Freshwater Final Flashcards
what is limnology
freshwater ecology
what is a stream ecologist
one who studies just streams
what is lentic
standing water habitat
what is an example of a lentic habitat
lakes, ponds, resevoirs
what is lotic
running water
what is an example of a lotic habitat
streams and rivers
what are the 4 important properties of water
cohesive, density, high specific heat, broad phase temp
what is the density of solid water
solid water is less dense than liquid water
why does it matter if water has a high specific heat
means water can hold a lot of heat
at what temperature is water most dense
4C
how much of the earths water is in the oceans
97.6
what is the residence time for water in ocean
2800 years
how much of the earths water is in glaciers
2.1
what is the residence time for water in glaciers
0-thousands of years
how much of the earths water is in lakes
0.01
what is the residence time of water in lakes
hundreds of years
how much of earths water is in groundwater
0.2
what is the residence time of water in groundwater
thousands of years
how much water is in rivers and streams
0.001
what is the residence time of water in rivers and streams
less than a year
what are glacial lakes
lakes caused by glacial processes
whats an example of a glacial lake
the great lakes
what are the 6 types of lakes
glacial, volcanic, oxbow, solution, man made, tectonic
what are the biggest lakes by volume
tectonic (siberia)
what is an oxbow lake
cut off from a river
what is a solution lake
earth above is removed to reveal groundwater and that becomes a lake
why do mixing cycles in lakes occur
because of temperature changes through the year
what are the two mixing cycles of a dimitic lake
turnover and stratification
what are the turnovers for a dimitic lake
spring and fall
what are the stratifications for a dimitic lake
summer and winter
what is a turnover
temperature is the same all the way down in a lake
what is a stratification
water cant mix because of density differences in water
when would a dimitic lake not occur
in tropics where temperatures arent cold enough fora lake to turn over twice (monomitic)
what is it called when a lake is constantly turning over (more than twice)
polymitic
what is an amitic lake
no turnover at all (can be chemically stratified instead of temp)
what is a graph type that shows depth and time
isopleths
how much surface light is vital for plant growth
1%
what is the compensation depth
the depth at which plants can still get 1% surface light
what is ph and alkalinity regulated by in lakes
carbonate system
what is alkalinity
ability to buffer acids
what is the ph of a lake usually determined by
geology of the basin (limestone, granite)
what is an oligotrophic lake
low nutrients
what is a eutrophic lake
high nutrients
what are the limiting nutrients for plants and algae
nitrogen and phosphorous
what is a mesotrophic lake
in between eu and oligo
what is eutrophication
an oligotrophic lake turing into a eutrophic lake
what is a huge cause of eutrophication
nitrogenous and phospherous fertilizers
what can affect available oxygen for organisms in a lake
algal productivity and mixing cycles
what is accessible runoff
water for human use (surface runoff and groundwater)
what can oxygen demands of an organism determine
the temperature of the water they live in (cold water holds more DO)
what is the difference between the photic and the profundal zone of a lake
not enough light for photosynthesis in the profundal zone
what is the difference between the littoral and limnetic zone in a lake
littoral includes beach, limnetic is open water
what is a pluston
an organism that lives on the surface of water
what are the two parts to the pluston
epipluston and hypopluston (submerged vs not submerged)
what are plankton
organisms living in water column that generally cannot swim well
what are the types of plankton
plankton, zooplankton, phytoplankton
what are nekton
area where animals swim well (generally fish)
what are benthic organisms
organisms that live on the bottom
what is autochthonous
anything originating from a water system
what is allochthanous
anything in a water system that did not originate there (ex. leaves, sticks)
what is the difference between a lake and a pond
pond is all littoral zone, lake has a profundal zone
what are some differences between lakes and streams
streams have far more disturbances, DOM is a more important energy source in streams, streams are not a discrete habitat
how can you classify a stream
stream order or link magnitude
what is the hierarchial system of streams
stream->segment->reach->pool/riffle->microhabitats
in a 3D stream channel, what is A
x-sectional area
in a 3D stream channel what is P
wedded perimeter
in a 3D stream channel what is A/P
hydraulic radius
in a 3D stream channel what is W/D
stream stability
a high W/D is ____
a low W/D is _____
unstable, stable
what are some differences between a mountain and a lowland stream segment
mountain: sensitive to rainfall, flow and sediment influenced by hillslope movement, downcutting channel, limited sediment
lowland: only water and sediment interacting, channel cuts laterally, transport limited for sediment
how can water enter a stream channel
precipitation, groundwater, deep groundwater, overland flow
what is discharge (Q)
volume of water passing a point at a given time
what are the units of discharge (Q)
m^3/s
how do you measure discharge
v-notch weir for a small stream, or lower a meter to get average velocity then get the area of that section
what is the formula for discharge
area*velocity=discharge
what does a hydrograph show
how discharge changes over time
what are the axes for a hydrograph
x is time, y is q
when will discharge be highest
spring
when will discharge be lowest
fall
where is average velocity of a stream taken
at 60% of the depth
what is velocity of a stream a function of
slope, depth, bed roughness
what is turbulence
water molecules going everywhere
what is laminar
water molecules flowing straight
how do you calculate turbulence
movement/stickiness=turbulence
a reynolds number of ___ is turbulent water
a reynolds number of ___ is laminar water
2000
500
for what type of bulk flow is it best to be streamlined
when turbulent (reduces drag)
for what type of bulk flow is it best to be round
when laminar
how do you measure the amount of white water
froude number (measures amount of water pulling up)
what do you calculate froude number
energy of water/force of gravity
fr# >1=
=1=
<1=
> 1 supercritical (whitewater)
=1 critical
<1 subcritical
what are channel units determined by
slope of bed, W/D, turbulence
what characteristics define a cascade
white water, stair step, large sediment
what is nutrient cycling like in lakes
closed system, cycle between water column and sediment
what is nutrient cycling like in streams
nutrient spiraling
is a long or a short spiral more productive in nutrient cycling of a stream
short spiral more productive
what are the heterotrophic energy sources
LWD, CPOM, FPOM, DOM
what is the size of LWD
more than 10cm in diameter
what is the size of CPOM
10cm-1mm
what is the size of FPOM
1mm-0.5mm
what is the size of DOM
smaller than 0.5mm
which of the energy sources are mostly used by inverts
LWD, CPOM, FPOM
which of the energy sources are mostly used by bacteria
DOM
why is large woody debris so important to streams
creates different habitats and helps retain organic matter in streams
what is the riparian zone
band of vegetation along a stream bank and above the stream
what influences the riparian zone
light, OM, nutrients, bank stability
what is the difference between qualitative and quantitative
qual is whats in the habitat, quan is how much is in the habitat
whats one of the most important things to do in collecting sampes
replicate samples
what is semi quantitative
between qual and quan
common, rare, unknown
how do you calculate quantity
indv/m^2
how many replicates of a sample should you have
3-5
what are the types of replicative samples
random, systematic, stratified
what is systematic sampling
transects across a stream at regular space intervals
what is stratified sampling
divide habitat into microenvironmetns and do random sampling within
when do you do sampling of a stream
usually in spring if youre only doing it once a year or late summer if doing twice a year
What is a species
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
What is a population
A group of individuals of the same species at the same place and time
What is evolution
A change in the frequency of alleles for genes ina population over time
What’s an example of variation within a species
Webbed feet in blue footed boobies versus non-webbed feet
What is artificial selection
Phenotypic changes in a population by human influence
What is natural selection
A population changing on its own as a result of environmental stimuli
What is an example of evolution we have seen in our lifetimes
Pesticide resistance in insects preying on food crops
What is phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
What is systematics
Study of the diversity and relationships among species
What is taxonomy
Naming and classifying the diverse format of organisms
What is a paraphyletic clade
Group of ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants
What makes something a true group
If its monophyletic
What is a monophyletic clade
Consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
What is a polyphyletic group
Includes numerous types of organisms that lack a common ancestor
What are the three domains
Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
Where is the most genetic diversity
In bacteria and archaea
What is the common ancestor for all animals
A protist like organism
What is radial symmetry
More than two planes of symmetry
What is bilateral symmetry
Two planes of symmetry ex. Humans
What is the most primitive animal and why is it most primitive
Sponges (porfera) because they lack true tissues
What are some parasitic human diseases related to freshwater animals
Schistomiasis, river blindness, guinea worm disease
How do you get schistomiasis
Rice paddys
How do you get river blindness
Bites from a river q
How do you get guinea worm disease
Drinking water
What is noteworthy about bryophytes
Colonial and freshwater
What are the two Gastropoda types
Pulmonate- can breathe air and are good in polluted waters
Gill breathers which take in DO
Why are bivalves so helpful to biomonitoring in freshwater
They’re very sensitive to pollution
What are the young of bivalves like
Free swimming or can be parasites on fish
What does a lot of annelids tell you about a freshwater system
That it is highly polluted. If they’re the only thing you find, then the water is likely very polluted
Where can water bears be found (tardigrada)
Commonly found in mosses, lichens, leaf litter, and freshwater
What is found in the osteichthyes
Bony fishes
What are the deuterostomes
Vertebrates and echinoderms
What is a deuterosome
The type of embryonic development
What is the most species rich phylum
Arthropoda
What are the sacs of the amniotic egg
Shell, chorion, allantois, yolk sac, amnion
What are protozoa involved in
Microbial loop
describe the microbial loop
Waste products or corpses of producers and consumers become DOM (dissolved organic matter). DOM is consumed by bacteria. Bacteria are eaten by protists. Protists are eaten by primary consumers.
what kind of plankton is a rotifer
zooplankton
where in the water do rotifers live
benthic or in water column
what is unique about rotifers
fixed number of cells that it grows and maintains
what kind of life cycle do rotifers have
parthenogenic
what is a parthenogenic life cycle
asexual and most members are female, can do sexual with males but very uncommon
why do copepods move vertically in the water column at night (vertical migration)
to avoid visual predation during the day
what kind of reproduction do copepods have
sexual reproduction
what kinds of crustaceans are copepods
micricrustaceans
what is a juvenile copepod called
nauplii
what kind of copepod is planktonic
calanoid
what kind of copepod is benthic
cyclopoid and harpacticoid
where are water fleas found
temperate areas
what predaceous response do water fleas have (cladosterans)
form helmets
what is helmet formation in cladosterans
cyclomorphosis
what is another organism that shows cyclomorphosis
rotifers and water fleas
what is leptodora
a cladosteran (water flea) that is a predator lacking a carapace
what is a distinctive feature of cladosterans
large carapace covering most of body
how do cladosterans hold their eggs
in a brood pouch
cladosterans use ephipium, what is ephipium
holds zygotes in sediment until conditions are met
what is cyclomorphosis
change in body shape in response to predation
what is seasonal abundance of phytoplankton in response to
turnover
what is seasonal abundance in zooplankton a response to
food and predation
what kind of plankton can be used to monitor lakes
zooplankton
what are the two divisions of aquatic bugs we look at
exopterygota, endoterygota
what are the exoterygota
external wing development
what are the endoterygota
internal wing development
what orders are in the exoterygota
ephemeroptera, plecoptera, othoptera, hemiptera
what orders are in the endoterygota
megaloptera, trichoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, coleoptera, hymenoptera
what is chitin made of
carbohydrate mixed with nitrogen
what percent of insect species on earth are freshwater
3%
why are there few marine insects
osmoregulation isses, still tied to terrestrial, niches already taken without successful competition
are insects more abundant in lakes or streams
streams (more DO)
what is a huge difference between exoterygota and endoterygota
internal vs external wing development, exo doesnt have larvae
what kind of life cycle do exoterygota have
paurometabolous (instars look like adults)
what kind of life cycle do endoterygota have
holometabolous (larvae dont look like adults)
what is the biggest order of insects
coleoptera (beetles)
what is voltanism
number of generations of an organism per year
what is an organism that yields one generation per year
univoltine
what is an organism that yields two generations per year
semivoltine
what are 4 factors that affect life cycles
daylength and temp cues
time emergence and DO conditions
resting stages (diapause)
extended emergence periods
what orders have slow seasonal life cycles
ephemeroptera, plecoptera, trichoptera
what is a slow seasonal life cycle
eggs hatch amd the nymphs grow slowly over and extended period
what is a fast seasonal life cycle
diapause, then complete life cycle in a short period of time
what is a non seasonal life cycle
several stages present in all seasons
when are non season life cycles common
when life cycle is greater than 1 year
if a life cycle is greater than 1 year, what is generally seen
overlapping generations
did aquatic or land insects come first
land came first, then secondarily adapted to aquatic environment
describe osmoreulation in freshwater insects
water comes in by passive diffusion, dilute urine to remove water, take up ions lost from urine
what are the ways to take up extra ions that were lost in urine
chloride cells (epithelium or gills), papillae, food
what are some primitive insects
mayflies and dragonflies
what are the types of breathers
atmospheric, plank breathers, temp air store, permanent air store, tracheal gills, cutaneous, spiracle gills, hemoglobin
what is atmospheric breathing
tube to breathe with extends to surface
what are plant breathers
DO from aquatic plants
what is temp air store breathing
bring a bubble down from surface, acts as a gill for gas exchance, depleatable physical gill
what is a permenant air store
plastron, think layer of gas next to body wall held by hydrophobic hairs act as a physical gill, doesnt get depleated, forms when mating
what are tracheal gills
thin layers of body wall branches to water (part of closed tracheal system)
what is cutaneous respiration
DO across body wall
what are spircle gills
plastron that functions in air and water, most common in pupal stages
how does hemoglobin respiration work
respiratory pigments, chironomids that are bright red
what is the bean structure found on phantom midges
concentrated tracheal system
what pattern do insects walk in
triangles (if they have 6 legs)
what are the habitat types
skaters, planktonic, divers, swimmers, clingers, sprawlers, climbers, burrowers
describe that habitat of the skaters
scavengers of organisms trapped on surface film
describe that habitat of the planktonic
inhabit open water limnetic zone of standing water, exhibity vertical migration
describe that habitat of the divers
rowing with hind legs, come to surface for oxygen, dive when feeding or alarmed
describe that habitat of the swimmers
fishlike swimming, cling to submerged objects
describe that habitat of the clingers
attach to surfaces in stream and wave swept rocky littoral zones
describe that habitat of the sprawlers
float on substrates like leaves to maintain respiration free of silt
describe that habitat of the climbers
live on vascular hydrophytes or debris and move vertically on stem like surfaces
describe that habitat of the burrowers
inhabit fine sediments
whats the formal name of phantom midges
chaoboridae
what are some adaptations for current maintenance
flattening of body surface, streamlining, reduction of projecting structures, suckers, friction pads and marginal contact with substrate, hooks and grapples, small size, silky and sticky secretions, ballast, attachment claws and dorsal processes
how does flattening body surface help maintain in current
allows to crawl through closely compacted substrate and reduces resistance to fluids
how does streamlining help maintain in current
fusiform body offers least resistance to fluids
how does reduction of projecting structures help maintain in current
projecting structures increase water resistance
how do suckers help maintain in current
provide attachment to smooth surfaces
how do friction pads and marginal contact with substrate help maintain in current
close contact with substrate increase frictional resistance and reduces changes of being dislodges by current
how do hooks and grapples help maintain in current
attachment to rough areas of substrate
how does small size help maintain in current
small sizes permit utilization of the slow current boundary layer on top of stone
how do silky and sticky secretions help maintain in current
allows attachment to stones in swift current
how do ballast help maintain in current
incorporation of large stones in cases make the insects heavier and less easily swept away
how does attachment claws and dorsal processes help maintain in attachment
stout claws aid in attachment and fixation to plants
what is drift
temporary downstream movement of benthic animals in water column
what are the two types of drift
active or passive drift
what is constant drift
background drift, small number of individuals being transported continuously
what is catastrophe drift
flood events or insecticides cause a large number of individuals to drift
what is behavioral drift
intentional drift of individuals
how much of the population is drifting at one point in time
2-3%
why does drifting occur
overpopulation, decreased food, benthic predation
why do insects like cold water more
more DO
what is a degree day
how much heat accumulates over a certain period of time
what is 100 degree days
10 degrees above threshhold for 10 days
what is the difference between diapause, hibernation, and estivation
only diapause is genetically programmed
what is hibernation for
cold period resting stage
what is estivation
hot period resting stage
what is the particle size order from largest to smallest
boulder, cobble, pebble, gravel, sand, silt, clay
what is the size of a boulder
250mm
what is the size of cobble
64-250mm
what is the size of pebble
16-64mm
what is the size of gravel
2-16mm
what is the size of sand
0.6-22mm
what is the size of silt
0.004-0.06mm
what is the size of clay
less than 0.004mm
what organisms can exist in silt and clay
midges, worms, chironomids, sprawlers with hairs
what is the hyporheic zone
habitat within the substrate of a stream bounded by sediment-water interface and groundwater zone (living in substrate below sediment)
what is hyporheos
regular stream fauna that use the shallow zone as a refuge (chironomids)
what do animals in permanent hyporheos have as far as adaptations
small, long, skinner, hard covering
what are the organic substrates
wood, macrophytes, moss specialists, tuft weaver midges, leaves
what are functional feeding groups
species groups based on the source and size of organic matter they eat
what are the morphological things for functional feeding groups
type of mouth parts and feeding behavior
what is a guild
grouping organisms based on a common characteristics
what are the functional feeding groups
shredder, shredder/gouger, suspension feeder/filterer-collector, deposit feeder/collector-gatherer, grazer, predator
what is the food source for shredders
non-woody CPOM
what is the food source for shredder/gouger
woody CPOM
what is the food source for suspension feeder/filterer-collector
FPOM with setae
whats food source for deposit feeder/collector gatherer
FPOM collect surface deposits
what is the food source for grazers
periphyton and macrophytes
whats food source for predators
animals
how are leaves working
carbon and is colonized by microbes and the microbes are the nutrition
how do you measure leaf pack amount eaten
log of graph shows slope and the more utilized leaf material for energy
what is the river continum concept
headwater has shredder and predator
midorder has grazers and predators
river has collectors predators and plankton
what are the 5 criticisms of RCC
temperate streams with forested headways
dams and tributaries can reset the continum
local affects from channel units
geographic and evolutionary effects
human influences in large rivers
what is biomass
mass of living tissue of organism in a given area (g/m^2)
what is productivity
rate at which biomass accumulates (g/m^2/y)
what is secondary production
total elaboration of new body tissue in a group of animals during a period of time
what is the difference between primary and secondary productivity
primary is plants and algae, secondary is animals
describe the process of secondary production
food to ingestion to assimilation to growth or tissue development
what happens if energy is not assimilated
goes towards respiration or secretion
why is the cohort method used instead of secondary production in streams
secondary production is not realistic enough
what is the site frequency method
sample whole community with number of individuals in different size classes
what is a cohort
group of individuals born at the same time
when is the site frequency method used
for voltanism
how do you calculate turnover time
productivity/biomass
what is turnover
number of times biomass replaces itself in a given period of time
what is the average productivity
less than 20g/m^2/year
what is allens paradox
productivity of fish is higher than productivity of macroinverts (violates thermodynamics)
what does AFDM stand for
ash free dry mass
what are the 4 methods of fish sampling
poisons and anaesthetics, nets, trapping and maze gear, electrofishing
what are 4 poisons/anaesthetics that can be used for fish sampling
rotenone, MS-222, CO2, clove oil
why is rotenone good to use for fish sampling
not toxic to mammals
how does rotenone work
vasoconstrictor
why is it bad to use rotenone
kills fish and macroinverts
why is MS-222 used as a poison for fish
same concept as rotenone where it kills fish
why would you use CO2 in fish sampling
sedates fish not killing them (commonly used in hatcheries)
why would you use clove oil in fish sampling
can be used to sedate fish leaving them alive
what are the two major types of nets used in fish sampling
entanglement or empoundment
how do entangement nets work
fish get stuck in the net, then retrieved
whats another name for an entanglement net
gill net
how do empoundment nets work
surround fish then pull them in to shore
whats another name for an empoundment net
sein
what are the two types of empoundment nets that we talked about
beach sein or haul sein
what is the square size of a net
size of the opening for the fish
what is the stretch size of a net
length of the opening when stretched
what is a trammel net
entangement net with layers of mesh to reduce selectivity
what is a beach sein
empoundment net used near shore, trap fish then drag to shore
what is a haul sein
empoundment net used in shallow bodies of water with smooth bottoms
how do trapping and maze gear work for fish sampling
fish are directed into a net and unable to get out
how does electrofishing work for fish sampling
electric current to attract and stun fish
what is voltage
size of the electric field
what are amps
strength of the electric field
what is DC
direct current, electrons to positive
what is AC
alternating current, electrons moving between positive and negative
is DC or AC more damaging to fish
AC is more damaging than DC
what is a cathode
negative electrode
what is an anode
positive electrode
what kind of wave is AC like
cyclic like a sine wave
what is pulsed DC
current all in one direction or zero (square wave)
what is duty cycle
% of time current is on during a cycle
why is electrofishing frowned upon
fish can be injured due to mechanical tissue damage
what are the responses for fish to electrofishing
(far to near) fright, electrotaxis, narcosis, pseudoforced swimming, tetany
what happens to fish in low AC
fish lines up permendicular to flux line
what happens to fish in high AC
muscle contraction and tetany
what happens to fish in low DC
fish moves toward anode
what happens to fish in high DC
narcosis
what is narcosis
muscle relaxation and loss of equilibrium
what are common injuries to fish from electrofishing
hemorrhages or bruising of soft tissue
is pulsed DC more likely to hurt fish, or continuous DC
pulsed DC is more harmful to fish
what is the most common type of electrofishing
pulsed DC
what is the duty cycle for pulsed DC
25-50%
what is the frequency of pulsed DC
50-60Hz
what is the casing on the electrode called and whats it made of
Booms are often retractable and made of wood or fiberglass
all metal in electrofishing must be attached to what and why
the hull to avoid shocking
what are the electrode designs
round, clyinder, or wisconsin ring
what is the basic set up of a backpack shocking unit
pack frame, ring anode on fiberglass pole, on/off switch, cathode tail trailing behind
what three factors can affect efficiency of electrofishing
biological (species), environmental (day vs night), technical (AC vs DC)
how does biological factors change efficiency of electrofishing
larger fish are more susceptible to electrofishing because bigger overall voltage drop from head to tail
what are the two common methods of estimating population size for fish
catch per unit effort, mark/recapture methods
why does catch per unit effort work for estimating population size of fish
if same effort put in,. number of fish caught will decrease and with graphing it you can get a guess of total population size
what are the axis of catch per unit effort
x=sample size
y=cumulative catch
how does mark/recapture methods work for estimating fish population size
catch fish, mark, relase, recapture, graph number markd versus number not marked
what is the method name for degrees of freedom in mark/recapture
lincoln peterson method
what are the 4 assumptions of the mark/recapture method
marks are permanent, marked fish are not affected by the mark, marked individuals mix randomly in population, population is closed with no birth death or migration
how do you preserve fish
fix in formalin then switch to 70% alcohol or 45% isopropanol
how do you preserve large fish
open gut to allow preservatives to go through full fish
when is the term fish used in plural
abundant numbers of fish (many fish in ocean)
when is the term fishes used
number of species (fishes of pennsylvania)
what are the most primitive vertebrates
fish
what percentage of fish are freshwater
41%
what is the total length of a fish
snout to end of tail
what is standard length of fish
snout to peduncle
what is the fork length of fish
snout to forked center of tail
what is the main type of fish we are looking at
teleost fish
what is the tail morphology of teleost fish
symmetrical tail
what are some features that make teleost fish so successful
flexible lips, expandable throat, swim bladder, large eyes
what type of rays do fish with adipose fins posses
soft rayed fish often have adipose fins
what are the 9 types of fish body shape
rover, surface, lie in wait, bottom rover, bottom clinger, bottom hider, flatfish, deep bodied, eel-like
what do rover predator fish look like
streamline, pointed head, narrow caudal peduncle, forked tail, fast swimmer, large eyes, mouth not subterminal
what are some examples of rover predator fish
swordfish, trout, salmon, minnows
what do surface oriented fish look like
small, upward pointing mouth, flat head, large eyes
what are some examples of surface oriented fish
mosquito fish, guppies, killifish
what do lie in wait predatory fish look like
torpedo shaped body, piciverous, flat head, lots of teeth
what is an example of a lie in wait predatory fish
pike
what are the four kinds of bottom fish
bottom rovers, bottom clingers, bottom hiders, flatfish
what do bottom rover fish look like
strongly flattened dorsoventrally, subterminal mouth, small eyes, many have barbels, fleshy lips
what is an example of a bottom rover fish
catfish
what do bottom clingers look like
large pelvic fins, large flat heads, large pectoral fins
what is an example of a bottom clinger fish
sculpins
what do bottom hiders look like
large pectoral fins, small fish, hide under rocks, small heads, elongate bodies
whats an example of a bottom hider
blenny
what do flatfish look like
flat with two eyes on one side of body
whats an example of a flatfish
flounders
what do deep bodied fish look like
flattened laterally, body depth greater than 1/3 body length, fine maneuvering skills, slow moving, large eyes, small mouth
whats an example of a deep bodied fish
sunfish
what do eel like fish look like
long narrow body, blunt head, embedded scales or lacking scales, smooth and slippery
whats an example of an eel like fish
moray eel
what are the four types of scales
ganoid, ctenoid, cycloid, placoid
what type of scales are ctenoid and cycloid
elasmoid scales or bony ridge scales
what kinds of fish have ganoid scales
gars, bowfin, paddlefish
what kind of fish have cycloid scales
soft rayed fishes (trout, eel, minnow)
what kind of fish have ctenoid scales
spiny rayed fishes (perch, sunfish)
what kind of fish have placoid scales
sharks
what is the most primitive type of scale
placoid
how can you age a fish using its scales
by counting the annual rings (annuli)
what are placoid scales analogous to
teeth (have dentin, pulp, and enamel)
what is unique about ganoid scales
theyre not embedded in tissue, theyre sitting on tissue surface
when would you want fewer large scales
for high protection
when would you want lots of small scales
when living in fast water
what are the 7 types of colouration we talked about
cryptic, silvery, counter shading, disruptive, eye ornamentation, poster, red
what is cryptic colouration
fish tries to match the background (ex. camo)
what kinds of fishes use cryptic colouration
benthic fishes
what is silvery colouration
scales are a silver colour or they are mirror like
what is counter shading colouration
dark on back and white on belly, when you look down harder to see fish then when you look up harder to see fish
whats an example of a fish that uses counter shading
sharks
what is disruptive colouration
use bars or bands to break up the colouration
why would disruptive colouration be helpful for a fish
helps blend into macrophyte beds
what is eye ornamentation colouration
black bar through the eyes and an eyespot by the tail
why is eye ornamentation colouration useful for a fish
better to have tail bitten than head
what is red colouration
its hard to see red underwater so you can only see red fish if theyre close up
what are the little bumps sometimes seen on the head of creek chubs
breeding tubercles (indication for breeding)
what kind of vision do fish generally have
monocular vision since eyes on side of head
where are the blind spots on fish
directly in front and almost directly behind them
where do fish have binocular vision
directly in front of them
what essentially is the sense of smell and taste for fish
chemical cue detection
where are taste buds found on fish
tongue and barbels if they have them
how do fish hear
with their lateral line organ (inner ear) or with their gas bladder
how much faster do sound waves move in water versus air
sound waves move 3x faster in water than in air
what are sound waves
compression waves
what helps with hearing in fish
otolith (earstone)
how does the otolith help with hearing
otolith vibrates with soundwaves
how can an otolith be used to age a fish
otolith gets growth rings
what is the anatomical name for the lateral line
acoustico lateralis
what does the lateral line of fish do
detects turbulence or pressure waves in water
what things are possible for fish because of their lateral line
swimming in the dark, schooling behaviour, orientation
how can the lateral line detect pressure differences
neuromast movement. cupula of the neuromast bends and sends signals to brain
what is morphologically different about the neuromasts of fish in fast versus slow moving water
in fast moving water, neuromast is more embedded, in quiet water the neuromast is more exposed
why is the fish mouth considered complicated
because it pumps water from the mouth through the gills
what are the three parts to fish gills
gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments
where are teeth found in fish
where you would expect by the lips and can also have throat teeth (pharyngeal teeth) that look like human molars and are creepy AF
what does the length of the digestive tract depend on
the diet (carnivores have short digestive tracts, herbivores have long digestive tracts)
how many chambers do fish hearts have
4
how do fish get DO
most fish rely entirely on gills for DO
fish in high O2 have ___ affinity hemoglobin
low
what kind of flow does fish blood have with water
countercurrent
where is DO taken in on the gills of fish
on the gill lamellae
what fish organ can detect electrical fields
lateral line (only in some fish)
what sense is the forebrain used for
smell
what sense is the mid brain used for
vision and learning
what sense if the hind brain used for
coordination
what comprises the nervous system
brain and spinal cord
why is the fish skeleton complex
many bones
how many bones can be found in the fish head
40-60
why is the spine of fish not very dense
because of its buoyancy need in water
what are the two types of bones in a fish
skeletal and appendicular
how much of a fishes mass is muscle
70%
what are the biggest muscles in a fish
trunk muscles
what is the banding arrangement of fish trunk muscles
myotomes or myomeres (zig zag shaped)
what kind of undulation do fish have while swimming
s shaped or a sine wave
what are some other modes of movement for fish besides undulation
many can rely on pectoral fins or tail fins for movement
what is a startle response
fish moves in a c shape not s shape because of a stimulus. all muscles on one side of body contract and can have a fast thrust forward
what is the point of the muscle arrangement (myomeres)
allows fish to move in any direction
does red or white muscle have faster ATPase rate
white is faster
does red or white muscle have faster calcium ion cycling
white is faster
does red or white muscle have more mitochondria
red has more
does red or white muscle have more capillaries
red has more
does red or white muscle have more aerobic enzymes
red has more
does red or white muscle have more anaerobic enzymes
white has more
does red or white muscle have more myoglobin
red has more
does red or white muscle have more glycogen
white has more
does red or white muscle have a higher resistance to fatigue
red has less fatigue
what is the primary function of red muscle
endurance
what is the primary function of white muscle
bursts
what are the two types of fertilization
internal or external
what modification to males is necessary for internal fertilization
pelvic claspers
what kind of fertilization often has live births
internal fertilization
what kind of fertilization is most common among fish
external fertilization
what are the 4 types of external fertilization
scatterers, brood hiders, guarders, mouth brooders
what is a scatterer fish
embryos have no parental care
what is an example of a scatterer fish
suckers and minnows
what is a brood hider fish
no parental care but embryos are hidden
what is an example of a brood hider fish
salmon
what is a guarder fish
parental care that is mostly male and gets territorial
what is an example of a guarder fish
bluegill, sunfish, sculpins, catfish
what is a mouth brooder fish
carry fertilizaed eggs in mouth
what is an example of a mouth brooding fish
seahorses
which of the external fertilization types gets heavily into sexual selection
guarder fish
what is a salmon nest called
a redd
what nitrogenous waste do fish have
ammonia
what is the function of a swim bladder
in part hearing, mostly for buoyancy
what are the two types of swim bladders
physotomous and physoclist
what is a physotomous swim bladder
gulping air connected to stomach
what are some fish with a physotomous swim bladder
trout, salmon, pike, herrings
what are some fish with a physoclist swim bladder
sunfish
what is a physoclist swim bladder
dissolved gas from the blood into bladder with no connection to stomach
what prevents gas from coming out of physoclist swim bladder
counter current
what are the ways to maintain buoyancy
swim bladder, low density oils, fins generating lift
what is the tail shape of most freshwater fish
homocercal
when fish use anaerobic what is produced
lactic acid
what is the function of lactic acid in fish
lowers pH and Hb unloads O2 more easily (root and bohr effect)
what is salting out
increase solute concentration making gasses less soluble (N and O)
what is the function of the oval window
removes gas from swim bladder (physoclist)
how many times has the physoclist swim bladder evolved independently
4 separate times
what are chromatophores
pigment containing or light refracting cells
what are the 4 types of communication in fish
visual, sound, chemical, electrical
how does visual communication work
colour patterns or colour displays
what are the types of colour in fish
physical colour (irridaphores), or pigments (chromatophores)
how do irridaphores show colour
though the refraction of light off scales
how do chromatophores show colour
can change abundance of colour making them appear dark or light
what kinds of sounds can be used for communication
rubbing of bones and vibration of swim bladder
what kinds of chemical signals can be used for communication
pheromones for mating or fear scents
how can electrical signals be used for communication
lateral line can detect electrical fields in some fish
what are the 4 behaviours in fish
aggression, feeding, resting, schooling
how can aggression be shown
modified swimming, gill flares, colour pattern changes
what theory comes into play on feeding behaviour
optimal foraging theory
what is the optimal foraging theory
with less food, less picky. with more food more picky
what is resting behaviour
neutral buoyancy
what is schooling behaviour
in groups equally distant from each other to reduce predation risk, increased reproductive success
how does schooling behaviour reduce predation
confusion, dilution of predator detection
what are the coldwater fish
less than 21C
what are the cool water fish
18-21C
what are the warmwater fish
21-30C
what is acclimation
changes in organisms physiology and tolerances that appear after exposure to different levels of an environmental factor
how can you prove acclimation to temperature
histological tissue samples of muscle fibers
how does light affect fish
either move towards or away (positive or negative phototaxis)
when do fish generally feed in the day
at dusk and at dawn
why do fish have lateral migration
to feed or avoid migration
what are some ecological factors for fish
temperature, light, substrate, cover
what is substrate
spawning and reproduction grounds
why is substrate so important for salmon
gravel must be porous enough that water can circulate so eggs can get DO because eggs are buried in the redd
what is cover
a protected place where fish can rest, hide, or feed (visual isolation)
what are examples of cover
large rocks, deep pools, undercut banks, aquatic plant beds, overhanging vegetation, root wads, large woody debris
what are the assessments for EPA physical habitat
cover, embeddedness, velocity, sediment deposition, flow, channel alteration, channel sinuosity, bank stability, riparian vegetation production, width of riparian zone
what is an instream flow model
determine for each species the discharge that maximizes their habitat
where will you have the most DO
cold fast moving water
why does fast moving water have more DO
because it has a thinner boundary layer so more oxygen can diffuse in
what are 4 situations where you would have low DO
headwater areas with high groundwater input, high input of OM, eutrophication, hypolimnion release below dams
what is the salinity limit for FW fish and inverts
3-5ppt
what is stenohaline
narrow salt tolerance
what is euhaline
wide salt tolerance
what halinity are most fish
stenohaline
why is irrigation return water dangerous for fish
water lays in a bed so much is evaporated leaving high levels of salt to go back into water
why is fracking dangerous for fish
water from fracking is 5x saltier than ocean
what does road salt runoff cause in many water systems
long term increase in baseline concentration for chloride in water system
what is hydrofracking
inject 3-9 million gallons water into deep wells to break up shale and make pathways for natural gas to escape
how does hydrofracking pollute water
90% water, 9% sand, 1% chemicals and this wastewater cannot be sent to sewage treatment plants instead its shipped to special treatment
what other major issues has deep well injections caused in fracking
has caused minor earthquakes in places like youngstown ohio (never had earthquakes prior)
why is pH important to fish
hydrogen ions interfere with ion regulation across fish gills
what is alkalinity
ability to buffer acids which often depends on the bedrock geology
what happens to fish when pH is too low (acidic)
fish suffocate
are metals soluble at high or low pH
low pH
how does aluminum affect fish
reduces ion exchange across gills causing a salt depletion. also increases mucus production causing gills to clog
where does dry deposition and acid rain occur
downwind of source of ion
what ions cause dry deposition and acid rain
SO4 and NOx
when you have an acidic water body (3.5) what will you find
pretty much only water boatmen
what was the function of the clean air act
reduced sulfates
what is acid mine drainage
makes sulfuric acid and dissolved minerals and acid waters
what is diadromous
travel between sea and freshwaer
what is catadromous
go to sea to breed
what is anadadromous
go to freshwater to breed
what is amphydromy
moving between sea and FW for purposes other than breeding (ex. feeding)
is catadromous or anadadromous more common
anadadromous more common
what is an example of catadromous
eels
what is an example of anadadromous
salmon, shad
what is the food source for phytoplankton
nutrients (N and P)
what is the food source for zooplankton
edible phytoplankton
what is the food source for vertebrate planktivores
large herb zooplankton
what is the food source for invert planktivores
small herb zooplankton
what is the food source for piscivores
vertebrate planktivores
what are the 3 reasons for anadadromous life cycle
more food at sea, reduced predation on juveniles, reduced competition between adults and juveniles
describe the life cycle of salmon
egg in FW, eyed egg in FW, alevin FW, fry in FW, parr in FW, smolt FW->SW, adult SW, spawning SW->FW
how long are juvelive salmon in FW
from alevin to parr is 1-3 years
how long do adult salmon stay in SW before breeding
2 years
what reduces the number of shad and herring
damns and pollution
when do fish generally spawn
spring
why are shad and herring unique from salmon
they migrate for spawning and for feeding (spring and summer migration)
how long does it take shad and herring to mature and migrate
3-6 years
why are atlantic salmon and steelhead, cutthroat, and shad different from pacific salmon
they can migrate and spawn many times, pacific can migrate and spawn once then they die
where do coho salmon spawn
small streams
where do chinook salmon spawn
large rivers
where do chum and pink salmon spawn
short way up estuary
where do sockeye salmon spawn
streams, then young migrate to lake to feed
what are landlocked atlantic sockeye salmon
kokanee
how do salmon know where to go to find their stream of origin
phototaxis and chemotaxis
what are the taxis types
phototaxis, electromagnetotaxis, rheotaxis, chemotaxis
what is phototaxis
orient to sun
what is electromagnetotaxis
earths magnetic field orientation
what is rheotaxis
orient to a current
what is chemotaxis
olfactory cues for a specific drainage
what is an example of migration within freshwater
live in lakes then spawn in streams (brown trout)
where do fish in large rivers often spawn
in flood plain when the water is high (usually spring)
upstream as the water is rising (minnows/catfish)
where do lake fish spawn
migrate to shallow areas (sunfish, crappies, carp)
where do fish over winter
deep water or lakes
what are examples of mutualism
schooling or cleaning
what is commensalism
+ 0
what is amensalism
- 0
what is mutualism
both benefit
what is competition
interaction between individuals die to shared resource in limited supply leading to reduction in survival, growth, or reproduction
what is the difference between gill rakers in fish living in the same area
two species of alwifes can have different sized spaces between gill rakers for different food sources (small zooplankton vs large zooplankton)
what was the body morph study
with two morphs you get different niches, with one morph they all have same niche
what happened in great lakes with introduction o alwife
was food for adult walleye but it ate the food for juvenile walleye so they died off
what did the alwife in great likes study show
predation can affect diversity
what happened with the introduction of nile perch into lake victoria
saw the extinction of many species of sickets, was an ecological disaster, but it did bring in economic success
what was the swedish study on carp
when pike were present carp became more deep bodied, when pike not present the carp were less deep bodied
what is trophic cascade
if you affect the top predator, you affect everything below it
what study looked at trophic cascade
wisconsin study on tuesday lake and peter lake (introduction or removal of bass)
what is the mysid shrimp study in lake tahoe
introduced mysid shrimp and they ate all the zooplankton so the kokanee salmon decreased
what is the bottom up theory
affect soemthing at the bottom of the food chain and watch the entire chain get affected
what is the difference between bottom up and trophic cascade
trophic cascade is top down, bottom up is bottom up
what does the river continum concept show for fish in headwater
small fish, high DO, fish need gravel
what does the riuver continum concept show for fish in the river
small and big dish, some DO, planktivorous fish, increased diversity
what is the trout zone
steep gradient, fast flowing water, cool temperature
what is found in the trout zone
trout and salmon
what is the grayling zone
steep gradient, fast flowing water, warmer waters
what is found in the grayling zone
grayling, minnow, chub, dace
what is the barbel zone
moderate water flow and moderate temp, silt and gravel substrate
what is found in the barbel zone
barbel, roach, rudd, perch, pike, eel
what is the bream zone
lowland zone, slow moving water, variable temp
what is found in the bream zone
bream, tench, carp
are riffles and pools more common in coldwater streams or warmwater streams
coldwater
what is the temp of a warmwater stream
more than 23C in summer
are there more miles of warmwater streams of coldwater streams
more warmwater streams
what disease is common in coldwater streams
whirling disease
what kinds of fish can be found in warmwater streams
minnow, darters, sunfish, suckers, small catfish, madtoms
does east or west have more species in usa
east has more species
where are there refuges for ancient fish like gars and bowfins
east
where are there a lot of endemic species
west (watersheds are isolated from each other)
what is different about species in the west
theyre generally larger in size and longer lived (especially in desert SW)
how do so many species coexist in warm water streams of the east
diversification of habitat usage
is a lake or a stream more temporary
lake is more temporary than stream
what is notable about fish in lakes
theyre generally fish you find in deep pools or rivers, not made for a lake habitat
what are some fish that are more often found in lakes
sunfish, pike, suckers
what is the surface temp of a coldwater lake
less than 25C
are coldwater lakes usually eu or oligotrophic
oligotrophic
are warm water lakes usually eu or oligotrophic
mesoeutrophic
does cold water lake have high or low light
high light
does warm water lake have high or low light
more turbid (low light)
which temp of lake has higher diversity of fish
warm water has higher diversity of fish
what kinds of fish are found in coldwater lakes
trout, whitefish, northern pike, walleye, sculpins
what kinds of fish are found in warm water lakes
bass, sunfish, crappie, bullheads, yellow perch, minnows, darters
in which temp of water lake is there a bigger difference between epi and hypolimnion
warm water lake
what is a reservoir
a half way between a lake and a river
what are the general characteristics of a reservoir
warm water and more river like, temporary, heavily silt, large changes in water levels
why can many things not survive in a reservoir
because of drastic water level changes fish cannot spawn in shallow water
what are traits of successful reservoir fish
spawn in water column, spawn in deep water, spawn in tributaries, spawn quickly in flooded littoral zone
what is an example of a deep water spawner
catfish
what is an example of a water column spawner
shad and white bass
what is an example of a spring flood spawner
carp
what is an example of a feeder stream (tributary) spawner
suckers
what is a pond
all littoral zone (enough light for plant growth can reach the bottom)
how much variation is there between mountain pond and farm pond
a lot of variation
what happens to farm ponds generally when theyre stocked with bass, blue gill, inverts, and catfish
you get 3-5 years of good fishing then you get eutrophication
how can you combat eutrophication in farm ponds
barley straw or shade to try to control algal growth
what is biomonitoring
systematic use of biological responses to evaluate changes in environment
biomonitoring for water quality involves ____ and ____
surveillance and compliance
what is surveillance
surveys before and after a problem (looking at long term change)
what is compliance
make sure permit requirements are met
what is a stressor
something that physically stresses an organism
where was the first biomonitoring done
europe in 1900’s using chironomids
when and where was saprobian system developed
europe 1900’s
when was biomonitoring first done in usa
Philadelphia 1940’s by Ruth Patrick
what is a point source pollutant
something that comes out of a pipe into a water system
what is a non point source pollutant
comes from anything else (ex. runoff)
what are the advantages to using macroinvertebrates in biomonitoring
ubiquitous, many species, sedentary, long life cycle, convenient size, position in food chain
what does it mean that macroinvertebrates are ubiquitous
they exist in many kinds of habitats
why does it matter that macroinverts are sedentary
good for spatial analysis
why does it matter that macroinverts have long life cycles
can integrate temporal changes
what is the position of macroinverts in the food chain
between algae/detritus and fish
what are some disadvantages to using macroinverts
dont respond to all env. inpacts, clumped distribution, distribution and abundance affected by more than env factors, drift, can be hard to ID, can be too few to make assessment in highly polluted areas
what are the 4 classes of the saprobian system based on sewage input
oligosaprobic, beta-mesosaprobic, alpha-mesosaprobic, polysaprobic
what is oligosaprobic
clean water organisms trichoptera and plecoptera
what is beta-mesosaprobic
abundant pollution tolerant organisms chironomids or tubifex
what is alpha-mesosaprobic
tolerant species chironomids, tubifex, asellus, erpobdella
what is polysaprobic
exclusively eristalis, tubifex, chrinonomids
why was the saprobian system not used in usa at first
different species, sewage not as big a problem, focused on chemical measurements
when was the clean water act
1985
what must each state do under the clean water act
monitor surface waters, define beneficial uses, anti-degredation
what is anti-degredation
cannot lower water quality below its defined use
what are the beneficial uses under the clean water act
all should be fishable and swimable
what is an indicator species
has a particular set of physical and chemical requirements
what are traits of a good indicator species
taxonomic soundness and easy to ID, cosmopolitan distribution, numerically abundant when found, narrow ecological tolerances, large body size, limited mobility, easy to keep in lab for experiments
what are the three considerations for a biomonitoring program
rational, implementation, performance
what is the rational for a biomonitoring program
should be based on ecological theory as a basis for how the water is doing
what is the implementation for a biomonitoring program
what is the cost and time involved in the program
what is the performance of a biomonitoring program
how well does the program work, and is it reliable
what are the three types of studies
field, lab, bioassay
what is a bioassay
use of living organism to test effects of a sybstance (often in toxicology)
what is taxonomic soundness
dont pick something hard to identify
what does cosmopolitan mean
occurs in many areas
what are the individual measurable responses for an organism
biochemical indicators, physiological indicators, morphological deformities, behavioral responses, life history responses
what is a biochemical indicator
measure concentration difference of a specific molecule in an organism
what are the problems with using biochemical indicators
need to know the normal condition, whats the range of variation
what are some examples of biochemical indicators in organisms
energy metabolism, enzyme activity, dna rna protein content, ion regulation, fatty acid content and type
what is an example of energy metabolism
ATP to ADP ratio
what is an example of enzyme activity
neurotransmitters, cellulase, heavy metal enzymes
what two physiological factors can be used for physiological indicators
respiration rate or growth
what is the growth formula
food consumes-energy lost as feces-energy lost from respiration=growth
what is another name for morphological deformities
fluctuating asymmetry
what is an example of morphological deformities
head capsules in chironomids
whats the problem with using morphological deformities
hard to quantify–look at number deformed but also severity of deformity (how deformed is deformed)
what is the most sensitive response of an organism to a stressor
behavioral response
what are problems wih using behavioral responses
what is natural behavior, what is the range of variability, hard to quantify
what behaviors can be measured for behavioral responses
feeding, respiration, predator avoidance, drift behavior
what are life history responses
events associated with the life cycle of the organism (under stress its life cycle can change)
what are some examples of life history responses
number offspring, size of instars, mortality rate
what is a sentinel organism
macroinvertebrates are used to accumulate pollutants in their tissues from the surrounding environment and/.or food
what are sentinel organisms used for
as sampling devices for pollutants
how do you measure pollutants in sentinel organisms
measure pollutants in body tissue
what are the two ways to use sentinel organisms
can collect then measure, or can grow clean in lab then put out and recollect
why are sentinel organisms good to use instead of water chemistry for example
concentration of pollutant in organism will be higher than in the environment
what is biomagnification
as you go up in the food chain, pollutant concentration increases
what kinds of compounds are subject to biomagnification
primarily for lipid soluble compounds not water soluble compounds
what is bioaccumulation
absorb compound from the environment and concentrate in the tissues
what is the difference between biomagnification and bioaccumulation
biomagnification accounts for changes in food chain, biomagnification gets pollutants directly from environment not from food source
how does mercury get into water
burn coal and it goes into atmosphere then into water, bacteria make methyl mercury that passes into other organisms
what are the two approaches to using sentinel organisms
survey or experimental
how do you survey sentinel organisms
go collect organisms from water bodies then see if they have accumulated things
what are good sentinel organisms for surveys or experimental
clams or crayfish
how do you use sentinel organisms in experimental
grow organism in lab then set free to accumulate thins then collect again and measure to see whats been accumulated
what does the graph look like when a sentinel organism is ideal
linear (x: tissue conc., y:env conc.)
what are PCB’s an example of
bioaccumulation through experimental
what did the PCB’s study show
dead caddisflies accumulated more metals, assume live caddisflies have a way to excrete those metals
what are the ways to use groups of species
diversity indices, similarity indices, biotic indices
what are the two things to consider when looking at species diversity
taxon richness, and evenness
what is taxon richness
number of different taxa
what is evenness
how equal the proportion of the different taxa
what is the only diversity index we looked at
shannon diversity index (H’)
with water pollution, diversity should go ____
down (but can go down for other reasons)
what is a similarity index
compare two sites based on how similar the communities are in terms of the kinds of species and how equally abundant they are
what is a similar model for similarity index
percent model affinity
what do we see in the percent model affinity
we expect x% to be this organism and so forth, get recovery as you go further down the stream
why will you get more recovery as you move further downstream
will be closer to model composition
what kind of index was used early on in europe
biotic index (saprobian)
in a biotic index, a value of 0 is ___ and a value of 10 is ___
0 is good, 10 is bad
what are 4 biotic indices
saprobian, EPT richness, Hilsenhoff, Becks
what is EPT richness
how many different kinds of ephemeroptera plecoptera and trichoptera then add then up
what is hilsenhodd biotic index (HBI)
weighted average by the tolerance values
a high HBI is ___ and a low HBI is ____
high HBI is good, low HBI is bad
how do you calculate HBI (Hillsenhoff)
abundance*tolerance/total
what exactly is a biotic index
uses a combination of several metrics
what must happens to the metrics before they can be used in a biotic index
they need to be standardized
what were biotic indices originally used for
fish, but now used for macroinvertebrates and algae
what biotic index focuses on taxa richness and composition
EPT
what biotic index focuses on tolerance
Hilsenhoff
what is becks biotic index
percent sensitive individuals (tolerqance value individuals 0-3, number sensitive indv/total)
what metrics are used for PA IBI
taxa richness, EPT, Becks, Hilsenhoff, Shannon, Percent sensitive indviduals
what are some things that can have their own indices
inorganic sediment, acidity, functional groups
in the PA IBI a high score is ___
good
what are some criticisms of biotic indices
not good for other pollutants, organisms can be stressed for other reasons
how do you pick an indicator species
historical distribution records, surveys, multivariage analyses
how do you find a reference site
historical distribution records, surveys, multivariate analyses
what makes biotic indices different from diversity and similarity indices
biotic is the only one that uses biological infomation about the species
how do you find tolerance weights
panel of experts, historical records, survey, multivariate analysis
whats the issue of using a panel to get tolerance weights
subjective, opinionated, not hard data
what are the three things within multivariate analysis
direct gradient analysis, ordination, weighted averaging
why is multivariate anaysis favoured for calculating tolerance weights
it uses hard data
what is direct gradient analysis
environmental variable youre using then for each taxon, plot its abundance (looking for a trend)
what is an example of direct gradient analysis
at this site the phosphorus was this much and the abundance was this much for the community
what is another name for ordination
indirect gradient analysis
what is ordination
statistical techniques that graph sites based on their similarities in species composition or based on similarities in occurance at sites
how can ordination tell you…anything
organizes sites based on how similar tey are, if theyre far apart then theyre different. if theyre close togerher then they are more similar
what is the most intuitive thing within multivariate analysis
weighted averaging
what is weighted averaging
assumes each taxon has an optimal condition for an environmental factor
how would you calculate weighted average
same as you would calculate QPA (similar to hilsenhoff index)
how do RIVPAC models work
find group reference site using ordination based on taxonomic composition, relate sites to non-stressor variables, determine probability each taxon will occur in each reference group, use non stressor varaible at new sites to predict abundances of each taxon, compare indices for actual to predicted communities
why are quantitative studies less common
something people at a university may do. need years to do, and money
what are the protocols of rapid bioassessment
number habitats reduced, replicates reduced, only identify small number like 100, sometimes only ID to family or order, results summarized into simple indices for nonscientists
what are some problems with rapid bioassessment
seasonal differences, timing of samples, geographic variability
why does timing of samples matter for rapid bioassessment
may take a while for the community to respond to an impact
why does geographic variability matter for rapid bioassessment
need biotic indicators for local area
what needs to happen in the future for biomonitoring
develop protocols for large rivers and lakes, need indices for different kinds of pollutants
what is bioassay
use of living organisms to test the effects of a substance
what is an issue with the clean water act
doesn’t define what biological integrity is
what is biological integrity (not definition)
more than species comp, includes genetics, genetic diversity, taxonomic distinctiveness, organic matter processing (primary or secondary)
what is the definition he gave us for biological condition/ecological integrity
a balanced, integrates, adaptive systems having a full range of ecosystem elements and processes
what is TALU
tiered aquatic life use
what is BCG
biological condition gradient
what is the purpose of BCG
provides framework for what a high integrity stream is to put into clean water act
what is class A/AA in TALU
as naturally occurs
what is class B in TALU
supports indigenous species, no detrimental change
what is class C in TALU
supports indigenous fish, maintain structure and function
what attributes are for taxonomic composition and tolerance
attributes I-V
what attributes are for non-native taxa
attribute VI
what attributes are for organism condition
attribute VII
what attributes are for ecosystem function
attribute VIII
what attributes are for physical-biotic interactions
attributes IX-X
how does PA look at change over time in streams
trend analysis
what does statewide surface water assessment program do (SSWAP)
assess all 83,000 miles of streams in PA and determine if impaired or not
what took over the SSWAP method in PA
ICE (instream comprehensive evaluation)
what are the wadeable flowing waters looked at by ICE
limestone streams, freestone riffle run streams, low gradient streams
why does ICE look at limestone streams
productive fisheries more vulnerable to degredation
why does ICE look at freestone riffle-run streams
more streams use our protocols with TALU’s
why does ICE look at low gradient streams
use net jabs because theyre deeper
what are the PA methods for collecting macroinverts
D frame net with 6 kicks from 100m riffle, 200 individuals IDed to genus (300 for limestone stream)
what are the methods in PA for macroinverts in low gradient streams
sample multiple habitats
what are the methods in PA for fish sampling
backpack or boat electrofish, multihabitat, size measurement, ID to species, look for anomalies
what tier are reference sites in PA
tier A
what metrics are in the PA IBI (T?)ALU
total taxa richness, EPT for taxa 0-4, Becks, shannon, hilsenhoff, % sensitive indv
what is the PA IBI for low gradient streams (no riffles)
total taxa richness, ept, becks, shannon, # caddisfly taxa, # mayfly taxa
what are some questions addressed by toxicity testing
what conc of a substance is toxic to an organism, what are biological effects of the material for different exposures, which organisms are most sensitive, what conditions change the toxicity, what is the ecological risk for using this toxicant
what are the three kind of toxicity tests
acute single species tests, chronic single species tests, multiple species tests
what is the duration of single species acute testing
48-96 hours
what is the duration of single species chronic testing
one generation, egg through early life, or egg to death
what is the duration of multispecies
days to weeks to months
what does LC50 stand for
lethal concentration for 50% indv
what does EC50 stand for
effective concentration to kill 50% indv.
what organismss should you use in toxicity testing
those lower in the food chain because theyre more sensitive
when looking at toxicity testing, what graph should you see
two lows and one high (X; conc toxicant (log) Y: tolerance)
what is LC50 or EC50
concentration that kills or affects 50% of the population within a defined period of time
how do you analyse LC50 or EC50 data
probit analysis
is a low LC50/EC50 toxic or is high more toxic
low is more toxic
what is probit analysis
turning a curve into a line
what is a probit
probability unit (% population responding as a function of standard deviation units from the mean)
what is a probit of 5
50%
what are some characteristics of an ideal bioassay organism
ecologically or economically important, somehow effects humans, biologically well studied, easy to grow in lab, sensitive and consistent response
what are the most commonly used bioassay organisms
daphnia, fathead minnow, amphipods
how many species do you need to tst with before you can register a new chemical
8
what test is best to use for looking at toxicity
multispecies is more realistic but less control and harder to replicate and more xpensive
what are the types of multispecies test
microcosms, mesocosms, natural env
what are acute single species tests good for
regulating discharge and ranking toxicity for a new compound
