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Freshwater > Freshwater Final > Flashcards

Freshwater Final Flashcards

1
Q

what is limnology

A

freshwater ecology

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2
Q

what is a stream ecologist

A

one who studies just streams

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3
Q

what is lentic

A

standing water habitat

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4
Q

what is an example of a lentic habitat

A

lakes, ponds, resevoirs

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5
Q

what is lotic

A

running water

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6
Q

what is an example of a lotic habitat

A

streams and rivers

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7
Q

what are the 4 important properties of water

A

cohesive, density, high specific heat, broad phase temp

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8
Q

what is the density of solid water

A

solid water is less dense than liquid water

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9
Q

why does it matter if water has a high specific heat

A

means water can hold a lot of heat

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10
Q

at what temperature is water most dense

A

4C

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11
Q

how much of the earths water is in the oceans

A

97.6

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12
Q

what is the residence time for water in ocean

A

2800 years

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13
Q

how much of the earths water is in glaciers

A

2.1

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14
Q

what is the residence time for water in glaciers

A

0-thousands of years

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15
Q

how much of the earths water is in lakes

A

0.01

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16
Q

what is the residence time of water in lakes

A

hundreds of years

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17
Q

how much of earths water is in groundwater

A

0.2

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18
Q

what is the residence time of water in groundwater

A

thousands of years

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19
Q

how much water is in rivers and streams

A

0.001

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20
Q

what is the residence time of water in rivers and streams

A

less than a year

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21
Q

what are glacial lakes

A

lakes caused by glacial processes

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22
Q

whats an example of a glacial lake

A

the great lakes

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23
Q

what are the 6 types of lakes

A

glacial, volcanic, oxbow, solution, man made, tectonic

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24
Q

what are the biggest lakes by volume

A

tectonic (siberia)

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25
Q

what is an oxbow lake

A

cut off from a river

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26
Q

what is a solution lake

A

earth above is removed to reveal groundwater and that becomes a lake

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27
Q

why do mixing cycles in lakes occur

A

because of temperature changes through the year

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28
Q

what are the two mixing cycles of a dimitic lake

A

turnover and stratification

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29
Q

what are the turnovers for a dimitic lake

A

spring and fall

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30
Q

what are the stratifications for a dimitic lake

A

summer and winter

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31
Q

what is a turnover

A

temperature is the same all the way down in a lake

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32
Q

what is a stratification

A

water cant mix because of density differences in water

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33
Q

when would a dimitic lake not occur

A

in tropics where temperatures arent cold enough fora lake to turn over twice (monomitic)

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34
Q

what is it called when a lake is constantly turning over (more than twice)

A

polymitic

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35
Q

what is an amitic lake

A

no turnover at all (can be chemically stratified instead of temp)

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36
Q

what is a graph type that shows depth and time

A

isopleths

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37
Q

how much surface light is vital for plant growth

A

1%

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38
Q

what is the compensation depth

A

the depth at which plants can still get 1% surface light

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39
Q

what is ph and alkalinity regulated by in lakes

A

carbonate system

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40
Q

what is alkalinity

A

ability to buffer acids

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41
Q

what is the ph of a lake usually determined by

A

geology of the basin (limestone, granite)

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42
Q

what is an oligotrophic lake

A

low nutrients

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43
Q

what is a eutrophic lake

A

high nutrients

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44
Q

what are the limiting nutrients for plants and algae

A

nitrogen and phosphorous

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45
Q

what is a mesotrophic lake

A

in between eu and oligo

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46
Q

what is eutrophication

A

an oligotrophic lake turing into a eutrophic lake

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47
Q

what is a huge cause of eutrophication

A

nitrogenous and phospherous fertilizers

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48
Q

what can affect available oxygen for organisms in a lake

A

algal productivity and mixing cycles

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49
Q

what is accessible runoff

A

water for human use (surface runoff and groundwater)

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50
Q

what can oxygen demands of an organism determine

A

the temperature of the water they live in (cold water holds more DO)

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51
Q

what is the difference between the photic and the profundal zone of a lake

A

not enough light for photosynthesis in the profundal zone

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52
Q

what is the difference between the littoral and limnetic zone in a lake

A

littoral includes beach, limnetic is open water

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53
Q

what is a pluston

A

an organism that lives on the surface of water

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54
Q

what are the two parts to the pluston

A

epipluston and hypopluston (submerged vs not submerged)

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55
Q

what are plankton

A

organisms living in water column that generally cannot swim well

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56
Q

what are the types of plankton

A

plankton, zooplankton, phytoplankton

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57
Q

what are nekton

A

area where animals swim well (generally fish)

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58
Q

what are benthic organisms

A

organisms that live on the bottom

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59
Q

what is autochthonous

A

anything originating from a water system

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60
Q

what is allochthanous

A

anything in a water system that did not originate there (ex. leaves, sticks)

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61
Q

what is the difference between a lake and a pond

A

pond is all littoral zone, lake has a profundal zone

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62
Q

what are some differences between lakes and streams

A

streams have far more disturbances, DOM is a more important energy source in streams, streams are not a discrete habitat

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63
Q

how can you classify a stream

A

stream order or link magnitude

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64
Q

what is the hierarchial system of streams

A

stream->segment->reach->pool/riffle->microhabitats

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65
Q

in a 3D stream channel, what is A

A

x-sectional area

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66
Q

in a 3D stream channel what is P

A

wedded perimeter

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67
Q

in a 3D stream channel what is A/P

A

hydraulic radius

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68
Q

in a 3D stream channel what is W/D

A

stream stability

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69
Q

a high W/D is ____

a low W/D is _____

A

unstable, stable

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70
Q

what are some differences between a mountain and a lowland stream segment

A

mountain: sensitive to rainfall, flow and sediment influenced by hillslope movement, downcutting channel, limited sediment
lowland: only water and sediment interacting, channel cuts laterally, transport limited for sediment

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71
Q

how can water enter a stream channel

A

precipitation, groundwater, deep groundwater, overland flow

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72
Q

what is discharge (Q)

A

volume of water passing a point at a given time

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73
Q

what are the units of discharge (Q)

A

m^3/s

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74
Q

how do you measure discharge

A

v-notch weir for a small stream, or lower a meter to get average velocity then get the area of that section

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75
Q

what is the formula for discharge

A

area*velocity=discharge

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76
Q

what does a hydrograph show

A

how discharge changes over time

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77
Q

what are the axes for a hydrograph

A

x is time, y is q

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78
Q

when will discharge be highest

A

spring

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79
Q

when will discharge be lowest

A

fall

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80
Q

where is average velocity of a stream taken

A

at 60% of the depth

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81
Q

what is velocity of a stream a function of

A

slope, depth, bed roughness

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82
Q

what is turbulence

A

water molecules going everywhere

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83
Q

what is laminar

A

water molecules flowing straight

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84
Q

how do you calculate turbulence

A

movement/stickiness=turbulence

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85
Q

a reynolds number of ___ is turbulent water

a reynolds number of ___ is laminar water

A

2000

500

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86
Q

for what type of bulk flow is it best to be streamlined

A

when turbulent (reduces drag)

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87
Q

for what type of bulk flow is it best to be round

A

when laminar

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88
Q

how do you measure the amount of white water

A

froude number (measures amount of water pulling up)

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89
Q

what do you calculate froude number

A

energy of water/force of gravity

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90
Q

fr# >1=
=1=
<1=

A

> 1 supercritical (whitewater)
=1 critical
<1 subcritical

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91
Q

what are channel units determined by

A

slope of bed, W/D, turbulence

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92
Q

what characteristics define a cascade

A

white water, stair step, large sediment

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93
Q

what is nutrient cycling like in lakes

A

closed system, cycle between water column and sediment

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94
Q

what is nutrient cycling like in streams

A

nutrient spiraling

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95
Q

is a long or a short spiral more productive in nutrient cycling of a stream

A

short spiral more productive

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96
Q

what are the heterotrophic energy sources

A

LWD, CPOM, FPOM, DOM

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97
Q

what is the size of LWD

A

more than 10cm in diameter

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98
Q

what is the size of CPOM

A

10cm-1mm

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99
Q

what is the size of FPOM

A

1mm-0.5mm

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100
Q

what is the size of DOM

A

smaller than 0.5mm

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101
Q

which of the energy sources are mostly used by inverts

A

LWD, CPOM, FPOM

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102
Q

which of the energy sources are mostly used by bacteria

A

DOM

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103
Q

why is large woody debris so important to streams

A

creates different habitats and helps retain organic matter in streams

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104
Q

what is the riparian zone

A

band of vegetation along a stream bank and above the stream

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105
Q

what influences the riparian zone

A

light, OM, nutrients, bank stability

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106
Q

what is the difference between qualitative and quantitative

A

qual is whats in the habitat, quan is how much is in the habitat

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107
Q

whats one of the most important things to do in collecting sampes

A

replicate samples

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108
Q

what is semi quantitative

A

between qual and quan

common, rare, unknown

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109
Q

how do you calculate quantity

A

indv/m^2

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110
Q

how many replicates of a sample should you have

A

3-5

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111
Q

what are the types of replicative samples

A

random, systematic, stratified

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112
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

transects across a stream at regular space intervals

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113
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

divide habitat into microenvironmetns and do random sampling within

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114
Q

when do you do sampling of a stream

A

usually in spring if youre only doing it once a year or late summer if doing twice a year

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115
Q

What is a species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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116
Q

What is a population

A

A group of individuals of the same species at the same place and time

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117
Q

What is evolution

A

A change in the frequency of alleles for genes ina population over time

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118
Q

What’s an example of variation within a species

A

Webbed feet in blue footed boobies versus non-webbed feet

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119
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Phenotypic changes in a population by human influence

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120
Q

What is natural selection

A

A population changing on its own as a result of environmental stimuli

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121
Q

What is an example of evolution we have seen in our lifetimes

A

Pesticide resistance in insects preying on food crops

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122
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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123
Q

What is systematics

A

Study of the diversity and relationships among species

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124
Q

What is taxonomy

A

Naming and classifying the diverse format of organisms

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125
Q

What is a paraphyletic clade

A

Group of ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants

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126
Q

What makes something a true group

A

If its monophyletic

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127
Q

What is a monophyletic clade

A

Consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

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128
Q

What is a polyphyletic group

A

Includes numerous types of organisms that lack a common ancestor

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129
Q

What are the three domains

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

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130
Q

Where is the most genetic diversity

A

In bacteria and archaea

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131
Q

What is the common ancestor for all animals

A

A protist like organism

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132
Q

What is radial symmetry

A

More than two planes of symmetry

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133
Q

What is bilateral symmetry

A

Two planes of symmetry ex. Humans

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134
Q

What is the most primitive animal and why is it most primitive

A

Sponges (porfera) because they lack true tissues

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135
Q

What are some parasitic human diseases related to freshwater animals

A

Schistomiasis, river blindness, guinea worm disease

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136
Q

How do you get schistomiasis

A

Rice paddys

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137
Q

How do you get river blindness

A

Bites from a river q

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138
Q

How do you get guinea worm disease

A

Drinking water

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139
Q

What is noteworthy about bryophytes

A

Colonial and freshwater

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140
Q

What are the two Gastropoda types

A

Pulmonate- can breathe air and are good in polluted waters

Gill breathers which take in DO

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141
Q

Why are bivalves so helpful to biomonitoring in freshwater

A

They’re very sensitive to pollution

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142
Q

What are the young of bivalves like

A

Free swimming or can be parasites on fish

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143
Q

What does a lot of annelids tell you about a freshwater system

A

That it is highly polluted. If they’re the only thing you find, then the water is likely very polluted

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144
Q

Where can water bears be found (tardigrada)

A

Commonly found in mosses, lichens, leaf litter, and freshwater

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145
Q

What is found in the osteichthyes

A

Bony fishes

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146
Q

What are the deuterostomes

A

Vertebrates and echinoderms

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147
Q

What is a deuterosome

A

The type of embryonic development

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148
Q

What is the most species rich phylum

A

Arthropoda

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149
Q

What are the sacs of the amniotic egg

A

Shell, chorion, allantois, yolk sac, amnion

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150
Q

What are protozoa involved in

A

Microbial loop

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151
Q

describe the microbial loop

A

Waste products or corpses of producers and consumers become DOM (dissolved organic matter). DOM is consumed by bacteria. Bacteria are eaten by protists. Protists are eaten by primary consumers.

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152
Q

what kind of plankton is a rotifer

A

zooplankton

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153
Q

where in the water do rotifers live

A

benthic or in water column

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154
Q

what is unique about rotifers

A

fixed number of cells that it grows and maintains

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155
Q

what kind of life cycle do rotifers have

A

parthenogenic

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156
Q

what is a parthenogenic life cycle

A

asexual and most members are female, can do sexual with males but very uncommon

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157
Q

why do copepods move vertically in the water column at night (vertical migration)

A

to avoid visual predation during the day

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158
Q

what kind of reproduction do copepods have

A

sexual reproduction

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159
Q

what kinds of crustaceans are copepods

A

micricrustaceans

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160
Q

what is a juvenile copepod called

A

nauplii

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161
Q

what kind of copepod is planktonic

A

calanoid

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162
Q

what kind of copepod is benthic

A

cyclopoid and harpacticoid

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163
Q

where are water fleas found

A

temperate areas

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164
Q

what predaceous response do water fleas have (cladosterans)

A

form helmets

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165
Q

what is helmet formation in cladosterans

A

cyclomorphosis

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166
Q

what is another organism that shows cyclomorphosis

A

rotifers and water fleas

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167
Q

what is leptodora

A

a cladosteran (water flea) that is a predator lacking a carapace

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168
Q

what is a distinctive feature of cladosterans

A

large carapace covering most of body

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169
Q

how do cladosterans hold their eggs

A

in a brood pouch

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170
Q

cladosterans use ephipium, what is ephipium

A

holds zygotes in sediment until conditions are met

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171
Q

what is cyclomorphosis

A

change in body shape in response to predation

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172
Q

what is seasonal abundance of phytoplankton in response to

A

turnover

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173
Q

what is seasonal abundance in zooplankton a response to

A

food and predation

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174
Q

what kind of plankton can be used to monitor lakes

A

zooplankton

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175
Q

what are the two divisions of aquatic bugs we look at

A

exopterygota, endoterygota

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176
Q

what are the exoterygota

A

external wing development

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177
Q

what are the endoterygota

A

internal wing development

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178
Q

what orders are in the exoterygota

A

ephemeroptera, plecoptera, othoptera, hemiptera

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179
Q

what orders are in the endoterygota

A

megaloptera, trichoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, coleoptera, hymenoptera

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180
Q

what is chitin made of

A

carbohydrate mixed with nitrogen

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181
Q

what percent of insect species on earth are freshwater

A

3%

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182
Q

why are there few marine insects

A

osmoregulation isses, still tied to terrestrial, niches already taken without successful competition

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183
Q

are insects more abundant in lakes or streams

A

streams (more DO)

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184
Q

what is a huge difference between exoterygota and endoterygota

A

internal vs external wing development, exo doesnt have larvae

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185
Q

what kind of life cycle do exoterygota have

A

paurometabolous (instars look like adults)

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186
Q

what kind of life cycle do endoterygota have

A

holometabolous (larvae dont look like adults)

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187
Q

what is the biggest order of insects

A

coleoptera (beetles)

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188
Q

what is voltanism

A

number of generations of an organism per year

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189
Q

what is an organism that yields one generation per year

A

univoltine

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190
Q

what is an organism that yields two generations per year

A

semivoltine

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191
Q

what are 4 factors that affect life cycles

A

daylength and temp cues
time emergence and DO conditions
resting stages (diapause)
extended emergence periods

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192
Q

what orders have slow seasonal life cycles

A

ephemeroptera, plecoptera, trichoptera

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193
Q

what is a slow seasonal life cycle

A

eggs hatch amd the nymphs grow slowly over and extended period

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194
Q

what is a fast seasonal life cycle

A

diapause, then complete life cycle in a short period of time

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195
Q

what is a non seasonal life cycle

A

several stages present in all seasons

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196
Q

when are non season life cycles common

A

when life cycle is greater than 1 year

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197
Q

if a life cycle is greater than 1 year, what is generally seen

A

overlapping generations

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198
Q

did aquatic or land insects come first

A

land came first, then secondarily adapted to aquatic environment

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199
Q

describe osmoreulation in freshwater insects

A

water comes in by passive diffusion, dilute urine to remove water, take up ions lost from urine

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200
Q

what are the ways to take up extra ions that were lost in urine

A

chloride cells (epithelium or gills), papillae, food

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201
Q

what are some primitive insects

A

mayflies and dragonflies

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202
Q

what are the types of breathers

A

atmospheric, plank breathers, temp air store, permanent air store, tracheal gills, cutaneous, spiracle gills, hemoglobin

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203
Q

what is atmospheric breathing

A

tube to breathe with extends to surface

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204
Q

what are plant breathers

A

DO from aquatic plants

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205
Q

what is temp air store breathing

A

bring a bubble down from surface, acts as a gill for gas exchance, depleatable physical gill

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206
Q

what is a permenant air store

A

plastron, think layer of gas next to body wall held by hydrophobic hairs act as a physical gill, doesnt get depleated, forms when mating

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207
Q

what are tracheal gills

A

thin layers of body wall branches to water (part of closed tracheal system)

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208
Q

what is cutaneous respiration

A

DO across body wall

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209
Q

what are spircle gills

A

plastron that functions in air and water, most common in pupal stages

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210
Q

how does hemoglobin respiration work

A

respiratory pigments, chironomids that are bright red

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211
Q

what is the bean structure found on phantom midges

A

concentrated tracheal system

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212
Q

what pattern do insects walk in

A

triangles (if they have 6 legs)

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213
Q

what are the habitat types

A

skaters, planktonic, divers, swimmers, clingers, sprawlers, climbers, burrowers

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214
Q

describe that habitat of the skaters

A

scavengers of organisms trapped on surface film

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215
Q

describe that habitat of the planktonic

A

inhabit open water limnetic zone of standing water, exhibity vertical migration

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216
Q

describe that habitat of the divers

A

rowing with hind legs, come to surface for oxygen, dive when feeding or alarmed

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217
Q

describe that habitat of the swimmers

A

fishlike swimming, cling to submerged objects

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218
Q

describe that habitat of the clingers

A

attach to surfaces in stream and wave swept rocky littoral zones

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219
Q

describe that habitat of the sprawlers

A

float on substrates like leaves to maintain respiration free of silt

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220
Q

describe that habitat of the climbers

A

live on vascular hydrophytes or debris and move vertically on stem like surfaces

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221
Q

describe that habitat of the burrowers

A

inhabit fine sediments

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222
Q

whats the formal name of phantom midges

A

chaoboridae

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223
Q

what are some adaptations for current maintenance

A

flattening of body surface, streamlining, reduction of projecting structures, suckers, friction pads and marginal contact with substrate, hooks and grapples, small size, silky and sticky secretions, ballast, attachment claws and dorsal processes

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224
Q

how does flattening body surface help maintain in current

A

allows to crawl through closely compacted substrate and reduces resistance to fluids

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225
Q

how does streamlining help maintain in current

A

fusiform body offers least resistance to fluids

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226
Q

how does reduction of projecting structures help maintain in current

A

projecting structures increase water resistance

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227
Q

how do suckers help maintain in current

A

provide attachment to smooth surfaces

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228
Q

how do friction pads and marginal contact with substrate help maintain in current

A

close contact with substrate increase frictional resistance and reduces changes of being dislodges by current

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229
Q

how do hooks and grapples help maintain in current

A

attachment to rough areas of substrate

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230
Q

how does small size help maintain in current

A

small sizes permit utilization of the slow current boundary layer on top of stone

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231
Q

how do silky and sticky secretions help maintain in current

A

allows attachment to stones in swift current

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232
Q

how do ballast help maintain in current

A

incorporation of large stones in cases make the insects heavier and less easily swept away

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233
Q

how does attachment claws and dorsal processes help maintain in attachment

A

stout claws aid in attachment and fixation to plants

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234
Q

what is drift

A

temporary downstream movement of benthic animals in water column

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235
Q

what are the two types of drift

A

active or passive drift

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236
Q

what is constant drift

A

background drift, small number of individuals being transported continuously

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237
Q

what is catastrophe drift

A

flood events or insecticides cause a large number of individuals to drift

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238
Q

what is behavioral drift

A

intentional drift of individuals

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239
Q

how much of the population is drifting at one point in time

A

2-3%

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240
Q

why does drifting occur

A

overpopulation, decreased food, benthic predation

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241
Q

why do insects like cold water more

A

more DO

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242
Q

what is a degree day

A

how much heat accumulates over a certain period of time

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243
Q

what is 100 degree days

A

10 degrees above threshhold for 10 days

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244
Q

what is the difference between diapause, hibernation, and estivation

A

only diapause is genetically programmed

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245
Q

what is hibernation for

A

cold period resting stage

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246
Q

what is estivation

A

hot period resting stage

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247
Q

what is the particle size order from largest to smallest

A

boulder, cobble, pebble, gravel, sand, silt, clay

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248
Q

what is the size of a boulder

A

250mm

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249
Q

what is the size of cobble

A

64-250mm

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250
Q

what is the size of pebble

A

16-64mm

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251
Q

what is the size of gravel

A

2-16mm

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252
Q

what is the size of sand

A

0.6-22mm

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253
Q

what is the size of silt

A

0.004-0.06mm

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254
Q

what is the size of clay

A

less than 0.004mm

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255
Q

what organisms can exist in silt and clay

A

midges, worms, chironomids, sprawlers with hairs

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256
Q

what is the hyporheic zone

A

habitat within the substrate of a stream bounded by sediment-water interface and groundwater zone (living in substrate below sediment)

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257
Q

what is hyporheos

A

regular stream fauna that use the shallow zone as a refuge (chironomids)

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258
Q

what do animals in permanent hyporheos have as far as adaptations

A

small, long, skinner, hard covering

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259
Q

what are the organic substrates

A

wood, macrophytes, moss specialists, tuft weaver midges, leaves

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260
Q

what are functional feeding groups

A

species groups based on the source and size of organic matter they eat

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261
Q

what are the morphological things for functional feeding groups

A

type of mouth parts and feeding behavior

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262
Q

what is a guild

A

grouping organisms based on a common characteristics

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263
Q

what are the functional feeding groups

A

shredder, shredder/gouger, suspension feeder/filterer-collector, deposit feeder/collector-gatherer, grazer, predator

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264
Q

what is the food source for shredders

A

non-woody CPOM

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265
Q

what is the food source for shredder/gouger

A

woody CPOM

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266
Q

what is the food source for suspension feeder/filterer-collector

A

FPOM with setae

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267
Q

whats food source for deposit feeder/collector gatherer

A

FPOM collect surface deposits

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268
Q

what is the food source for grazers

A

periphyton and macrophytes

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269
Q

whats food source for predators

A

animals

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270
Q

how are leaves working

A

carbon and is colonized by microbes and the microbes are the nutrition

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271
Q

how do you measure leaf pack amount eaten

A

log of graph shows slope and the more utilized leaf material for energy

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272
Q

what is the river continum concept

A

headwater has shredder and predator
midorder has grazers and predators
river has collectors predators and plankton

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273
Q

what are the 5 criticisms of RCC

A

temperate streams with forested headways
dams and tributaries can reset the continum
local affects from channel units
geographic and evolutionary effects
human influences in large rivers

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274
Q

what is biomass

A

mass of living tissue of organism in a given area (g/m^2)

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275
Q

what is productivity

A

rate at which biomass accumulates (g/m^2/y)

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276
Q

what is secondary production

A

total elaboration of new body tissue in a group of animals during a period of time

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277
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary productivity

A

primary is plants and algae, secondary is animals

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278
Q

describe the process of secondary production

A

food to ingestion to assimilation to growth or tissue development

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279
Q

what happens if energy is not assimilated

A

goes towards respiration or secretion

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280
Q

why is the cohort method used instead of secondary production in streams

A

secondary production is not realistic enough

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281
Q

what is the site frequency method

A

sample whole community with number of individuals in different size classes

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282
Q

what is a cohort

A

group of individuals born at the same time

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283
Q

when is the site frequency method used

A

for voltanism

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284
Q

how do you calculate turnover time

A

productivity/biomass

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285
Q

what is turnover

A

number of times biomass replaces itself in a given period of time

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286
Q

what is the average productivity

A

less than 20g/m^2/year

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287
Q

what is allens paradox

A

productivity of fish is higher than productivity of macroinverts (violates thermodynamics)

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288
Q

what does AFDM stand for

A

ash free dry mass

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289
Q

what are the 4 methods of fish sampling

A

poisons and anaesthetics, nets, trapping and maze gear, electrofishing

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290
Q

what are 4 poisons/anaesthetics that can be used for fish sampling

A

rotenone, MS-222, CO2, clove oil

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291
Q

why is rotenone good to use for fish sampling

A

not toxic to mammals

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292
Q

how does rotenone work

A

vasoconstrictor

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293
Q

why is it bad to use rotenone

A

kills fish and macroinverts

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294
Q

why is MS-222 used as a poison for fish

A

same concept as rotenone where it kills fish

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295
Q

why would you use CO2 in fish sampling

A

sedates fish not killing them (commonly used in hatcheries)

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296
Q

why would you use clove oil in fish sampling

A

can be used to sedate fish leaving them alive

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297
Q

what are the two major types of nets used in fish sampling

A

entanglement or empoundment

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298
Q

how do entangement nets work

A

fish get stuck in the net, then retrieved

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299
Q

whats another name for an entanglement net

A

gill net

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300
Q

how do empoundment nets work

A

surround fish then pull them in to shore

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301
Q

whats another name for an empoundment net

A

sein

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302
Q

what are the two types of empoundment nets that we talked about

A

beach sein or haul sein

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303
Q

what is the square size of a net

A

size of the opening for the fish

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304
Q

what is the stretch size of a net

A

length of the opening when stretched

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305
Q

what is a trammel net

A

entangement net with layers of mesh to reduce selectivity

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306
Q

what is a beach sein

A

empoundment net used near shore, trap fish then drag to shore

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307
Q

what is a haul sein

A

empoundment net used in shallow bodies of water with smooth bottoms

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308
Q

how do trapping and maze gear work for fish sampling

A

fish are directed into a net and unable to get out

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309
Q

how does electrofishing work for fish sampling

A

electric current to attract and stun fish

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310
Q

what is voltage

A

size of the electric field

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311
Q

what are amps

A

strength of the electric field

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312
Q

what is DC

A

direct current, electrons to positive

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313
Q

what is AC

A

alternating current, electrons moving between positive and negative

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314
Q

is DC or AC more damaging to fish

A

AC is more damaging than DC

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315
Q

what is a cathode

A

negative electrode

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316
Q

what is an anode

A

positive electrode

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317
Q

what kind of wave is AC like

A

cyclic like a sine wave

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318
Q

what is pulsed DC

A

current all in one direction or zero (square wave)

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319
Q

what is duty cycle

A

% of time current is on during a cycle

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320
Q

why is electrofishing frowned upon

A

fish can be injured due to mechanical tissue damage

321
Q

what are the responses for fish to electrofishing

A

(far to near) fright, electrotaxis, narcosis, pseudoforced swimming, tetany

322
Q

what happens to fish in low AC

A

fish lines up permendicular to flux line

323
Q

what happens to fish in high AC

A

muscle contraction and tetany

324
Q

what happens to fish in low DC

A

fish moves toward anode

325
Q

what happens to fish in high DC

A

narcosis

326
Q

what is narcosis

A

muscle relaxation and loss of equilibrium

327
Q

what are common injuries to fish from electrofishing

A

hemorrhages or bruising of soft tissue

328
Q

is pulsed DC more likely to hurt fish, or continuous DC

A

pulsed DC is more harmful to fish

329
Q

what is the most common type of electrofishing

A

pulsed DC

330
Q

what is the duty cycle for pulsed DC

A

25-50%

331
Q

what is the frequency of pulsed DC

A

50-60Hz

332
Q

what is the casing on the electrode called and whats it made of

A

Booms are often retractable and made of wood or fiberglass

333
Q

all metal in electrofishing must be attached to what and why

A

the hull to avoid shocking

334
Q

what are the electrode designs

A

round, clyinder, or wisconsin ring

335
Q

what is the basic set up of a backpack shocking unit

A

pack frame, ring anode on fiberglass pole, on/off switch, cathode tail trailing behind

336
Q

what three factors can affect efficiency of electrofishing

A

biological (species), environmental (day vs night), technical (AC vs DC)

337
Q

how does biological factors change efficiency of electrofishing

A

larger fish are more susceptible to electrofishing because bigger overall voltage drop from head to tail

338
Q

what are the two common methods of estimating population size for fish

A

catch per unit effort, mark/recapture methods

339
Q

why does catch per unit effort work for estimating population size of fish

A

if same effort put in,. number of fish caught will decrease and with graphing it you can get a guess of total population size

340
Q

what are the axis of catch per unit effort

A

x=sample size

y=cumulative catch

341
Q

how does mark/recapture methods work for estimating fish population size

A

catch fish, mark, relase, recapture, graph number markd versus number not marked

342
Q

what is the method name for degrees of freedom in mark/recapture

A

lincoln peterson method

343
Q

what are the 4 assumptions of the mark/recapture method

A

marks are permanent, marked fish are not affected by the mark, marked individuals mix randomly in population, population is closed with no birth death or migration

344
Q

how do you preserve fish

A

fix in formalin then switch to 70% alcohol or 45% isopropanol

345
Q

how do you preserve large fish

A

open gut to allow preservatives to go through full fish

346
Q

when is the term fish used in plural

A

abundant numbers of fish (many fish in ocean)

347
Q

when is the term fishes used

A

number of species (fishes of pennsylvania)

348
Q

what are the most primitive vertebrates

A

fish

349
Q

what percentage of fish are freshwater

A

41%

350
Q

what is the total length of a fish

A

snout to end of tail

351
Q

what is standard length of fish

A

snout to peduncle

352
Q

what is the fork length of fish

A

snout to forked center of tail

353
Q

what is the main type of fish we are looking at

A

teleost fish

354
Q

what is the tail morphology of teleost fish

A

symmetrical tail

355
Q

what are some features that make teleost fish so successful

A

flexible lips, expandable throat, swim bladder, large eyes

356
Q

what type of rays do fish with adipose fins posses

A

soft rayed fish often have adipose fins

357
Q

what are the 9 types of fish body shape

A

rover, surface, lie in wait, bottom rover, bottom clinger, bottom hider, flatfish, deep bodied, eel-like

358
Q

what do rover predator fish look like

A

streamline, pointed head, narrow caudal peduncle, forked tail, fast swimmer, large eyes, mouth not subterminal

359
Q

what are some examples of rover predator fish

A

swordfish, trout, salmon, minnows

360
Q

what do surface oriented fish look like

A

small, upward pointing mouth, flat head, large eyes

361
Q

what are some examples of surface oriented fish

A

mosquito fish, guppies, killifish

362
Q

what do lie in wait predatory fish look like

A

torpedo shaped body, piciverous, flat head, lots of teeth

363
Q

what is an example of a lie in wait predatory fish

A

pike

364
Q

what are the four kinds of bottom fish

A

bottom rovers, bottom clingers, bottom hiders, flatfish

365
Q

what do bottom rover fish look like

A

strongly flattened dorsoventrally, subterminal mouth, small eyes, many have barbels, fleshy lips

366
Q

what is an example of a bottom rover fish

A

catfish

367
Q

what do bottom clingers look like

A

large pelvic fins, large flat heads, large pectoral fins

368
Q

what is an example of a bottom clinger fish

A

sculpins

369
Q

what do bottom hiders look like

A

large pectoral fins, small fish, hide under rocks, small heads, elongate bodies

370
Q

whats an example of a bottom hider

A

blenny

371
Q

what do flatfish look like

A

flat with two eyes on one side of body

372
Q

whats an example of a flatfish

A

flounders

373
Q

what do deep bodied fish look like

A

flattened laterally, body depth greater than 1/3 body length, fine maneuvering skills, slow moving, large eyes, small mouth

374
Q

whats an example of a deep bodied fish

A

sunfish

375
Q

what do eel like fish look like

A

long narrow body, blunt head, embedded scales or lacking scales, smooth and slippery

376
Q

whats an example of an eel like fish

A

moray eel

377
Q

what are the four types of scales

A

ganoid, ctenoid, cycloid, placoid

378
Q

what type of scales are ctenoid and cycloid

A

elasmoid scales or bony ridge scales

379
Q

what kinds of fish have ganoid scales

A

gars, bowfin, paddlefish

380
Q

what kind of fish have cycloid scales

A

soft rayed fishes (trout, eel, minnow)

381
Q

what kind of fish have ctenoid scales

A

spiny rayed fishes (perch, sunfish)

382
Q

what kind of fish have placoid scales

A

sharks

383
Q

what is the most primitive type of scale

A

placoid

384
Q

how can you age a fish using its scales

A

by counting the annual rings (annuli)

385
Q

what are placoid scales analogous to

A

teeth (have dentin, pulp, and enamel)

386
Q

what is unique about ganoid scales

A

theyre not embedded in tissue, theyre sitting on tissue surface

387
Q

when would you want fewer large scales

A

for high protection

388
Q

when would you want lots of small scales

A

when living in fast water

389
Q

what are the 7 types of colouration we talked about

A

cryptic, silvery, counter shading, disruptive, eye ornamentation, poster, red

390
Q

what is cryptic colouration

A

fish tries to match the background (ex. camo)

391
Q

what kinds of fishes use cryptic colouration

A

benthic fishes

392
Q

what is silvery colouration

A

scales are a silver colour or they are mirror like

393
Q

what is counter shading colouration

A

dark on back and white on belly, when you look down harder to see fish then when you look up harder to see fish

394
Q

whats an example of a fish that uses counter shading

A

sharks

395
Q

what is disruptive colouration

A

use bars or bands to break up the colouration

396
Q

why would disruptive colouration be helpful for a fish

A

helps blend into macrophyte beds

397
Q

what is eye ornamentation colouration

A

black bar through the eyes and an eyespot by the tail

398
Q

why is eye ornamentation colouration useful for a fish

A

better to have tail bitten than head

399
Q

what is red colouration

A

its hard to see red underwater so you can only see red fish if theyre close up

400
Q

what are the little bumps sometimes seen on the head of creek chubs

A

breeding tubercles (indication for breeding)

401
Q

what kind of vision do fish generally have

A

monocular vision since eyes on side of head

402
Q

where are the blind spots on fish

A

directly in front and almost directly behind them

403
Q

where do fish have binocular vision

A

directly in front of them

404
Q

what essentially is the sense of smell and taste for fish

A

chemical cue detection

405
Q

where are taste buds found on fish

A

tongue and barbels if they have them

406
Q

how do fish hear

A

with their lateral line organ (inner ear) or with their gas bladder

407
Q

how much faster do sound waves move in water versus air

A

sound waves move 3x faster in water than in air

408
Q

what are sound waves

A

compression waves

409
Q

what helps with hearing in fish

A

otolith (earstone)

410
Q

how does the otolith help with hearing

A

otolith vibrates with soundwaves

411
Q

how can an otolith be used to age a fish

A

otolith gets growth rings

412
Q

what is the anatomical name for the lateral line

A

acoustico lateralis

413
Q

what does the lateral line of fish do

A

detects turbulence or pressure waves in water

414
Q

what things are possible for fish because of their lateral line

A

swimming in the dark, schooling behaviour, orientation

415
Q

how can the lateral line detect pressure differences

A

neuromast movement. cupula of the neuromast bends and sends signals to brain

416
Q

what is morphologically different about the neuromasts of fish in fast versus slow moving water

A

in fast moving water, neuromast is more embedded, in quiet water the neuromast is more exposed

417
Q

why is the fish mouth considered complicated

A

because it pumps water from the mouth through the gills

418
Q

what are the three parts to fish gills

A

gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments

419
Q

where are teeth found in fish

A

where you would expect by the lips and can also have throat teeth (pharyngeal teeth) that look like human molars and are creepy AF

420
Q

what does the length of the digestive tract depend on

A

the diet (carnivores have short digestive tracts, herbivores have long digestive tracts)

421
Q

how many chambers do fish hearts have

A

4

422
Q

how do fish get DO

A

most fish rely entirely on gills for DO

423
Q

fish in high O2 have ___ affinity hemoglobin

A

low

424
Q

what kind of flow does fish blood have with water

A

countercurrent

425
Q

where is DO taken in on the gills of fish

A

on the gill lamellae

426
Q

what fish organ can detect electrical fields

A

lateral line (only in some fish)

427
Q

what sense is the forebrain used for

A

smell

428
Q

what sense is the mid brain used for

A

vision and learning

429
Q

what sense if the hind brain used for

A

coordination

430
Q

what comprises the nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

431
Q

why is the fish skeleton complex

A

many bones

432
Q

how many bones can be found in the fish head

A

40-60

433
Q

why is the spine of fish not very dense

A

because of its buoyancy need in water

434
Q

what are the two types of bones in a fish

A

skeletal and appendicular

435
Q

how much of a fishes mass is muscle

A

70%

436
Q

what are the biggest muscles in a fish

A

trunk muscles

437
Q

what is the banding arrangement of fish trunk muscles

A

myotomes or myomeres (zig zag shaped)

438
Q

what kind of undulation do fish have while swimming

A

s shaped or a sine wave

439
Q

what are some other modes of movement for fish besides undulation

A

many can rely on pectoral fins or tail fins for movement

440
Q

what is a startle response

A

fish moves in a c shape not s shape because of a stimulus. all muscles on one side of body contract and can have a fast thrust forward

441
Q

what is the point of the muscle arrangement (myomeres)

A

allows fish to move in any direction

442
Q

does red or white muscle have faster ATPase rate

A

white is faster

443
Q

does red or white muscle have faster calcium ion cycling

A

white is faster

444
Q

does red or white muscle have more mitochondria

A

red has more

445
Q

does red or white muscle have more capillaries

A

red has more

446
Q

does red or white muscle have more aerobic enzymes

A

red has more

447
Q

does red or white muscle have more anaerobic enzymes

A

white has more

448
Q

does red or white muscle have more myoglobin

A

red has more

449
Q

does red or white muscle have more glycogen

A

white has more

450
Q

does red or white muscle have a higher resistance to fatigue

A

red has less fatigue

451
Q

what is the primary function of red muscle

A

endurance

452
Q

what is the primary function of white muscle

A

bursts

453
Q

what are the two types of fertilization

A

internal or external

454
Q

what modification to males is necessary for internal fertilization

A

pelvic claspers

455
Q

what kind of fertilization often has live births

A

internal fertilization

456
Q

what kind of fertilization is most common among fish

A

external fertilization

457
Q

what are the 4 types of external fertilization

A

scatterers, brood hiders, guarders, mouth brooders

458
Q

what is a scatterer fish

A

embryos have no parental care

459
Q

what is an example of a scatterer fish

A

suckers and minnows

460
Q

what is a brood hider fish

A

no parental care but embryos are hidden

461
Q

what is an example of a brood hider fish

A

salmon

462
Q

what is a guarder fish

A

parental care that is mostly male and gets territorial

463
Q

what is an example of a guarder fish

A

bluegill, sunfish, sculpins, catfish

464
Q

what is a mouth brooder fish

A

carry fertilizaed eggs in mouth

465
Q

what is an example of a mouth brooding fish

A

seahorses

466
Q

which of the external fertilization types gets heavily into sexual selection

A

guarder fish

467
Q

what is a salmon nest called

A

a redd

468
Q

what nitrogenous waste do fish have

A

ammonia

469
Q

what is the function of a swim bladder

A

in part hearing, mostly for buoyancy

470
Q

what are the two types of swim bladders

A

physotomous and physoclist

471
Q

what is a physotomous swim bladder

A

gulping air connected to stomach

472
Q

what are some fish with a physotomous swim bladder

A

trout, salmon, pike, herrings

473
Q

what are some fish with a physoclist swim bladder

A

sunfish

474
Q

what is a physoclist swim bladder

A

dissolved gas from the blood into bladder with no connection to stomach

475
Q

what prevents gas from coming out of physoclist swim bladder

A

counter current

476
Q

what are the ways to maintain buoyancy

A

swim bladder, low density oils, fins generating lift

477
Q

what is the tail shape of most freshwater fish

A

homocercal

478
Q

when fish use anaerobic what is produced

A

lactic acid

479
Q

what is the function of lactic acid in fish

A

lowers pH and Hb unloads O2 more easily (root and bohr effect)

480
Q

what is salting out

A

increase solute concentration making gasses less soluble (N and O)

481
Q

what is the function of the oval window

A

removes gas from swim bladder (physoclist)

482
Q

how many times has the physoclist swim bladder evolved independently

A

4 separate times

483
Q

what are chromatophores

A

pigment containing or light refracting cells

484
Q

what are the 4 types of communication in fish

A

visual, sound, chemical, electrical

485
Q

how does visual communication work

A

colour patterns or colour displays

486
Q

what are the types of colour in fish

A

physical colour (irridaphores), or pigments (chromatophores)

487
Q

how do irridaphores show colour

A

though the refraction of light off scales

488
Q

how do chromatophores show colour

A

can change abundance of colour making them appear dark or light

489
Q

what kinds of sounds can be used for communication

A

rubbing of bones and vibration of swim bladder

490
Q

what kinds of chemical signals can be used for communication

A

pheromones for mating or fear scents

491
Q

how can electrical signals be used for communication

A

lateral line can detect electrical fields in some fish

492
Q

what are the 4 behaviours in fish

A

aggression, feeding, resting, schooling

493
Q

how can aggression be shown

A

modified swimming, gill flares, colour pattern changes

494
Q

what theory comes into play on feeding behaviour

A

optimal foraging theory

495
Q

what is the optimal foraging theory

A

with less food, less picky. with more food more picky

496
Q

what is resting behaviour

A

neutral buoyancy

497
Q

what is schooling behaviour

A

in groups equally distant from each other to reduce predation risk, increased reproductive success

498
Q

how does schooling behaviour reduce predation

A

confusion, dilution of predator detection

499
Q

what are the coldwater fish

A

less than 21C

500
Q

what are the cool water fish

A

18-21C

501
Q

what are the warmwater fish

A

21-30C

502
Q

what is acclimation

A

changes in organisms physiology and tolerances that appear after exposure to different levels of an environmental factor

503
Q

how can you prove acclimation to temperature

A

histological tissue samples of muscle fibers

504
Q

how does light affect fish

A

either move towards or away (positive or negative phototaxis)

505
Q

when do fish generally feed in the day

A

at dusk and at dawn

506
Q

why do fish have lateral migration

A

to feed or avoid migration

507
Q

what are some ecological factors for fish

A

temperature, light, substrate, cover

508
Q

what is substrate

A

spawning and reproduction grounds

509
Q

why is substrate so important for salmon

A

gravel must be porous enough that water can circulate so eggs can get DO because eggs are buried in the redd

510
Q

what is cover

A

a protected place where fish can rest, hide, or feed (visual isolation)

511
Q

what are examples of cover

A

large rocks, deep pools, undercut banks, aquatic plant beds, overhanging vegetation, root wads, large woody debris

512
Q

what are the assessments for EPA physical habitat

A

cover, embeddedness, velocity, sediment deposition, flow, channel alteration, channel sinuosity, bank stability, riparian vegetation production, width of riparian zone

513
Q

what is an instream flow model

A

determine for each species the discharge that maximizes their habitat

514
Q

where will you have the most DO

A

cold fast moving water

515
Q

why does fast moving water have more DO

A

because it has a thinner boundary layer so more oxygen can diffuse in

516
Q

what are 4 situations where you would have low DO

A

headwater areas with high groundwater input, high input of OM, eutrophication, hypolimnion release below dams

517
Q

what is the salinity limit for FW fish and inverts

A

3-5ppt

518
Q

what is stenohaline

A

narrow salt tolerance

519
Q

what is euhaline

A

wide salt tolerance

520
Q

what halinity are most fish

A

stenohaline

521
Q

why is irrigation return water dangerous for fish

A

water lays in a bed so much is evaporated leaving high levels of salt to go back into water

522
Q

why is fracking dangerous for fish

A

water from fracking is 5x saltier than ocean

523
Q

what does road salt runoff cause in many water systems

A

long term increase in baseline concentration for chloride in water system

524
Q

what is hydrofracking

A

inject 3-9 million gallons water into deep wells to break up shale and make pathways for natural gas to escape

525
Q

how does hydrofracking pollute water

A

90% water, 9% sand, 1% chemicals and this wastewater cannot be sent to sewage treatment plants instead its shipped to special treatment

526
Q

what other major issues has deep well injections caused in fracking

A

has caused minor earthquakes in places like youngstown ohio (never had earthquakes prior)

527
Q

why is pH important to fish

A

hydrogen ions interfere with ion regulation across fish gills

528
Q

what is alkalinity

A

ability to buffer acids which often depends on the bedrock geology

529
Q

what happens to fish when pH is too low (acidic)

A

fish suffocate

530
Q

are metals soluble at high or low pH

A

low pH

531
Q

how does aluminum affect fish

A

reduces ion exchange across gills causing a salt depletion. also increases mucus production causing gills to clog

532
Q

where does dry deposition and acid rain occur

A

downwind of source of ion

533
Q

what ions cause dry deposition and acid rain

A

SO4 and NOx

534
Q

when you have an acidic water body (3.5) what will you find

A

pretty much only water boatmen

535
Q

what was the function of the clean air act

A

reduced sulfates

536
Q

what is acid mine drainage

A

makes sulfuric acid and dissolved minerals and acid waters

537
Q

what is diadromous

A

travel between sea and freshwaer

538
Q

what is catadromous

A

go to sea to breed

539
Q

what is anadadromous

A

go to freshwater to breed

540
Q

what is amphydromy

A

moving between sea and FW for purposes other than breeding (ex. feeding)

541
Q

is catadromous or anadadromous more common

A

anadadromous more common

542
Q

what is an example of catadromous

A

eels

543
Q

what is an example of anadadromous

A

salmon, shad

544
Q

what is the food source for phytoplankton

A

nutrients (N and P)

545
Q

what is the food source for zooplankton

A

edible phytoplankton

546
Q

what is the food source for vertebrate planktivores

A

large herb zooplankton

547
Q

what is the food source for invert planktivores

A

small herb zooplankton

548
Q

what is the food source for piscivores

A

vertebrate planktivores

549
Q

what are the 3 reasons for anadadromous life cycle

A

more food at sea, reduced predation on juveniles, reduced competition between adults and juveniles

550
Q

describe the life cycle of salmon

A

egg in FW, eyed egg in FW, alevin FW, fry in FW, parr in FW, smolt FW->SW, adult SW, spawning SW->FW

551
Q

how long are juvelive salmon in FW

A

from alevin to parr is 1-3 years

552
Q

how long do adult salmon stay in SW before breeding

A

2 years

553
Q

what reduces the number of shad and herring

A

damns and pollution

554
Q

when do fish generally spawn

A

spring

555
Q

why are shad and herring unique from salmon

A

they migrate for spawning and for feeding (spring and summer migration)

556
Q

how long does it take shad and herring to mature and migrate

A

3-6 years

557
Q

why are atlantic salmon and steelhead, cutthroat, and shad different from pacific salmon

A

they can migrate and spawn many times, pacific can migrate and spawn once then they die

558
Q

where do coho salmon spawn

A

small streams

559
Q

where do chinook salmon spawn

A

large rivers

560
Q

where do chum and pink salmon spawn

A

short way up estuary

561
Q

where do sockeye salmon spawn

A

streams, then young migrate to lake to feed

562
Q

what are landlocked atlantic sockeye salmon

A

kokanee

563
Q

how do salmon know where to go to find their stream of origin

A

phototaxis and chemotaxis

564
Q

what are the taxis types

A

phototaxis, electromagnetotaxis, rheotaxis, chemotaxis

565
Q

what is phototaxis

A

orient to sun

566
Q

what is electromagnetotaxis

A

earths magnetic field orientation

567
Q

what is rheotaxis

A

orient to a current

568
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

olfactory cues for a specific drainage

569
Q

what is an example of migration within freshwater

A

live in lakes then spawn in streams (brown trout)

570
Q

where do fish in large rivers often spawn

A

in flood plain when the water is high (usually spring)

upstream as the water is rising (minnows/catfish)

571
Q

where do lake fish spawn

A

migrate to shallow areas (sunfish, crappies, carp)

572
Q

where do fish over winter

A

deep water or lakes

573
Q

what are examples of mutualism

A

schooling or cleaning

574
Q

what is commensalism

A

+ 0

575
Q

what is amensalism

A
  • 0
576
Q

what is mutualism

A

both benefit

577
Q

what is competition

A

interaction between individuals die to shared resource in limited supply leading to reduction in survival, growth, or reproduction

578
Q

what is the difference between gill rakers in fish living in the same area

A

two species of alwifes can have different sized spaces between gill rakers for different food sources (small zooplankton vs large zooplankton)

579
Q

what was the body morph study

A

with two morphs you get different niches, with one morph they all have same niche

580
Q

what happened in great lakes with introduction o alwife

A

was food for adult walleye but it ate the food for juvenile walleye so they died off

581
Q

what did the alwife in great likes study show

A

predation can affect diversity

582
Q

what happened with the introduction of nile perch into lake victoria

A

saw the extinction of many species of sickets, was an ecological disaster, but it did bring in economic success

583
Q

what was the swedish study on carp

A

when pike were present carp became more deep bodied, when pike not present the carp were less deep bodied

584
Q

what is trophic cascade

A

if you affect the top predator, you affect everything below it

585
Q

what study looked at trophic cascade

A

wisconsin study on tuesday lake and peter lake (introduction or removal of bass)

586
Q

what is the mysid shrimp study in lake tahoe

A

introduced mysid shrimp and they ate all the zooplankton so the kokanee salmon decreased

587
Q

what is the bottom up theory

A

affect soemthing at the bottom of the food chain and watch the entire chain get affected

588
Q

what is the difference between bottom up and trophic cascade

A

trophic cascade is top down, bottom up is bottom up

589
Q

what does the river continum concept show for fish in headwater

A

small fish, high DO, fish need gravel

590
Q

what does the riuver continum concept show for fish in the river

A

small and big dish, some DO, planktivorous fish, increased diversity

591
Q

what is the trout zone

A

steep gradient, fast flowing water, cool temperature

592
Q

what is found in the trout zone

A

trout and salmon

593
Q

what is the grayling zone

A

steep gradient, fast flowing water, warmer waters

594
Q

what is found in the grayling zone

A

grayling, minnow, chub, dace

595
Q

what is the barbel zone

A

moderate water flow and moderate temp, silt and gravel substrate

596
Q

what is found in the barbel zone

A

barbel, roach, rudd, perch, pike, eel

597
Q

what is the bream zone

A

lowland zone, slow moving water, variable temp

598
Q

what is found in the bream zone

A

bream, tench, carp

599
Q

are riffles and pools more common in coldwater streams or warmwater streams

A

coldwater

600
Q

what is the temp of a warmwater stream

A

more than 23C in summer

601
Q

are there more miles of warmwater streams of coldwater streams

A

more warmwater streams

602
Q

what disease is common in coldwater streams

A

whirling disease

603
Q

what kinds of fish can be found in warmwater streams

A

minnow, darters, sunfish, suckers, small catfish, madtoms

604
Q

does east or west have more species in usa

A

east has more species

605
Q

where are there refuges for ancient fish like gars and bowfins

A

east

606
Q

where are there a lot of endemic species

A

west (watersheds are isolated from each other)

607
Q

what is different about species in the west

A

theyre generally larger in size and longer lived (especially in desert SW)

608
Q

how do so many species coexist in warm water streams of the east

A

diversification of habitat usage

609
Q

is a lake or a stream more temporary

A

lake is more temporary than stream

610
Q

what is notable about fish in lakes

A

theyre generally fish you find in deep pools or rivers, not made for a lake habitat

611
Q

what are some fish that are more often found in lakes

A

sunfish, pike, suckers

612
Q

what is the surface temp of a coldwater lake

A

less than 25C

613
Q

are coldwater lakes usually eu or oligotrophic

A

oligotrophic

614
Q

are warm water lakes usually eu or oligotrophic

A

mesoeutrophic

615
Q

does cold water lake have high or low light

A

high light

616
Q

does warm water lake have high or low light

A

more turbid (low light)

617
Q

which temp of lake has higher diversity of fish

A

warm water has higher diversity of fish

618
Q

what kinds of fish are found in coldwater lakes

A

trout, whitefish, northern pike, walleye, sculpins

619
Q

what kinds of fish are found in warm water lakes

A

bass, sunfish, crappie, bullheads, yellow perch, minnows, darters

620
Q

in which temp of water lake is there a bigger difference between epi and hypolimnion

A

warm water lake

621
Q

what is a reservoir

A

a half way between a lake and a river

622
Q

what are the general characteristics of a reservoir

A

warm water and more river like, temporary, heavily silt, large changes in water levels

623
Q

why can many things not survive in a reservoir

A

because of drastic water level changes fish cannot spawn in shallow water

624
Q

what are traits of successful reservoir fish

A

spawn in water column, spawn in deep water, spawn in tributaries, spawn quickly in flooded littoral zone

625
Q

what is an example of a deep water spawner

A

catfish

626
Q

what is an example of a water column spawner

A

shad and white bass

627
Q

what is an example of a spring flood spawner

A

carp

628
Q

what is an example of a feeder stream (tributary) spawner

A

suckers

629
Q

what is a pond

A

all littoral zone (enough light for plant growth can reach the bottom)

630
Q

how much variation is there between mountain pond and farm pond

A

a lot of variation

631
Q

what happens to farm ponds generally when theyre stocked with bass, blue gill, inverts, and catfish

A

you get 3-5 years of good fishing then you get eutrophication

632
Q

how can you combat eutrophication in farm ponds

A

barley straw or shade to try to control algal growth

633
Q

what is biomonitoring

A

systematic use of biological responses to evaluate changes in environment

634
Q

biomonitoring for water quality involves ____ and ____

A

surveillance and compliance

635
Q

what is surveillance

A

surveys before and after a problem (looking at long term change)

636
Q

what is compliance

A

make sure permit requirements are met

637
Q

what is a stressor

A

something that physically stresses an organism

638
Q

where was the first biomonitoring done

A

europe in 1900’s using chironomids

639
Q

when and where was saprobian system developed

A

europe 1900’s

640
Q

when was biomonitoring first done in usa

A

Philadelphia 1940’s by Ruth Patrick

641
Q

what is a point source pollutant

A

something that comes out of a pipe into a water system

642
Q

what is a non point source pollutant

A

comes from anything else (ex. runoff)

643
Q

what are the advantages to using macroinvertebrates in biomonitoring

A

ubiquitous, many species, sedentary, long life cycle, convenient size, position in food chain

644
Q

what does it mean that macroinvertebrates are ubiquitous

A

they exist in many kinds of habitats

645
Q

why does it matter that macroinverts are sedentary

A

good for spatial analysis

646
Q

why does it matter that macroinverts have long life cycles

A

can integrate temporal changes

647
Q

what is the position of macroinverts in the food chain

A

between algae/detritus and fish

648
Q

what are some disadvantages to using macroinverts

A

dont respond to all env. inpacts, clumped distribution, distribution and abundance affected by more than env factors, drift, can be hard to ID, can be too few to make assessment in highly polluted areas

649
Q

what are the 4 classes of the saprobian system based on sewage input

A

oligosaprobic, beta-mesosaprobic, alpha-mesosaprobic, polysaprobic

650
Q

what is oligosaprobic

A

clean water organisms trichoptera and plecoptera

651
Q

what is beta-mesosaprobic

A

abundant pollution tolerant organisms chironomids or tubifex

652
Q

what is alpha-mesosaprobic

A

tolerant species chironomids, tubifex, asellus, erpobdella

653
Q

what is polysaprobic

A

exclusively eristalis, tubifex, chrinonomids

654
Q

why was the saprobian system not used in usa at first

A

different species, sewage not as big a problem, focused on chemical measurements

655
Q

when was the clean water act

A

1985

656
Q

what must each state do under the clean water act

A

monitor surface waters, define beneficial uses, anti-degredation

657
Q

what is anti-degredation

A

cannot lower water quality below its defined use

658
Q

what are the beneficial uses under the clean water act

A

all should be fishable and swimable

659
Q

what is an indicator species

A

has a particular set of physical and chemical requirements

660
Q

what are traits of a good indicator species

A

taxonomic soundness and easy to ID, cosmopolitan distribution, numerically abundant when found, narrow ecological tolerances, large body size, limited mobility, easy to keep in lab for experiments

661
Q

what are the three considerations for a biomonitoring program

A

rational, implementation, performance

662
Q

what is the rational for a biomonitoring program

A

should be based on ecological theory as a basis for how the water is doing

663
Q

what is the implementation for a biomonitoring program

A

what is the cost and time involved in the program

664
Q

what is the performance of a biomonitoring program

A

how well does the program work, and is it reliable

665
Q

what are the three types of studies

A

field, lab, bioassay

666
Q

what is a bioassay

A

use of living organism to test effects of a sybstance (often in toxicology)

667
Q

what is taxonomic soundness

A

dont pick something hard to identify

668
Q

what does cosmopolitan mean

A

occurs in many areas

669
Q

what are the individual measurable responses for an organism

A

biochemical indicators, physiological indicators, morphological deformities, behavioral responses, life history responses

670
Q

what is a biochemical indicator

A

measure concentration difference of a specific molecule in an organism

671
Q

what are the problems with using biochemical indicators

A

need to know the normal condition, whats the range of variation

672
Q

what are some examples of biochemical indicators in organisms

A

energy metabolism, enzyme activity, dna rna protein content, ion regulation, fatty acid content and type

673
Q

what is an example of energy metabolism

A

ATP to ADP ratio

674
Q

what is an example of enzyme activity

A

neurotransmitters, cellulase, heavy metal enzymes

675
Q

what two physiological factors can be used for physiological indicators

A

respiration rate or growth

676
Q

what is the growth formula

A

food consumes-energy lost as feces-energy lost from respiration=growth

677
Q

what is another name for morphological deformities

A

fluctuating asymmetry

678
Q

what is an example of morphological deformities

A

head capsules in chironomids

679
Q

whats the problem with using morphological deformities

A

hard to quantify–look at number deformed but also severity of deformity (how deformed is deformed)

680
Q

what is the most sensitive response of an organism to a stressor

A

behavioral response

681
Q

what are problems wih using behavioral responses

A

what is natural behavior, what is the range of variability, hard to quantify

682
Q

what behaviors can be measured for behavioral responses

A

feeding, respiration, predator avoidance, drift behavior

683
Q

what are life history responses

A

events associated with the life cycle of the organism (under stress its life cycle can change)

684
Q

what are some examples of life history responses

A

number offspring, size of instars, mortality rate

685
Q

what is a sentinel organism

A

macroinvertebrates are used to accumulate pollutants in their tissues from the surrounding environment and/.or food

686
Q

what are sentinel organisms used for

A

as sampling devices for pollutants

687
Q

how do you measure pollutants in sentinel organisms

A

measure pollutants in body tissue

688
Q

what are the two ways to use sentinel organisms

A

can collect then measure, or can grow clean in lab then put out and recollect

689
Q

why are sentinel organisms good to use instead of water chemistry for example

A

concentration of pollutant in organism will be higher than in the environment

690
Q

what is biomagnification

A

as you go up in the food chain, pollutant concentration increases

691
Q

what kinds of compounds are subject to biomagnification

A

primarily for lipid soluble compounds not water soluble compounds

692
Q

what is bioaccumulation

A

absorb compound from the environment and concentrate in the tissues

693
Q

what is the difference between biomagnification and bioaccumulation

A

biomagnification accounts for changes in food chain, biomagnification gets pollutants directly from environment not from food source

694
Q

how does mercury get into water

A

burn coal and it goes into atmosphere then into water, bacteria make methyl mercury that passes into other organisms

695
Q

what are the two approaches to using sentinel organisms

A

survey or experimental

696
Q

how do you survey sentinel organisms

A

go collect organisms from water bodies then see if they have accumulated things

697
Q

what are good sentinel organisms for surveys or experimental

A

clams or crayfish

698
Q

how do you use sentinel organisms in experimental

A

grow organism in lab then set free to accumulate thins then collect again and measure to see whats been accumulated

699
Q

what does the graph look like when a sentinel organism is ideal

A

linear (x: tissue conc., y:env conc.)

700
Q

what are PCB’s an example of

A

bioaccumulation through experimental

701
Q

what did the PCB’s study show

A

dead caddisflies accumulated more metals, assume live caddisflies have a way to excrete those metals

702
Q

what are the ways to use groups of species

A

diversity indices, similarity indices, biotic indices

703
Q

what are the two things to consider when looking at species diversity

A

taxon richness, and evenness

704
Q

what is taxon richness

A

number of different taxa

705
Q

what is evenness

A

how equal the proportion of the different taxa

706
Q

what is the only diversity index we looked at

A

shannon diversity index (H’)

707
Q

with water pollution, diversity should go ____

A

down (but can go down for other reasons)

708
Q

what is a similarity index

A

compare two sites based on how similar the communities are in terms of the kinds of species and how equally abundant they are

709
Q

what is a similar model for similarity index

A

percent model affinity

710
Q

what do we see in the percent model affinity

A

we expect x% to be this organism and so forth, get recovery as you go further down the stream

711
Q

why will you get more recovery as you move further downstream

A

will be closer to model composition

712
Q

what kind of index was used early on in europe

A

biotic index (saprobian)

713
Q

in a biotic index, a value of 0 is ___ and a value of 10 is ___

A

0 is good, 10 is bad

714
Q

what are 4 biotic indices

A

saprobian, EPT richness, Hilsenhoff, Becks

715
Q

what is EPT richness

A

how many different kinds of ephemeroptera plecoptera and trichoptera then add then up

716
Q

what is hilsenhodd biotic index (HBI)

A

weighted average by the tolerance values

717
Q

a high HBI is ___ and a low HBI is ____

A

high HBI is good, low HBI is bad

718
Q

how do you calculate HBI (Hillsenhoff)

A

abundance*tolerance/total

719
Q

what exactly is a biotic index

A

uses a combination of several metrics

720
Q

what must happens to the metrics before they can be used in a biotic index

A

they need to be standardized

721
Q

what were biotic indices originally used for

A

fish, but now used for macroinvertebrates and algae

722
Q

what biotic index focuses on taxa richness and composition

A

EPT

723
Q

what biotic index focuses on tolerance

A

Hilsenhoff

724
Q

what is becks biotic index

A

percent sensitive individuals (tolerqance value individuals 0-3, number sensitive indv/total)

725
Q

what metrics are used for PA IBI

A

taxa richness, EPT, Becks, Hilsenhoff, Shannon, Percent sensitive indviduals

726
Q

what are some things that can have their own indices

A

inorganic sediment, acidity, functional groups

727
Q

in the PA IBI a high score is ___

A

good

728
Q

what are some criticisms of biotic indices

A

not good for other pollutants, organisms can be stressed for other reasons

729
Q

how do you pick an indicator species

A

historical distribution records, surveys, multivariage analyses

730
Q

how do you find a reference site

A

historical distribution records, surveys, multivariate analyses

731
Q

what makes biotic indices different from diversity and similarity indices

A

biotic is the only one that uses biological infomation about the species

732
Q

how do you find tolerance weights

A

panel of experts, historical records, survey, multivariate analysis

733
Q

whats the issue of using a panel to get tolerance weights

A

subjective, opinionated, not hard data

734
Q

what are the three things within multivariate analysis

A

direct gradient analysis, ordination, weighted averaging

735
Q

why is multivariate anaysis favoured for calculating tolerance weights

A

it uses hard data

736
Q

what is direct gradient analysis

A

environmental variable youre using then for each taxon, plot its abundance (looking for a trend)

737
Q

what is an example of direct gradient analysis

A

at this site the phosphorus was this much and the abundance was this much for the community

738
Q

what is another name for ordination

A

indirect gradient analysis

739
Q

what is ordination

A

statistical techniques that graph sites based on their similarities in species composition or based on similarities in occurance at sites

740
Q

how can ordination tell you…anything

A

organizes sites based on how similar tey are, if theyre far apart then theyre different. if theyre close togerher then they are more similar

741
Q

what is the most intuitive thing within multivariate analysis

A

weighted averaging

742
Q

what is weighted averaging

A

assumes each taxon has an optimal condition for an environmental factor

743
Q

how would you calculate weighted average

A

same as you would calculate QPA (similar to hilsenhoff index)

744
Q

how do RIVPAC models work

A

find group reference site using ordination based on taxonomic composition, relate sites to non-stressor variables, determine probability each taxon will occur in each reference group, use non stressor varaible at new sites to predict abundances of each taxon, compare indices for actual to predicted communities

745
Q

why are quantitative studies less common

A

something people at a university may do. need years to do, and money

746
Q

what are the protocols of rapid bioassessment

A

number habitats reduced, replicates reduced, only identify small number like 100, sometimes only ID to family or order, results summarized into simple indices for nonscientists

747
Q

what are some problems with rapid bioassessment

A

seasonal differences, timing of samples, geographic variability

748
Q

why does timing of samples matter for rapid bioassessment

A

may take a while for the community to respond to an impact

749
Q

why does geographic variability matter for rapid bioassessment

A

need biotic indicators for local area

750
Q

what needs to happen in the future for biomonitoring

A

develop protocols for large rivers and lakes, need indices for different kinds of pollutants

751
Q

what is bioassay

A

use of living organisms to test the effects of a substance

752
Q

what is an issue with the clean water act

A

doesn’t define what biological integrity is

753
Q

what is biological integrity (not definition)

A

more than species comp, includes genetics, genetic diversity, taxonomic distinctiveness, organic matter processing (primary or secondary)

754
Q

what is the definition he gave us for biological condition/ecological integrity

A

a balanced, integrates, adaptive systems having a full range of ecosystem elements and processes

755
Q

what is TALU

A

tiered aquatic life use

756
Q

what is BCG

A

biological condition gradient

757
Q

what is the purpose of BCG

A

provides framework for what a high integrity stream is to put into clean water act

758
Q

what is class A/AA in TALU

A

as naturally occurs

759
Q

what is class B in TALU

A

supports indigenous species, no detrimental change

760
Q

what is class C in TALU

A

supports indigenous fish, maintain structure and function

761
Q

what attributes are for taxonomic composition and tolerance

A

attributes I-V

762
Q

what attributes are for non-native taxa

A

attribute VI

763
Q

what attributes are for organism condition

A

attribute VII

764
Q

what attributes are for ecosystem function

A

attribute VIII

765
Q

what attributes are for physical-biotic interactions

A

attributes IX-X

766
Q

how does PA look at change over time in streams

A

trend analysis

767
Q

what does statewide surface water assessment program do (SSWAP)

A

assess all 83,000 miles of streams in PA and determine if impaired or not

768
Q

what took over the SSWAP method in PA

A

ICE (instream comprehensive evaluation)

769
Q

what are the wadeable flowing waters looked at by ICE

A

limestone streams, freestone riffle run streams, low gradient streams

770
Q

why does ICE look at limestone streams

A

productive fisheries more vulnerable to degredation

771
Q

why does ICE look at freestone riffle-run streams

A

more streams use our protocols with TALU’s

772
Q

why does ICE look at low gradient streams

A

use net jabs because theyre deeper

773
Q

what are the PA methods for collecting macroinverts

A

D frame net with 6 kicks from 100m riffle, 200 individuals IDed to genus (300 for limestone stream)

774
Q

what are the methods in PA for macroinverts in low gradient streams

A

sample multiple habitats

775
Q

what are the methods in PA for fish sampling

A

backpack or boat electrofish, multihabitat, size measurement, ID to species, look for anomalies

776
Q

what tier are reference sites in PA

A

tier A

777
Q

what metrics are in the PA IBI (T?)ALU

A

total taxa richness, EPT for taxa 0-4, Becks, shannon, hilsenhoff, % sensitive indv

778
Q

what is the PA IBI for low gradient streams (no riffles)

A

total taxa richness, ept, becks, shannon, # caddisfly taxa, # mayfly taxa

779
Q

what are some questions addressed by toxicity testing

A

what conc of a substance is toxic to an organism, what are biological effects of the material for different exposures, which organisms are most sensitive, what conditions change the toxicity, what is the ecological risk for using this toxicant

780
Q

what are the three kind of toxicity tests

A

acute single species tests, chronic single species tests, multiple species tests

781
Q

what is the duration of single species acute testing

A

48-96 hours

782
Q

what is the duration of single species chronic testing

A

one generation, egg through early life, or egg to death

783
Q

what is the duration of multispecies

A

days to weeks to months

784
Q

what does LC50 stand for

A

lethal concentration for 50% indv

785
Q

what does EC50 stand for

A

effective concentration to kill 50% indv.

786
Q

what organismss should you use in toxicity testing

A

those lower in the food chain because theyre more sensitive

787
Q

when looking at toxicity testing, what graph should you see

A

two lows and one high (X; conc toxicant (log) Y: tolerance)

788
Q

what is LC50 or EC50

A

concentration that kills or affects 50% of the population within a defined period of time

789
Q

how do you analyse LC50 or EC50 data

A

probit analysis

790
Q

is a low LC50/EC50 toxic or is high more toxic

A

low is more toxic

791
Q

what is probit analysis

A

turning a curve into a line

792
Q

what is a probit

A

probability unit (% population responding as a function of standard deviation units from the mean)

793
Q

what is a probit of 5

A

50%

794
Q

what are some characteristics of an ideal bioassay organism

A

ecologically or economically important, somehow effects humans, biologically well studied, easy to grow in lab, sensitive and consistent response

795
Q

what are the most commonly used bioassay organisms

A

daphnia, fathead minnow, amphipods

796
Q

how many species do you need to tst with before you can register a new chemical

A

8

797
Q

what test is best to use for looking at toxicity

A

multispecies is more realistic but less control and harder to replicate and more xpensive

798
Q

what are the types of multispecies test

A

microcosms, mesocosms, natural env

799
Q

what are acute single species tests good for

A

regulating discharge and ranking toxicity for a new compound

Freshwater (4 decks)

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