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Physiology > From Atoms to Cells > Flashcards

From Atoms to Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is the atomic number?

A

how many protons an atom has

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2
Q

3 parts of an atom

A

protons, neurons, electrons

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3
Q

importance of electrons - 3 key points

A

if the outer ring of electrons isn’t full, the atom is reactive
a reactive atom seeks another reactive atom - with the opposite ‘issue’
one atom will give an electron and the other will receive it

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4
Q

basic overview of how an ionic bond is formed

A

a sodium atom gives away an electron to a chlorine atom

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5
Q

2 steps to forming an ionic bond

A
  1. sodium & chloride ion formation. the sodium atom loses an electron to the chlorine atom = 2 stable ions with filled outer energy levels
  2. the ions form close together and have opposite charges, so are attracted to one another = NaCl, an ionic compound
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6
Q

are opposite charged ions attracted to each other?

A

yes

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7
Q

example of ionic bonds between reactive atoms: sodium atom

A

needs to give away an electron to become stable
losing an electron makes it less negative (more positive) = Na+
Na+ = cation, a positively charged ion

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8
Q

example of ionic bonds between reactive atoms: chlorine atom

A

needs to receive an electron to become stable
gaining an electron makes it more negative (less positive) = Cl-
Cl- = anion, a negatively charged ion

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9
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons instead of giving or receiving them

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10
Q

different types of covalent bonds (2 names)

A

non-polar covalent bonds

polar covalent bonds

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11
Q

why do so many things dissolve in water?

A

water is a ‘polar’ molecule

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12
Q

why is water a polar molecule?

A

the oxygen side of the molecule is slightly negative
the hydrogen side is slightly positive
water is strongly attracted to many other substances
these strong attractions can disrupt bonds between other molecules (e.g., NaCl become Na+ & Cl-)

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13
Q

what is an electrolyte?

A

any molecule that creates an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water
e.g., salt is an electrolyte because it changes from NaCl -> Na+ & Cl- when dissolved in water, therefore these singular molecules can take part in electrical signalling

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14
Q

why do some things not dissolve in water?

A

non-polar molecules do not dissolve in water

e.g., oil is ‘non-polar’ = cannot break bonds of water molecules, stays separate

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15
Q

meaning and examples of hydrophilic molecules

A

‘water-loving’
dissolves in water
polar molecules
e.g., electrolytes, protein, sugar, most hormones

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16
Q

meaning and examples of hydrophobic molecules

A 
'water-hating'
dissolves in oil
non-polar molecules
e.g., oils & fats
cholesterol
some hormones
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17
Q

structure of cell membrane

A

every cell membrane is made of a double layer of phospholipids = hydrophilic exterior, hydrophobic middle, hydrophilic interior

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18
Q

what can cross the cell membrane easily?

A

hydrophobic molecules, gases & small polar molecules

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19
Q

what cannot cross the cell membrane easily?

A

large polar & charged molecules (ions)

*need help such as channels or carrier proteins

20
Q

what is a macromolecule?

A

macro = large

large molecule

21
Q

what do cells use macromolecules to make?

A

main use = ATP

22
Q

what is the process of making ATP called?

A

cellular respiration

23
Q

what is ATP?

A

a molecule cells use as energy for most cellular processes

24
Q

what is the use of ATP in cells?

A

build cellular structures
repair cellular structures
produce products for export

25
Q

different forms of transport for substances entering cells

A 
cellular transport
passive transport
active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
26
Q

basic definition of cellular transport

A

the process of substances entering or exiting the cell

27
Q

definition of passive transport

A

no energy required
some substances can diffuse across the membrane without assistance
other substances use imbedded proteins as channels to pass through

28
Q

definition of active transport

A

energy required
moves substances against their concentration & electrical gradients
energy is provided and used in the form of ATP

29
Q

basic definition of endocytosis + example

A

cell membrane deforms to engulf (‘eat’) a substance

e.g., white blood cells engulf toxins. this is a specialised form of endocytosis: phagocytosis

30
Q

basic definition of exocytosis + example

A

cell membrane deforms to release a substance

e.g., neurotransmitters & hormones are packaged into vesicles to be released from cells

31
Q

definition of diffusion

A

the movement of particles down a gradient
occurs because molecules are always moving
eventually results in equal concentration in all areas

32
Q

when do molecules move faster?

A

move faster at higher temperatures vs. move slower at lower temperatures

33
Q

definition of a gradient

A

an increase or decrease from one point to another

34
Q

definition of a concentration gradient

A

the concentration of particles is higher in one areas and lower in another

35
Q

which direction do particles diffuse along a concentration gradient

A

particles always diffuse down their concentration gradient

36
Q

definition of an electrical gradient

A

charged particles move towards the opposite charge - ‘opposites attract’

37
Q

what are charged particles called?

A

ions are charged particles

38
Q

what are negatively charged ions called, and what are they attracted to?

A

anions

attracted to positive charge

39
Q

what are positively charged ions called and what are they attracted to?

A

cations

attracted to negative charge

40
Q

how does electrical signalling occur?

A

due to diffusion of ions in and out of electrically conductive cells

41
Q

definition of osmosis

A

water diffuses (osmosis) down a concentration gradient
moves from high to low concentration
different solutions will cause osmosis in/out of a cell

42
Q

what is water attracted to?

A

solutes attract water

water moves to where there are more solutes (less water concentration)

43
Q

definition of tonicity

A

refers to the impermeable solutes in a solution surrounding cells

44
Q

what is the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

very important protein in the cell membrane
each pump cycle moves sodium out of the cell and moves potassium into the cell
creates concentration gradients so there is more sodium outside than inside, and more potassium inside than outside

45
Q

why is every neutron and skeletal muscle cell more negative on the inside? (3 reasons)

A
  1. the movement of the Na+/K+ ATP pump, moving 3+ out & 2+ in
  2. lots of protein in the cell which is negatively charged
  3. ion concentration is different on the inside compared to the outside of cells

Physiology (8 decks)

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