Exam 1 Flashcards
(273 cards)
1
Q
what is limnology
A
freshwater ecology
2
Q
what is a stream ecologist
A
one who studies just streams
3
Q
what is lentic
A
standing water habitat
4
Q
what is an example of a lentic habitat
A
lakes, ponds, resevoirs
5
Q
what is lotic
A
running water
6
Q
what is an example of a lotic habitat
A
streams and rivers
7
Q
what are the 4 important properties of water
A
cohesive, density, high specific heat, broad phase temp
8
Q
what is the density of solid water
A
solid water is less dense than liquid water
9
Q
why does it matter if water has a high specific heat
A
means water can hold a lot of heat
10
Q
at what temperature is water most dense
A
4C
11
Q
how much of the earths water is in the oceans
A
97.6
12
Q
what is the residence time for water in ocean
A
2800 years
13
Q
how much of the earths water is in glaciers
A
2.1
14
Q
what is the residence time for water in glaciers
A
0-thousands of years
15
Q
how much of the earths water is in lakes
A
0.01
16
Q
what is the residence time of water in lakes
A
hundreds of years
17
Q
how much of earths water is in groundwater
A
0.2
18
Q
what is the residence time of water in groundwater
A
thousands of years
19
Q
how much water is in rivers and streams
A
0.001
20
Q
what is the residence time of water in rivers and streams
A
less than a year
21
Q
what are glacial lakes
A
lakes caused by glacial processes
22
Q
whats an example of a glacial lake
A
the great lakes
23
Q
what are the 6 types of lakes
A
glacial, volcanic, oxbow, solution, man made, tectonic
24
Q
what are the biggest lakes by volume
A
tectonic (siberia)
25
what is an oxbow lake
cut off from a river
26
what is a solution lake
earth above is removed to reveal groundwater and that becomes a lake
27
why do mixing cycles in lakes occur
because of temperature changes through the year
28
what are the two mixing cycles of a dimitic lake
turnover and stratification
29
what are the turnovers for a dimitic lake
spring and fall
30
what are the stratifications for a dimitic lake
summer and winter
31
what is a turnover
temperature is the same all the way down in a lake
32
what is a stratification
water cant mix because of density differences in water
33
when would a dimitic lake not occur
in tropics where temperatures arent cold enough fora lake to turn over twice (monomitic)
34
what is it called when a lake is constantly turning over (more than twice)
polymitic
35
what is an amitic lake
no turnover at all (can be chemically stratified instead of temp)
36
what is a graph type that shows depth and time
isopleths
37
how much surface light is vital for plant growth
1%
38
what is the compensation depth
the depth at which plants can still get 1% surface light
39
what is ph and alkalinity regulated by in lakes
carbonate system
40
what is alkalinity
ability to buffer acids
41
what is the ph of a lake usually determined by
geology of the basin (limestone, granite)
42
what is an oligotrophic lake
low nutrients
43
what is a eutrophic lake
high nutrients
44
what are the limiting nutrients for plants and algae
nitrogen and phosphorous
45
what is a mesotrophic lake
in between eu and oligo
46
what is eutrophication
an oligotrophic lake turing into a eutrophic lake
47
what is a huge cause of eutrophication
nitrogenous and phospherous fertilizers
48
what can affect available oxygen for organisms in a lake
algal productivity and mixing cycles
49
what is accessible runoff
water for human use (surface runoff and groundwater)
50
what can oxygen demands of an organism determine
the temperature of the water they live in (cold water holds more DO)
51
what is the difference between the photic and the profundal zone of a lake
not enough light for photosynthesis in the profundal zone
52
what is the difference between the littoral and limnetic zone in a lake
littoral includes beach, limnetic is open water
53
what is a pluston
an organism that lives on the surface of water
54
what are the two parts to the pluston
epipluston and hypopluston (submerged vs not submerged)
55
what are plankton
organisms living in water column that generally cannot swim well
56
what are the types of plankton
plankton, zooplankton, phytoplankton
57
what are nekton
area where animals swim well (generally fish)
58
what are benthic organisms
organisms that live on the bottom
59
what is autochthonous
anything originating from a water system
60
what is allochthanous
anything in a water system that did not originate there (ex. leaves, sticks)
61
what is the difference between a lake and a pond
pond is all littoral zone, lake has a profundal zone
62
what are some differences between lakes and streams
streams have far more disturbances, DOM is a more important energy source in streams, streams are not a discrete habitat
63
how can you classify a stream
stream order or link magnitude
64
what is the hierarchial system of streams
stream->segment->reach->pool/riffle->microhabitats
65
in a 3D stream channel, what is A
x-sectional area
66
in a 3D stream channel what is P
wedded perimeter
67
in a 3D stream channel what is A/P
hydraulic radius
68
in a 3D stream channel what is W/D
stream stability
69
a high W/D is ____
| a low W/D is _____
unstable, stable
70
what are some differences between a mountain and a lowland stream segment
mountain: sensitive to rainfall, flow and sediment influenced by hillslope movement, downcutting channel, limited sediment
lowland: only water and sediment interacting, channel cuts laterally, transport limited for sediment
71
how can water enter a stream channel
precipitation, groundwater, deep groundwater, overland flow
72
what is discharge (Q)
volume of water passing a point at a given time
73
what are the units of discharge (Q)
m^3/s
74
how do you measure discharge
v-notch weir for a small stream, or lower a meter to get average velocity then get the area of that section
75
what is the formula for discharge
area*velocity=discharge
76
what does a hydrograph show
how discharge changes over time
77
what are the axes for a hydrograph
x is time, y is q
78
when will discharge be highest
spring
79
when will discharge be lowest
fall
80
where is average velocity of a stream taken
at 60% of the depth
81
what is velocity of a stream a function of
slope, depth, bed roughness
82
what is turbulence
water molecules going everywhere
83
what is laminar
water molecules flowing straight
84
how do you calculate turbulence
movement/stickiness=turbulence
85
a reynolds number of ___ is turbulent water
| a reynolds number of ___ is laminar water
2000
| 500
86
for what type of bulk flow is it best to be streamlined
when turbulent (reduces drag)
87
for what type of bulk flow is it best to be round
when laminar
88
how do you measure the amount of white water
froude number (measures amount of water pulling up)
89
what do you calculate froude number
energy of water/force of gravity
90
fr# >1=
=1=
<1=
>1 supercritical (whitewater)
=1 critical
<1 subcritical
91
what are channel units determined by
slope of bed, W/D, turbulence
92
what characteristics define a cascade
white water, stair step, large sediment
93
what is nutrient cycling like in lakes
closed system, cycle between water column and sediment
94
what is nutrient cycling like in streams
nutrient spiraling
95
is a long or a short spiral more productive in nutrient cycling of a stream
short spiral more productive
96
what are the heterotrophic energy sources
LWD, CPOM, FPOM, DOM
97
what is the size of LWD
more than 10cm in diameter
98
what is the size of CPOM
10cm-1mm
99
what is the size of FPOM
1mm-0.5mm
100
what is the size of DOM
smaller than 0.5mm
101
which of the energy sources are mostly used by inverts
LWD, CPOM, FPOM
102
which of the energy sources are mostly used by bacteria
DOM
103
why is large woody debris so important to streams
creates different habitats and helps retain organic matter in streams
104
what is the riparian zone
band of vegetation along a stream bank and above the stream
105
what influences the riparian zone
light, OM, nutrients, bank stability
106
what is the difference between qualitative and quantitative
qual is whats in the habitat, quan is how much is in the habitat
107
whats one of the most important things to do in collecting sampes
replicate samples
108
what is semi quantitative
between qual and quan
| common, rare, unknown
109
how do you calculate quantity
#indv/m^2
110
how many replicates of a sample should you have
3-5
111
what are the types of replicative samples
random, systematic, stratified
112
what is systematic sampling
transects across a stream at regular space intervals
113
what is stratified sampling
divide habitat into microenvironmetns and do random sampling within
114
when do you do sampling of a stream
usually in spring if youre only doing it once a year or late summer if doing twice a year
115
What is a species
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
116
What is a population
A group of individuals of the same species at the same place and time
117
What is evolution
A change in the frequency of alleles for genes ina population over time
118
What's an example of variation within a species
Webbed feet in blue footed boobies versus non-webbed feet
119
What is artificial selection
Phenotypic changes in a population by human influence
120
What is natural selection
A population changing on its own as a result of environmental stimuli
121
What is an example of evolution we have seen in our lifetimes
Pesticide resistance in insects preying on food crops
122
What is phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
123
What is systematics
Study of the diversity and relationships among species
124
What is taxonomy
Naming and classifying the diverse format of organisms
125
What is a paraphyletic clade
Group of ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants
126
What makes something a true group
If its monophyletic
127
What is a monophyletic clade
Consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
128
What is a polyphyletic group
Includes numerous types of organisms that lack a common ancestor
129
What are the three domains
Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
130
Where is the most genetic diversity
In bacteria and archaea
131
What is the common ancestor for all animals
A protist like organism
132
What is radial symmetry
More than two planes of symmetry
133
What is bilateral symmetry
Two planes of symmetry ex. Humans
134
What is the most primitive animal and why is it most primitive
Sponges (porfera) because they lack true tissues
135
What are some parasitic human diseases related to freshwater animals
Schistomiasis, river blindness, guinea worm disease
136
How do you get schistomiasis
Rice paddys
137
How do you get river blindness
Bites from a river q
138
How do you get guinea worm disease
Drinking water
139
What is noteworthy about bryophytes
Colonial and freshwater
140
What are the two Gastropoda types
Pulmonate- can breathe air and are good in polluted waters
| Gill breathers which take in DO
141
Why are bivalves so helpful to biomonitoring in freshwater
They're very sensitive to pollution
142
What are the young of bivalves like
Free swimming or can be parasites on fish
143
What does a lot of annelids tell you about a freshwater system
That it is highly polluted. If they're the only thing you find, then the water is likely very polluted
144
Where can water bears be found (tardigrada)
Commonly found in mosses, lichens, leaf litter, and freshwater
145
What is found in the osteichthyes
Bony fishes
146
What are the deuterostomes
Vertebrates and echinoderms
147
What is a deuterosome
The type of embryonic development
148
What is the most species rich phylum
Arthropoda
149
What are the sacs of the amniotic egg
Shell, chorion, allantois, yolk sac, amnion
150
What are protozoa involved in
Microbial loop
151
describe the microbial loop
Waste products or corpses of producers and consumers become DOM (dissolved organic matter). DOM is consumed by bacteria. Bacteria are eaten by protists. Protists are eaten by primary consumers.
152
what kind of plankton is a rotifer
zooplankton
153
where in the water do rotifers live
benthic or in water column
154
what is unique about rotifers
fixed number of cells that it grows and maintains
155
what kind of life cycle do rotifers have
parthenogenic
156
what is a parthenogenic life cycle
asexual and most members are female, can do sexual with males but very uncommon
157
why do copepods move vertically in the water column at night (vertical migration)
to avoid visual predation during the day
158
what kind of reproduction do copepods have
sexual reproduction
159
what kinds of crustaceans are copepods
micricrustaceans
160
what is a juvenile copepod called
nauplii
161
what kind of copepod is planktonic
calanoid
162
what kind of copepod is benthic
cyclopoid and harpacticoid
163
where are water fleas found
temperate areas
164
what predaceous response do water fleas have (cladosterans)
form helmets
165
what is helmet formation in cladosterans
cyclomorphosis
166
what is another organism that shows cyclomorphosis
rotifers and water fleas
167
what is leptodora
a cladosteran (water flea) that is a predator lacking a carapace
168
what is a distinctive feature of cladosterans
large carapace covering most of body
169
how do cladosterans hold their eggs
in a brood pouch
170
cladosterans use ephipium, what is ephipium
holds zygotes in sediment until conditions are met
171
what is cyclomorphosis
change in body shape in response to predation
172
what is seasonal abundance of phytoplankton in response to
turnover
173
what is seasonal abundance in zooplankton a response to
food and predation
174
what kind of plankton can be used to monitor lakes
zooplankton
175
what are the two divisions of aquatic bugs we look at
exopterygota, endoterygota
176
what are the exoterygota
external wing development
177
what are the endoterygota
internal wing development
178
what orders are in the exoterygota
ephemeroptera, plecoptera, othoptera, hemiptera
179
what orders are in the endoterygota
megaloptera, trichoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, coleoptera, hymenoptera
180
what is chitin made of
carbohydrate mixed with nitrogen
181
what percent of insect species on earth are freshwater
3%
182
why are there few marine insects
osmoregulation isses, still tied to terrestrial, niches already taken without successful competition
183
are insects more abundant in lakes or streams
streams (more DO)
184
what is a huge difference between exoterygota and endoterygota
internal vs external wing development, exo doesnt have larvae
185
what kind of life cycle do exoterygota have
paurometabolous (instars look like adults)
186
what kind of life cycle do endoterygota have
holometabolous (larvae dont look like adults)
187
what is the biggest order of insects
coleoptera (beetles)
188
what is voltanism
number of generations of an organism per year
189
what is an organism that yields one generation per year
univoltine
190
what is an organism that yields two generations per year
semivoltine
191
what are 4 factors that affect life cycles
daylength and temp cues
time emergence and DO conditions
resting stages (diapause)
extended emergence periods
192
what orders have slow seasonal life cycles
ephemeroptera, plecoptera, trichoptera
193
what is a slow seasonal life cycle
eggs hatch amd the nymphs grow slowly over and extended period
194
what is a fast seasonal life cycle
diapause, then complete life cycle in a short period of time
195
what is a non seasonal life cycle
several stages present in all seasons
196
when are non season life cycles common
when life cycle is greater than 1 year
197
if a life cycle is greater than 1 year, what is generally seen
overlapping generations
198
did aquatic or land insects come first
land came first, then secondarily adapted to aquatic environment
199
describe osmoreulation in freshwater insects
water comes in by passive diffusion, dilute urine to remove water, take up ions lost from urine
200
what are the ways to take up extra ions that were lost in urine
chloride cells (epithelium or gills), papillae, food
201
what are some primitive insects
mayflies and dragonflies
202
what are the types of breathers
atmospheric, plank breathers, temp air store, permanent air store, tracheal gills, cutaneous, spiracle gills, hemoglobin
203
what is atmospheric breathing
tube to breathe with extends to surface
204
what are plant breathers
DO from aquatic plants
205
what is temp air store breathing
bring a bubble down from surface, acts as a gill for gas exchance, depleatable physical gill
206
what is a permenant air store
plastron, think layer of gas next to body wall held by hydrophobic hairs act as a physical gill, doesnt get depleated, forms when mating
207
what are tracheal gills
thin layers of body wall branches to water (part of closed tracheal system)
208
what is cutaneous respiration
DO across body wall
209
what are spircle gills
plastron that functions in air and water, most common in pupal stages
210
how does hemoglobin respiration work
respiratory pigments, chironomids that are bright red
211
what is the bean structure found on phantom midges
concentrated tracheal system
212
what pattern do insects walk in
triangles (if they have 6 legs)
213
what are the habitat types
skaters, planktonic, divers, swimmers, clingers, sprawlers, climbers, burrowers
214
describe that habitat of the skaters
scavengers of organisms trapped on surface film
215
describe that habitat of the planktonic
inhabit open water limnetic zone of standing water, exhibity vertical migration
216
describe that habitat of the divers
rowing with hind legs, come to surface for oxygen, dive when feeding or alarmed
217
describe that habitat of the swimmers
fishlike swimming, cling to submerged objects
218
describe that habitat of the clingers
attach to surfaces in stream and wave swept rocky littoral zones
219
describe that habitat of the sprawlers
float on substrates like leaves to maintain respiration free of silt
220
describe that habitat of the climbers
live on vascular hydrophytes or debris and move vertically on stem like surfaces
221
describe that habitat of the burrowers
inhabit fine sediments
222
whats the formal name of phantom midges
chaoboridae
223
what are some adaptations for current maintenance
flattening of body surface, streamlining, reduction of projecting structures, suckers, friction pads and marginal contact with substrate, hooks and grapples, small size, silky and sticky secretions, ballast, attachment claws and dorsal processes
224
how does flattening body surface help maintain in current
allows to crawl through closely compacted substrate and reduces resistance to fluids
225
how does streamlining help maintain in current
fusiform body offers least resistance to fluids
226
how does reduction of projecting structures help maintain in current
projecting structures increase water resistance
227
how do suckers help maintain in current
provide attachment to smooth surfaces
228
how do friction pads and marginal contact with substrate help maintain in current
close contact with substrate increase frictional resistance and reduces changes of being dislodges by current
229
how do hooks and grapples help maintain in current
attachment to rough areas of substrate
230
how does small size help maintain in current
small sizes permit utilization of the slow current boundary layer on top of stone
231
how do silky and sticky secretions help maintain in current
allows attachment to stones in swift current
232
how do ballast help maintain in current
incorporation of large stones in cases make the insects heavier and less easily swept away
233
how does attachment claws and dorsal processes help maintain in attachment
stout claws aid in attachment and fixation to plants
234
what is drift
temporary downstream movement of benthic animals in water column
235
what are the two types of drift
active or passive drift
236
what is constant drift
background drift, small number of individuals being transported continuously
237
what is catastrophe drift
flood events or insecticides cause a large number of individuals to drift
238
what is behavioral drift
intentional drift of individuals
239
how much of the population is drifting at one point in time
2-3%
240
why does drifting occur
overpopulation, decreased food, benthic predation
241
why do insects like cold water more
more DO
242
what is a degree day
how much heat accumulates over a certain period of time
243
what is 100 degree days
10 degrees above threshhold for 10 days
| 5 degrees above threshhold for 20 days
244
what is the difference between diapause, hibernation, and estivation
only diapause is genetically programmed
245
what is hibernation for
cold period resting stage
246
what is estivation
hot period resting stage
247
what is the particle size order from largest to smallest
boulder, cobble, pebble, gravel, sand, silt, clay
248
what is the size of a boulder
250mm
249
what is the size of cobble
64-250mm
250
what is the size of pebble
16-64mm
251
what is the size of gravel
2-16mm
252
what is the size of sand
0.6-22mm
253
what is the size of silt
0.004-0.06mm
254
what is the size of clay
less than 0.004mm
255
what organisms can exist in silt and clay
midges, worms, chironomids, sprawlers with hairs
256
what is the hyporheic zone
habitat within the substrate of a stream bounded by sediment-water interface and groundwater zone (living in substrate below sediment)
257
what is hyporheos
regular stream fauna that use the shallow zone as a refuge (chironomids)
258
what do animals in permanent hyporheos have as far as adaptations
small, long, skinner, hard covering
259
what are the organic substrates
wood, macrophytes, moss specialists, tuft weaver midges, leaves
260
what are functional feeding groups
species groups based on the source and size of organic matter they eat
261
what are the morphological things for functional feeding groups
type of mouth parts and feeding behavior
262
what is a guild
grouping organisms based on a common characteristics
263
what are the functional feeding groups
shredder, shredder/gouger, suspension feeder/filterer-collector, deposit feeder/collector-gatherer, grazer, predator
264
what is the food source for shredders
non-woody CPOM
265
what is the food source for shredder/gouger
woody CPOM
266
what is the food source for suspension feeder/filterer-collector
FPOM with setae
267
whats food source for deposit feeder/collector gatherer
FPOM collect surface deposits
268
what is the food source for grazers
periphyton and macrophytes
269
whats food source for predators
animals
270
how are leaves working
carbon and is colonized by microbes and the microbes are the nutrition
271
how do you measure leaf pack amount eaten
log of graph shows slope and the more utilized leaf material for energy
272
what is the river continum concept
headwater has shredder and predator
midorder has grazers and predators
river has collectors predators and plankton
273
what are the 5 criticisms of RCC
temperate streams with forested headways
dams and tributaries can reset the continum
local affects from channel units
geographic and evolutionary effects
human influences in large rivers
