globulin
a plasma protein
helps enhance blood clotting processes
basic structure & function of platelets
small flat blood cells
form a plug at the wound to stop bleeding
basic structure & function of erythrocytes
red blood cells
get caught int he fibrin mesh to stop bleeding
what is albumin & what does it do?
most common plasma protein
accounts for half of all protein in plasma
helps keep water in blood -> helpful to restore blood volume after bleeding
helps transport other substances
parts of the blood to defend the body against toxins & pathogens (immunity)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
globulins
function of leukocytes
help recognise foreign substances
release antibodies
release inflammatory chemicals
kill bacteria and other pathogens
function of globulins
plasma proteins
form antibodies to immobilise pathogens
