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Freshwater > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is limnology

A

freshwater ecology

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2
Q

what is a stream ecologist

A

one who studies just streams

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3
Q

what is lentic

A

standing water habitat

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4
Q

what is an example of a lentic habitat

A

lakes, ponds, resevoirs

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5
Q

what is lotic

A

running water

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6
Q

what is an example of a lotic habitat

A

streams and rivers

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7
Q

what are the 4 important properties of water

A

cohesive, density, high specific heat, broad phase temp

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8
Q

what is the density of solid water

A

solid water is less dense than liquid water

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9
Q

why does it matter if water has a high specific heat

A

means water can hold a lot of heat

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10
Q

at what temperature is water most dense

A

4C

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11
Q

how much of the earths water is in the oceans

A

97.6

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12
Q

what is the residence time for water in ocean

A

2800 years

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13
Q

how much of the earths water is in glaciers

A

2.1

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14
Q

what is the residence time for water in glaciers

A

0-thousands of years

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15
Q

how much of the earths water is in lakes

A

0.01

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16
Q

what is the residence time of water in lakes

A

hundreds of years

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17
Q

how much of earths water is in groundwater

A

0.2

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18
Q

what is the residence time of water in groundwater

A

thousands of years

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19
Q

how much water is in rivers and streams

A

0.001

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20
Q

what is the residence time of water in rivers and streams

A

less than a year

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21
Q

what are glacial lakes

A

lakes caused by glacial processes

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22
Q

whats an example of a glacial lake

A

the great lakes

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23
Q

what are the 6 types of lakes

A

glacial, volcanic, oxbow, solution, man made, tectonic

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24
Q

what are the biggest lakes by volume

A

tectonic (siberia)

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25
Q

what is an oxbow lake

A

cut off from a river

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26
Q

what is a solution lake

A

earth above is removed to reveal groundwater and that becomes a lake

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27
Q

why do mixing cycles in lakes occur

A

because of temperature changes through the year

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28
Q

what are the two mixing cycles of a dimitic lake

A

turnover and stratification

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29
Q

what are the turnovers for a dimitic lake

A

spring and fall

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30
Q

what are the stratifications for a dimitic lake

A

summer and winter

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31
Q

what is a turnover

A

temperature is the same all the way down in a lake

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32
Q

what is a stratification

A

water cant mix because of density differences in water

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33
Q

when would a dimitic lake not occur

A

in tropics where temperatures arent cold enough fora lake to turn over twice (monomitic)

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34
Q

what is it called when a lake is constantly turning over (more than twice)

A

polymitic

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35
Q

what is an amitic lake

A

no turnover at all (can be chemically stratified instead of temp)

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36
Q

what is a graph type that shows depth and time

A

isopleths

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37
Q

how much surface light is vital for plant growth

A

1%

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38
Q

what is the compensation depth

A

the depth at which plants can still get 1% surface light

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39
Q

what is ph and alkalinity regulated by in lakes

A

carbonate system

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40
Q

what is alkalinity

A

ability to buffer acids

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41
Q

what is the ph of a lake usually determined by

A

geology of the basin (limestone, granite)

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42
Q

what is an oligotrophic lake

A

low nutrients

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43
Q

what is a eutrophic lake

A

high nutrients

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44
Q

what are the limiting nutrients for plants and algae

A

nitrogen and phosphorous

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45
Q

what is a mesotrophic lake

A

in between eu and oligo

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46
Q

what is eutrophication

A

an oligotrophic lake turing into a eutrophic lake

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47
Q

what is a huge cause of eutrophication

A

nitrogenous and phospherous fertilizers

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48
Q

what can affect available oxygen for organisms in a lake

A

algal productivity and mixing cycles

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49
Q

what is accessible runoff

A

water for human use (surface runoff and groundwater)

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50
Q

what can oxygen demands of an organism determine

A

the temperature of the water they live in (cold water holds more DO)

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51
Q

what is the difference between the photic and the profundal zone of a lake

A

not enough light for photosynthesis in the profundal zone

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52
Q

what is the difference between the littoral and limnetic zone in a lake

A

littoral includes beach, limnetic is open water

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53
Q

what is a pluston

A

an organism that lives on the surface of water

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54
Q

what are the two parts to the pluston

A

epipluston and hypopluston (submerged vs not submerged)

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55
Q

what are plankton

A

organisms living in water column that generally cannot swim well

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56
Q

what are the types of plankton

A

plankton, zooplankton, phytoplankton

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57
Q

what are nekton

A

area where animals swim well (generally fish)

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58
Q

what are benthic organisms

A

organisms that live on the bottom

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59
Q

what is autochthonous

A

anything originating from a water system

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60
Q

what is allochthanous

A

anything in a water system that did not originate there (ex. leaves, sticks)

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61
Q

what is the difference between a lake and a pond

A

pond is all littoral zone, lake has a profundal zone

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62
Q

what are some differences between lakes and streams

A

streams have far more disturbances, DOM is a more important energy source in streams, streams are not a discrete habitat

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63
Q

how can you classify a stream

A

stream order or link magnitude

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64
Q

what is the hierarchial system of streams

A

stream->segment->reach->pool/riffle->microhabitats

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65
Q

in a 3D stream channel, what is A

A

x-sectional area

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66
Q

in a 3D stream channel what is P

A

wedded perimeter

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67
Q

in a 3D stream channel what is A/P

A

hydraulic radius

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68
Q

in a 3D stream channel what is W/D

A

stream stability

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69
Q

a high W/D is ____

a low W/D is _____

A

unstable, stable

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70
Q

what are some differences between a mountain and a lowland stream segment

A

mountain: sensitive to rainfall, flow and sediment influenced by hillslope movement, downcutting channel, limited sediment
lowland: only water and sediment interacting, channel cuts laterally, transport limited for sediment

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71
Q

how can water enter a stream channel

A

precipitation, groundwater, deep groundwater, overland flow

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72
Q

what is discharge (Q)

A

volume of water passing a point at a given time

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73
Q

what are the units of discharge (Q)

A

m^3/s

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74
Q

how do you measure discharge

A

v-notch weir for a small stream, or lower a meter to get average velocity then get the area of that section

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75
Q

what is the formula for discharge

A

area*velocity=discharge

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76
Q

what does a hydrograph show

A

how discharge changes over time

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77
Q

what are the axes for a hydrograph

A

x is time, y is q

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78
Q

when will discharge be highest

A

spring

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79
Q

when will discharge be lowest

A

fall

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80
Q

where is average velocity of a stream taken

A

at 60% of the depth

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81
Q

what is velocity of a stream a function of

A

slope, depth, bed roughness

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82
Q

what is turbulence

A

water molecules going everywhere

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83
Q

what is laminar

A

water molecules flowing straight

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84
Q

how do you calculate turbulence

A

movement/stickiness=turbulence

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85
Q

a reynolds number of ___ is turbulent water

a reynolds number of ___ is laminar water

A

2000

500

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86
Q

for what type of bulk flow is it best to be streamlined

A

when turbulent (reduces drag)

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87
Q

for what type of bulk flow is it best to be round

A

when laminar

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88
Q

how do you measure the amount of white water

A

froude number (measures amount of water pulling up)

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89
Q

what do you calculate froude number

A

energy of water/force of gravity

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90
Q

fr# >1=
=1=
<1=

A

> 1 supercritical (whitewater)
=1 critical
<1 subcritical

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91
Q

what are channel units determined by

A

slope of bed, W/D, turbulence

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92
Q

what characteristics define a cascade

A

white water, stair step, large sediment

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93
Q

what is nutrient cycling like in lakes

A

closed system, cycle between water column and sediment

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94
Q

what is nutrient cycling like in streams

A

nutrient spiraling

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95
Q

is a long or a short spiral more productive in nutrient cycling of a stream

A

short spiral more productive

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96
Q

what are the heterotrophic energy sources

A

LWD, CPOM, FPOM, DOM

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97
Q

what is the size of LWD

A

more than 10cm in diameter

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98
Q

what is the size of CPOM

A

10cm-1mm

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99
Q

what is the size of FPOM

A

1mm-0.5mm

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100
Q

what is the size of DOM

A

smaller than 0.5mm

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101
Q

which of the energy sources are mostly used by inverts

A

LWD, CPOM, FPOM

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102
Q

which of the energy sources are mostly used by bacteria

A

DOM

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103
Q

why is large woody debris so important to streams

A

creates different habitats and helps retain organic matter in streams

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104
Q

what is the riparian zone

A

band of vegetation along a stream bank and above the stream

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105
Q

what influences the riparian zone

A

light, OM, nutrients, bank stability

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106
Q

what is the difference between qualitative and quantitative

A

qual is whats in the habitat, quan is how much is in the habitat

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107
Q

whats one of the most important things to do in collecting sampes

A

replicate samples

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108
Q

what is semi quantitative

A

between qual and quan

common, rare, unknown

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109
Q

how do you calculate quantity

A

indv/m^2

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110
Q

how many replicates of a sample should you have

A

3-5

111
Q

what are the types of replicative samples

A

random, systematic, stratified

112
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

transects across a stream at regular space intervals

113
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

divide habitat into microenvironmetns and do random sampling within

114
Q

when do you do sampling of a stream

A

usually in spring if youre only doing it once a year or late summer if doing twice a year

115
Q

What is a species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

116
Q

What is a population

A

A group of individuals of the same species at the same place and time

117
Q

What is evolution

A

A change in the frequency of alleles for genes ina population over time

118
Q

What’s an example of variation within a species

A

Webbed feet in blue footed boobies versus non-webbed feet

119
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Phenotypic changes in a population by human influence

120
Q

What is natural selection

A

A population changing on its own as a result of environmental stimuli

121
Q

What is an example of evolution we have seen in our lifetimes

A

Pesticide resistance in insects preying on food crops

122
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

123
Q

What is systematics

A

Study of the diversity and relationships among species

124
Q

What is taxonomy

A

Naming and classifying the diverse format of organisms

125
Q

What is a paraphyletic clade

A

Group of ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants

126
Q

What makes something a true group

A

If its monophyletic

127
Q

What is a monophyletic clade

A

Consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

128
Q

What is a polyphyletic group

A

Includes numerous types of organisms that lack a common ancestor

129
Q

What are the three domains

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

130
Q

Where is the most genetic diversity

A

In bacteria and archaea

131
Q

What is the common ancestor for all animals

A

A protist like organism

132
Q

What is radial symmetry

A

More than two planes of symmetry

133
Q

What is bilateral symmetry

A

Two planes of symmetry ex. Humans

134
Q

What is the most primitive animal and why is it most primitive

A

Sponges (porfera) because they lack true tissues

135
Q

What are some parasitic human diseases related to freshwater animals

A

Schistomiasis, river blindness, guinea worm disease

136
Q

How do you get schistomiasis

A

Rice paddys

137
Q

How do you get river blindness

A

Bites from a river q

138
Q

How do you get guinea worm disease

A

Drinking water

139
Q

What is noteworthy about bryophytes

A

Colonial and freshwater

140
Q

What are the two Gastropoda types

A

Pulmonate- can breathe air and are good in polluted waters

Gill breathers which take in DO

141
Q

Why are bivalves so helpful to biomonitoring in freshwater

A

They’re very sensitive to pollution

142
Q

What are the young of bivalves like

A

Free swimming or can be parasites on fish

143
Q

What does a lot of annelids tell you about a freshwater system

A

That it is highly polluted. If they’re the only thing you find, then the water is likely very polluted

144
Q

Where can water bears be found (tardigrada)

A

Commonly found in mosses, lichens, leaf litter, and freshwater

145
Q

What is found in the osteichthyes

A

Bony fishes

146
Q

What are the deuterostomes

A

Vertebrates and echinoderms

147
Q

What is a deuterosome

A

The type of embryonic development

148
Q

What is the most species rich phylum

A

Arthropoda

149
Q

What are the sacs of the amniotic egg

A

Shell, chorion, allantois, yolk sac, amnion

150
Q

What are protozoa involved in

A

Microbial loop

151
Q

describe the microbial loop

A

Waste products or corpses of producers and consumers become DOM (dissolved organic matter). DOM is consumed by bacteria. Bacteria are eaten by protists. Protists are eaten by primary consumers.

152
Q

what kind of plankton is a rotifer

A

zooplankton

153
Q

where in the water do rotifers live

A

benthic or in water column

154
Q

what is unique about rotifers

A

fixed number of cells that it grows and maintains

155
Q

what kind of life cycle do rotifers have

A

parthenogenic

156
Q

what is a parthenogenic life cycle

A

asexual and most members are female, can do sexual with males but very uncommon

157
Q

why do copepods move vertically in the water column at night (vertical migration)

A

to avoid visual predation during the day

158
Q

what kind of reproduction do copepods have

A

sexual reproduction

159
Q

what kinds of crustaceans are copepods

A

micricrustaceans

160
Q

what is a juvenile copepod called

A

nauplii

161
Q

what kind of copepod is planktonic

A

calanoid

162
Q

what kind of copepod is benthic

A

cyclopoid and harpacticoid

163
Q

where are water fleas found

A

temperate areas

164
Q

what predaceous response do water fleas have (cladosterans)

A

form helmets

165
Q

what is helmet formation in cladosterans

A

cyclomorphosis

166
Q

what is another organism that shows cyclomorphosis

A

rotifers and water fleas

167
Q

what is leptodora

A

a cladosteran (water flea) that is a predator lacking a carapace

168
Q

what is a distinctive feature of cladosterans

A

large carapace covering most of body

169
Q

how do cladosterans hold their eggs

A

in a brood pouch

170
Q

cladosterans use ephipium, what is ephipium

A

holds zygotes in sediment until conditions are met

171
Q

what is cyclomorphosis

A

change in body shape in response to predation

172
Q

what is seasonal abundance of phytoplankton in response to

A

turnover

173
Q

what is seasonal abundance in zooplankton a response to

A

food and predation

174
Q

what kind of plankton can be used to monitor lakes

A

zooplankton

175
Q

what are the two divisions of aquatic bugs we look at

A

exopterygota, endoterygota

176
Q

what are the exoterygota

A

external wing development

177
Q

what are the endoterygota

A

internal wing development

178
Q

what orders are in the exoterygota

A

ephemeroptera, plecoptera, othoptera, hemiptera

179
Q

what orders are in the endoterygota

A

megaloptera, trichoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, coleoptera, hymenoptera

180
Q

what is chitin made of

A

carbohydrate mixed with nitrogen

181
Q

what percent of insect species on earth are freshwater

A

3%

182
Q

why are there few marine insects

A

osmoregulation isses, still tied to terrestrial, niches already taken without successful competition

183
Q

are insects more abundant in lakes or streams

A

streams (more DO)

184
Q

what is a huge difference between exoterygota and endoterygota

A

internal vs external wing development, exo doesnt have larvae

185
Q

what kind of life cycle do exoterygota have

A

paurometabolous (instars look like adults)

186
Q

what kind of life cycle do endoterygota have

A

holometabolous (larvae dont look like adults)

187
Q

what is the biggest order of insects

A

coleoptera (beetles)

188
Q

what is voltanism

A

number of generations of an organism per year

189
Q

what is an organism that yields one generation per year

A

univoltine

190
Q

what is an organism that yields two generations per year

A

semivoltine

191
Q

what are 4 factors that affect life cycles

A

daylength and temp cues
time emergence and DO conditions
resting stages (diapause)
extended emergence periods

192
Q

what orders have slow seasonal life cycles

A

ephemeroptera, plecoptera, trichoptera

193
Q

what is a slow seasonal life cycle

A

eggs hatch amd the nymphs grow slowly over and extended period

194
Q

what is a fast seasonal life cycle

A

diapause, then complete life cycle in a short period of time

195
Q

what is a non seasonal life cycle

A

several stages present in all seasons

196
Q

when are non season life cycles common

A

when life cycle is greater than 1 year

197
Q

if a life cycle is greater than 1 year, what is generally seen

A

overlapping generations

198
Q

did aquatic or land insects come first

A

land came first, then secondarily adapted to aquatic environment

199
Q

describe osmoreulation in freshwater insects

A

water comes in by passive diffusion, dilute urine to remove water, take up ions lost from urine

200
Q

what are the ways to take up extra ions that were lost in urine

A

chloride cells (epithelium or gills), papillae, food

201
Q

what are some primitive insects

A

mayflies and dragonflies

202
Q

what are the types of breathers

A

atmospheric, plank breathers, temp air store, permanent air store, tracheal gills, cutaneous, spiracle gills, hemoglobin

203
Q

what is atmospheric breathing

A

tube to breathe with extends to surface

204
Q

what are plant breathers

A

DO from aquatic plants

205
Q

what is temp air store breathing

A

bring a bubble down from surface, acts as a gill for gas exchance, depleatable physical gill

206
Q

what is a permenant air store

A

plastron, think layer of gas next to body wall held by hydrophobic hairs act as a physical gill, doesnt get depleated, forms when mating

207
Q

what are tracheal gills

A

thin layers of body wall branches to water (part of closed tracheal system)

208
Q

what is cutaneous respiration

A

DO across body wall

209
Q

what are spircle gills

A

plastron that functions in air and water, most common in pupal stages

210
Q

how does hemoglobin respiration work

A

respiratory pigments, chironomids that are bright red

211
Q

what is the bean structure found on phantom midges

A

concentrated tracheal system

212
Q

what pattern do insects walk in

A

triangles (if they have 6 legs)

213
Q

what are the habitat types

A

skaters, planktonic, divers, swimmers, clingers, sprawlers, climbers, burrowers

214
Q

describe that habitat of the skaters

A

scavengers of organisms trapped on surface film

215
Q

describe that habitat of the planktonic

A

inhabit open water limnetic zone of standing water, exhibity vertical migration

216
Q

describe that habitat of the divers

A

rowing with hind legs, come to surface for oxygen, dive when feeding or alarmed

217
Q

describe that habitat of the swimmers

A

fishlike swimming, cling to submerged objects

218
Q

describe that habitat of the clingers

A

attach to surfaces in stream and wave swept rocky littoral zones

219
Q

describe that habitat of the sprawlers

A

float on substrates like leaves to maintain respiration free of silt

220
Q

describe that habitat of the climbers

A

live on vascular hydrophytes or debris and move vertically on stem like surfaces

221
Q

describe that habitat of the burrowers

A

inhabit fine sediments

222
Q

whats the formal name of phantom midges

A

chaoboridae

223
Q

what are some adaptations for current maintenance

A

flattening of body surface, streamlining, reduction of projecting structures, suckers, friction pads and marginal contact with substrate, hooks and grapples, small size, silky and sticky secretions, ballast, attachment claws and dorsal processes

224
Q

how does flattening body surface help maintain in current

A

allows to crawl through closely compacted substrate and reduces resistance to fluids

225
Q

how does streamlining help maintain in current

A

fusiform body offers least resistance to fluids

226
Q

how does reduction of projecting structures help maintain in current

A

projecting structures increase water resistance

227
Q

how do suckers help maintain in current

A

provide attachment to smooth surfaces

228
Q

how do friction pads and marginal contact with substrate help maintain in current

A

close contact with substrate increase frictional resistance and reduces changes of being dislodges by current

229
Q

how do hooks and grapples help maintain in current

A

attachment to rough areas of substrate

230
Q

how does small size help maintain in current

A

small sizes permit utilization of the slow current boundary layer on top of stone

231
Q

how do silky and sticky secretions help maintain in current

A

allows attachment to stones in swift current

232
Q

how do ballast help maintain in current

A

incorporation of large stones in cases make the insects heavier and less easily swept away

233
Q

how does attachment claws and dorsal processes help maintain in attachment

A

stout claws aid in attachment and fixation to plants

234
Q

what is drift

A

temporary downstream movement of benthic animals in water column

235
Q

what are the two types of drift

A

active or passive drift

236
Q

what is constant drift

A

background drift, small number of individuals being transported continuously

237
Q

what is catastrophe drift

A

flood events or insecticides cause a large number of individuals to drift

238
Q

what is behavioral drift

A

intentional drift of individuals

239
Q

how much of the population is drifting at one point in time

A

2-3%

240
Q

why does drifting occur

A

overpopulation, decreased food, benthic predation

241
Q

why do insects like cold water more

A

more DO

242
Q

what is a degree day

A

how much heat accumulates over a certain period of time

243
Q

what is 100 degree days

A

10 degrees above threshhold for 10 days

5 degrees above threshhold for 20 days

244
Q

what is the difference between diapause, hibernation, and estivation

A

only diapause is genetically programmed

245
Q

what is hibernation for

A

cold period resting stage

246
Q

what is estivation

A

hot period resting stage

247
Q

what is the particle size order from largest to smallest

A

boulder, cobble, pebble, gravel, sand, silt, clay

248
Q

what is the size of a boulder

A

250mm

249
Q

what is the size of cobble

A

64-250mm

250
Q

what is the size of pebble

A

16-64mm

251
Q

what is the size of gravel

A

2-16mm

252
Q

what is the size of sand

A

0.6-22mm

253
Q

what is the size of silt

A

0.004-0.06mm

254
Q

what is the size of clay

A

less than 0.004mm

255
Q

what organisms can exist in silt and clay

A

midges, worms, chironomids, sprawlers with hairs

256
Q

what is the hyporheic zone

A

habitat within the substrate of a stream bounded by sediment-water interface and groundwater zone (living in substrate below sediment)

257
Q

what is hyporheos

A

regular stream fauna that use the shallow zone as a refuge (chironomids)

258
Q

what do animals in permanent hyporheos have as far as adaptations

A

small, long, skinner, hard covering

259
Q

what are the organic substrates

A

wood, macrophytes, moss specialists, tuft weaver midges, leaves

260
Q

what are functional feeding groups

A

species groups based on the source and size of organic matter they eat

261
Q

what are the morphological things for functional feeding groups

A

type of mouth parts and feeding behavior

262
Q

what is a guild

A

grouping organisms based on a common characteristics

263
Q

what are the functional feeding groups

A

shredder, shredder/gouger, suspension feeder/filterer-collector, deposit feeder/collector-gatherer, grazer, predator

264
Q

what is the food source for shredders

A

non-woody CPOM

265
Q

what is the food source for shredder/gouger

A

woody CPOM

266
Q

what is the food source for suspension feeder/filterer-collector

A

FPOM with setae

267
Q

whats food source for deposit feeder/collector gatherer

A

FPOM collect surface deposits

268
Q

what is the food source for grazers

A

periphyton and macrophytes

269
Q

whats food source for predators

A

animals

270
Q

how are leaves working

A

carbon and is colonized by microbes and the microbes are the nutrition

271
Q

how do you measure leaf pack amount eaten

A

log of graph shows slope and the more utilized leaf material for energy

272
Q

what is the river continum concept

A

headwater has shredder and predator
midorder has grazers and predators
river has collectors predators and plankton

273
Q

what are the 5 criticisms of RCC

A

temperate streams with forested headways
dams and tributaries can reset the continum
local affects from channel units
geographic and evolutionary effects
human influences in large rivers

Freshwater (4 decks)

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