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Freshwater > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is biomass

A

mass of living tissue of organism in a given area (g/m^2)

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2
Q

what is productivity

A

rate at which biomass accumulates (g/m^2/y)

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3
Q

what is secondary production

A

total elaboration of new body tissue in a group of animals during a period of time

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4
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary productivity

A

primary is plants and algae, secondary is animals

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5
Q

describe the process of secondary production

A

food to ingestion to assimilation to growth or tissue development

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6
Q

what happens if energy is not assimilated

A

goes towards respiration or secretion

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7
Q

why is the cohort method used instead of secondary production in streams

A

secondary production is not realistic enough

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8
Q

what is the site frequency method

A

sample whole community with number of individuals in different size classes

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9
Q

what is a cohort

A

group of individuals born at the same time

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10
Q

when is the site frequency method used

A

for voltanism

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11
Q

how do you calculate turnover time

A

productivity/biomass

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12
Q

what is turnover

A

number of times biomass replaces itself in a given period of time

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13
Q

what is the average productivity

A

less than 20g/m^2/year

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14
Q

what is allens paradox

A

productivity of fish is higher than productivity of macroinverts (violates thermodynamics)

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15
Q

what does AFDM stand for

A

ash free dry mass

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16
Q

what are the 4 methods of fish sampling

A

poisons and anaesthetics, nets, trapping and maze gear, electrofishing

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17
Q

what are 4 poisons/anaesthetics that can be used for fish sampling

A

rotenone, MS-222, CO2, clove oil

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18
Q

why is rotenone good to use for fish sampling

A

not toxic to mammals

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19
Q

how does rotenone work

A

vasoconstrictor

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20
Q

why is it bad to use rotenone

A

kills fish and macroinverts

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21
Q

why is MS-222 used as a poison for fish

A

same concept as rotenone where it kills fish

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22
Q

why would you use CO2 in fish sampling

A

sedates fish not killing them (commonly used in hatcheries)

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23
Q

why would you use clove oil in fish sampling

A

can be used to sedate fish leaving them alive

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24
Q

what are the two major types of nets used in fish sampling

A

entanglement or empoundment

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25
Q

how do entangement nets work

A

fish get stuck in the net, then retrieved

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26
Q

whats another name for an entanglement net

A

gill net

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27
Q

how do empoundment nets work

A

surround fish then pull them in to shore

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28
Q

whats another name for an empoundment net

A

sein

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29
Q

what are the two types of empoundment nets that we talked about

A

beach sein or haul sein

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30
Q

what is the square size of a net

A

size of the opening for the fish

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31
Q

what is the stretch size of a net

A

length of the opening when stretched

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32
Q

what is a trammel net

A

entangement net with layers of mesh to reduce selectivity

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33
Q

what is a beach sein

A

empoundment net used near shore, trap fish then drag to shore

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34
Q

what is a haul sein

A

empoundment net used in shallow bodies of water with smooth bottoms

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35
Q

how do trapping and maze gear work for fish sampling

A

fish are directed into a net and unable to get out

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36
Q

how does electrofishing work for fish sampling

A

electric current to attract and stun fish

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37
Q

what is voltage

A

size of the electric field

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38
Q

what are amps

A

strength of the electric field

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39
Q

what is DC

A

direct current, electrons to positive

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40
Q

what is AC

A

alternating current, electrons moving between positive and negative

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41
Q

is DC or AC more damaging to fish

A

AC is more damaging than DC

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42
Q

what is a cathode

A

negative electrode

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43
Q

what is an anode

A

positive electrode

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44
Q

what kind of wave is AC like

A

cyclic like a sine wave

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45
Q

what is pulsed DC

A

current all in one direction or zero (square wave)

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46
Q

what is duty cycle

A

% of time current is on during a cycle

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47
Q

why is electrofishing frowned upon

A

fish can be injured due to mechanical tissue damage

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48
Q

what are the responses for fish to electrofishing

A

(far to near) fright, electrotaxis, narcosis, pseudoforced swimming, tetany

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49
Q

what happens to fish in low AC

A

fish lines up permendicular to flux line

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50
Q

what happens to fish in high AC

A

muscle contraction and tetany

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51
Q

what happens to fish in low DC

A

fish moves toward anode

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52
Q

what happens to fish in high DC

A

narcosis

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53
Q

what is narcosis

A

muscle relaxation and loss of equilibrium

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54
Q

what are common injuries to fish from electrofishing

A

hemorrhages or bruising of soft tissue

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55
Q

is pulsed DC more likely to hurt fish, or continuous DC

A

pulsed DC is more harmful to fish

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56
Q

what is the most common type of electrofishing

A

pulsed DC

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57
Q

what is the duty cycle for pulsed DC

A

25-50%

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58
Q

what is the frequency of pulsed DC

A

50-60Hz

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59
Q

what is the casing on the electrode called and whats it made of

A

Booms are often retractable and made of wood or fiberglass

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60
Q

all metal in electrofishing must be attached to what and why

A

the hull to avoid shocking

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61
Q

what are the electrode designs

A

round, clyinder, or wisconsin ring

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62
Q

what is the basic set up of a backpack shocking unit

A

pack frame, ring anode on fiberglass pole, on/off switch, cathode tail trailing behind

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63
Q

what three factors can affect efficiency of electrofishing

A

biological (species), environmental (day vs night), technical (AC vs DC)

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64
Q

how does biological factors change efficiency of electrofishing

A

larger fish are more susceptible to electrofishing because bigger overall voltage drop from head to tail

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65
Q

what are the two common methods of estimating population size for fish

A

catch per unit effort, mark/recapture methods

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66
Q

why does catch per unit effort work for estimating population size of fish

A

if same effort put in,. number of fish caught will decrease and with graphing it you can get a guess of total population size

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67
Q

what are the axis of catch per unit effort

A

x=sample size

y=cumulative catch

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68
Q

how does mark/recapture methods work for estimating fish population size

A

catch fish, mark, relase, recapture, graph number markd versus number not marked

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69
Q

what is the method name for degrees of freedom in mark/recapture

A

lincoln peterson method

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70
Q

what are the 4 assumptions of the mark/recapture method

A

marks are permanent, marked fish are not affected by the mark, marked individuals mix randomly in population, population is closed with no birth death or migration

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71
Q

how do you preserve fish

A

fix in formalin then switch to 70% alcohol or 45% isopropanol

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72
Q

how do you preserve large fish

A

open gut to allow preservatives to go through full fish

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73
Q

when is the term fish used in plural

A

abundant numbers of fish (many fish in ocean)

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74
Q

when is the term fishes used

A

number of species (fishes of pennsylvania)

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75
Q

what are the most primitive vertebrates

A

fish

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76
Q

what percentage of fish are freshwater

A

41%

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77
Q

what is the total length of a fish

A

snout to end of tail

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78
Q

what is standard length of fish

A

snout to peduncle

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79
Q

what is the fork length of fish

A

snout to forked center of tail

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80
Q

what is the main type of fish we are looking at

A

teleost fish

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81
Q

what is the tail morphology of teleost fish

A

symmetrical tail

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82
Q

what are some features that make teleost fish so successful

A

flexible lips, expandable throat, swim bladder, large eyes

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83
Q

what type of rays do fish with adipose fins posses

A

soft rayed fish often have adipose fins

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84
Q

what are the 9 types of fish body shape

A

rover, surface, lie in wait, bottom rover, bottom clinger, bottom hider, flatfish, deep bodied, eel-like

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85
Q

what do rover predator fish look like

A

streamline, pointed head, narrow caudal peduncle, forked tail, fast swimmer, large eyes, mouth not subterminal

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86
Q

what are some examples of rover predator fish

A

swordfish, trout, salmon, minnows

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87
Q

what do surface oriented fish look like

A

small, upward pointing mouth, flat head, large eyes

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88
Q

what are some examples of surface oriented fish

A

mosquito fish, guppies, killifish

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89
Q

what do lie in wait predatory fish look like

A

torpedo shaped body, piciverous, flat head, lots of teeth

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90
Q

what is an example of a lie in wait predatory fish

A

pike

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91
Q

what are the four kinds of bottom fish

A

bottom rovers, bottom clingers, bottom hiders, flatfish

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92
Q

what do bottom rover fish look like

A

strongly flattened dorsoventrally, subterminal mouth, small eyes, many have barbels, fleshy lips

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93
Q

what is an example of a bottom rover fish

A

catfish

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94
Q

what do bottom clingers look like

A

large pelvic fins, large flat heads, large pectoral fins

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95
Q

what is an example of a bottom clinger fish

A

sculpins

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96
Q

what do bottom hiders look like

A

large pectoral fins, small fish, hide under rocks, small heads, elongate bodies

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97
Q

whats an example of a bottom hider

A

blenny

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98
Q

what do flatfish look like

A

flat with two eyes on one side of body

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99
Q

whats an example of a flatfish

A

flounders

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100
Q

what do deep bodied fish look like

A

flattened laterally, body depth greater than 1/3 body length, fine maneuvering skills, slow moving, large eyes, small mouth

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101
Q

whats an example of a deep bodied fish

A

sunfish

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102
Q

what do eel like fish look like

A

long narrow body, blunt head, embedded scales or lacking scales, smooth and slippery

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103
Q

whats an example of an eel like fish

A

moray eel

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104
Q

what are the four types of scales

A

ganoid, ctenoid, cycloid, placoid

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105
Q

what type of scales are ctenoid and cycloid

A

elasmoid scales or bony ridge scales

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106
Q

what kinds of fish have ganoid scales

A

gars, bowfin, paddlefish

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107
Q

what kind of fish have cycloid scales

A

soft rayed fishes (trout, eel, minnow)

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108
Q

what kind of fish have ctenoid scales

A

spiny rayed fishes (perch, sunfish)

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109
Q

what kind of fish have placoid scales

A

sharks

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110
Q

what is the most primitive type of scale

A

placoid

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111
Q

how can you age a fish using its scales

A

by counting the annual rings (annuli)

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112
Q

what are placoid scales analogous to

A

teeth (have dentin, pulp, and enamel)

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113
Q

what is unique about ganoid scales

A

theyre not embedded in tissue, theyre sitting on tissue surface

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114
Q

when would you want fewer large scales

A

for high protection

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115
Q

when would you want lots of small scales

A

when living in fast water

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116
Q

what are the 7 types of colouration we talked about

A

cryptic, silvery, counter shading, disruptive, eye ornamentation, poster, red

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117
Q

what is cryptic colouration

A

fish tries to match the background (ex. camo)

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118
Q

what kinds of fishes use cryptic colouration

A

benthic fishes

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119
Q

what is silvery colouration

A

scales are a silver colour or they are mirror like

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120
Q

what is counter shading colouration

A

dark on back and white on belly, when you look down harder to see fish then when you look up harder to see fish

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121
Q

whats an example of a fish that uses counter shading

A

sharks

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122
Q

what is disruptive colouration

A

use bars or bands to break up the colouration

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123
Q

why would disruptive colouration be helpful for a fish

A

helps blend into macrophyte beds

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124
Q

what is eye ornamentation colouration

A

black bar through the eyes and an eyespot by the tail

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125
Q

why is eye ornamentation colouration useful for a fish

A

better to have tail bitten than head

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126
Q

what is red colouration

A

its hard to see red underwater so you can only see red fish if theyre close up

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127
Q

what are the little bumps sometimes seen on the head of creek chubs

A

breeding tubercles (indication for breeding)

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128
Q

what kind of vision do fish generally have

A

monocular vision since eyes on side of head

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129
Q

where are the blind spots on fish

A

directly in front and almost directly behind them

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130
Q

where do fish have binocular vision

A

directly in front of them

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131
Q

what essentially is the sense of smell and taste for fish

A

chemical cue detection

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132
Q

where are taste buds found on fish

A

tongue and barbels if they have them

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133
Q

how do fish hear

A

with their lateral line organ (inner ear) or with their gas bladder

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134
Q

how much faster do sound waves move in water versus air

A

sound waves move 3x faster in water than in air

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135
Q

what are sound waves

A

compression waves

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136
Q

what helps with hearing in fish

A

otolith (earstone)

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137
Q

how does the otolith help with hearing

A

otolith vibrates with soundwaves

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138
Q

how can an otolith be used to age a fish

A

otolith gets growth rings

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139
Q

what is the anatomical name for the lateral line

A

acoustico lateralis

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140
Q

what does the lateral line of fish do

A

detects turbulence or pressure waves in water

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141
Q

what things are possible for fish because of their lateral line

A

swimming in the dark, schooling behaviour, orientation

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142
Q

how can the lateral line detect pressure differences

A

neuromast movement. cupula of the neuromast bends and sends signals to brain

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143
Q

what is morphologically different about the neuromasts of fish in fast versus slow moving water

A

in fast moving water, neuromast is more embedded, in quiet water the neuromast is more exposed

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144
Q

why is the fish mouth considered complicated

A

because it pumps water from the mouth through the gills

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145
Q

what are the three parts to fish gills

A

gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments

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146
Q

where are teeth found in fish

A

where you would expect by the lips and can also have throat teeth (pharyngeal teeth) that look like human molars and are creepy AF

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147
Q

what does the length of the digestive tract depend on

A

the diet (carnivores have short digestive tracts, herbivores have long digestive tracts)

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148
Q

how many chambers do fish hearts have

A

4

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149
Q

how do fish get DO

A

most fish rely entirely on gills for DO

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150
Q

fish in high O2 have ___ affinity hemoglobin

A

low

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151
Q

what kind of flow does fish blood have with water

A

countercurrent

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152
Q

where is DO taken in on the gills of fish

A

on the gill lamellae

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153
Q

what fish organ can detect electrical fields

A

lateral line (only in some fish)

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154
Q

what sense is the forebrain used for

A

smell

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155
Q

what sense is the mid brain used for

A

vision and learning

156
Q

what sense if the hind brain used for

A

coordination

157
Q

what comprises the nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

158
Q

why is the fish skeleton complex

A

many bones

159
Q

how many bones can be found in the fish head

A

40-60

160
Q

why is the spine of fish not very dense

A

because of its buoyancy need in water

161
Q

what are the two types of bones in a fish

A

skeletal and appendicular

162
Q

how much of a fishes mass is muscle

A

70%

163
Q

what are the biggest muscles in a fish

A

trunk muscles

164
Q

what is the banding arrangement of fish trunk muscles

A

myotomes or myomeres (zig zag shaped)

165
Q

what kind of undulation do fish have while swimming

A

s shaped or a sine wave

166
Q

what are some other modes of movement for fish besides undulation

A

many can rely on pectoral fins or tail fins for movement

167
Q

what is a startle response

A

fish moves in a c shape not s shape because of a stimulus. all muscles on one side of body contract and can have a fast thrust forward

168
Q

what is the point of the muscle arrangement (myomeres)

A

allows fish to move in any direction

169
Q

does red or white muscle have faster ATPase rate

A

white is faster

170
Q

does red or white muscle have faster calcium ion cycling

A

white is faster

171
Q

does red or white muscle have more mitochondria

A

red has more

172
Q

does red or white muscle have more capillaries

A

red has more

173
Q

does red or white muscle have more aerobic enzymes

A

red has more

174
Q

does red or white muscle have more anaerobic enzymes

A

white has more

175
Q

does red or white muscle have more myoglobin

A

red has more

176
Q

does red or white muscle have more glycogen

A

white has more

177
Q

does red or white muscle have a higher resistance to fatigue

A

red has less fatigue

178
Q

what is the primary function of red muscle

A

endurance

179
Q

what is the primary function of white muscle

A

bursts

180
Q

what are the two types of fertilization

A

internal or external

181
Q

what modification to males is necessary for internal fertilization

A

pelvic claspers

182
Q

what kind of fertilization often has live births

A

internal fertilization

183
Q

what kind of fertilization is most common among fish

A

external fertilization

184
Q

what are the 4 types of external fertilization

A

scatterers, brood hiders, guarders, mouth brooders

185
Q

what is a scatterer fish

A

embryos have no parental care

186
Q

what is an example of a scatterer fish

A

suckers and minnows

187
Q

what is a brood hider fish

A

no parental care but embryos are hidden

188
Q

what is an example of a brood hider fish

A

salmon

189
Q

what is a guarder fish

A

parental care that is mostly male and gets territorial

190
Q

what is an example of a guarder fish

A

bluegill, sunfish, sculpins, catfish

191
Q

what is a mouth brooder fish

A

carry fertilizaed eggs in mouth

192
Q

what is an example of a mouth brooding fish

A

seahorses

193
Q

which of the external fertilization types gets heavily into sexual selection

A

guarder fish

194
Q

what is a salmon nest called

A

a redd

195
Q

what nitrogenous waste do fish have

A

ammonia

196
Q

what is the function of a swim bladder

A

in part hearing, mostly for buoyancy

197
Q

what are the two types of swim bladders

A

physotomous and physoclist

198
Q

what is a physotomous swim bladder

A

gulping air connected to stomach

199
Q

what are some fish with a physotomous swim bladder

A

trout, salmon, pike, herrings

200
Q

what are some fish with a physoclist swim bladder

A

sunfish

201
Q

what is a physoclist swim bladder

A

dissolved gas from the blood into bladder with no connection to stomach

202
Q

what prevents gas from coming out of physoclist swim bladder

A

counter current

203
Q

what are the ways to maintain buoyancy

A

swim bladder, low density oils, fins generating lift

204
Q

what is the tail shape of most freshwater fish

A

homocercal

205
Q

when fish use anaerobic what is produced

A

lactic acid

206
Q

what is the function of lactic acid in fish

A

lowers pH and Hb unloads O2 more easily (root and bohr effect)

207
Q

what is salting out

A

increase solute concentration making gasses less soluble (N and O)

208
Q

what is the function of the oval window

A

removes gas from swim bladder (physoclist)

209
Q

how many times has the physoclist swim bladder evolved independently

A

4 separate times

210
Q

what are chromatophores

A

pigment containing or light refracting cells

211
Q

what are the 4 types of communication in fish

A

visual, sound, chemical, electrical

212
Q

how does visual communication work

A

colour patterns or colour displays

213
Q

what are the types of colour in fish

A

physical colour (irridaphores), or pigments (chromatophores)

214
Q

how do irridaphores show colour

A

though the refraction of light off scales

215
Q

how do chromatophores show colour

A

can change abundance of colour making them appear dark or light

216
Q

what kinds of sounds can be used for communication

A

rubbing of bones and vibration of swim bladder

217
Q

what kinds of chemical signals can be used for communication

A

pheromones for mating or fear scents

218
Q

how can electrical signals be used for communication

A

lateral line can detect electrical fields in some fish

219
Q

what are the 4 behaviours in fish

A

aggression, feeding, resting, schooling

220
Q

how can aggression be shown

A

modified swimming, gill flares, colour pattern changes

221
Q

what theory comes into play on feeding behaviour

A

optimal foraging theory

222
Q

what is the optimal foraging theory

A

with less food, less picky. with more food more picky

223
Q

what is resting behaviour

A

neutral buoyancy

224
Q

what is schooling behaviour

A

in groups equally distant from each other to reduce predation risk, increased reproductive success

225
Q

how does schooling behaviour reduce predation

A

confusion, dilution of predator detection

226
Q

what are the coldwater fish

A

less than 21C

227
Q

what are the cool water fish

A

18-21C

228
Q

what are the warmwater fish

A

21-30C

229
Q

what is acclimation

A

changes in organisms physiology and tolerances that appear after exposure to different levels of an environmental factor

230
Q

how can you prove acclimation to temperature

A

histological tissue samples of muscle fibers

231
Q

how does light affect fish

A

either move towards or away (positive or negative phototaxis)

232
Q

when do fish generally feed in the day

A

at dusk and at dawn

233
Q

why do fish have lateral migration

A

to feed or avoid migration

234
Q

what are some ecological factors for fish

A

temperature, light, substrate, cover

235
Q

what is substrate

A

spawning and reproduction grounds

236
Q

why is substrate so important for salmon

A

gravel must be porous enough that water can circulate so eggs can get DO because eggs are buried in the redd

237
Q

what is cover

A

a protected place where fish can rest, hide, or feed (visual isolation)

238
Q

what are examples of cover

A

large rocks, deep pools, undercut banks, aquatic plant beds, overhanging vegetation, root wads, large woody debris

239
Q

what are the assessments for EPA physical habitat

A

cover, embeddedness, velocity, sediment deposition, flow, channel alteration, channel sinuosity, bank stability, riparian vegetation production, width of riparian zone

240
Q

what is an instream flow model

A

determine for each species the discharge that maximizes their habitat

241
Q

where will you have the most DO

A

cold fast moving water

242
Q

why does fast moving water have more DO

A

because it has a thinner boundary layer so more oxygen can diffuse in

243
Q

what are 4 situations where you would have low DO

A

headwater areas with high groundwater input, high input of OM, eutrophication, hypolimnion release below dams

244
Q

what is the salinity limit for FW fish and inverts

A

3-5ppt

245
Q

what is stenohaline

A

narrow salt tolerance

246
Q

what is euhaline

A

wide salt tolerance

247
Q

what halinity are most fish

A

stenohaline

248
Q

why is irrigation return water dangerous for fish

A

water lays in a bed so much is evaporated leaving high levels of salt to go back into water

249
Q

why is fracking dangerous for fish

A

water from fracking is 5x saltier than ocean

250
Q

what does road salt runoff cause in many water systems

A

long term increase in baseline concentration for chloride in water system

251
Q

what is hydrofracking

A

inject 3-9 million gallons water into deep wells to break up shale and make pathways for natural gas to escape

252
Q

how does hydrofracking pollute water

A

90% water, 9% sand, 1% chemicals and this wastewater cannot be sent to sewage treatment plants instead its shipped to special treatment

253
Q

what other major issues has deep well injections caused in fracking

A

has caused minor earthquakes in places like youngstown ohio (never had earthquakes prior)

254
Q

why is pH important to fish

A

hydrogen ions interfere with ion regulation across fish gills

255
Q

what is alkalinity

A

ability to buffer acids which often depends on the bedrock geology

256
Q

what happens to fish when pH is too low (acidic)

A

fish suffocate

257
Q

are metals soluble at high or low pH

A

low pH

258
Q

how does aluminum affect fish

A

reduces ion exchange across gills causing a salt depletion. also increases mucus production causing gills to clog

259
Q

where does dry deposition and acid rain occur

A

downwind of source of ion

260
Q

what ions cause dry deposition and acid rain

A

SO4 and NOx

261
Q

when you have an acidic water body (3.5) what will you find

A

pretty much only water boatmen

262
Q

what was the function of the clean air act

A

reduced sulfates

263
Q

what is acid mine drainage

A

makes sulfuric acid and dissolved minerals and acid waters

264
Q

what is diadromous

A

travel between sea and freshwaer

265
Q

what is catadromous

A

go to sea to breed

266
Q

what is anadadromous

A

go to freshwater to breed

267
Q

what is amphydromy

A

moving between sea and FW for purposes other than breeding (ex. feeding)

268
Q

is catadromous or anadadromous more common

A

anadadromous more common

269
Q

what is an example of catadromous

A

eels

270
Q

what is an example of anadadromous

A

salmon, shad

271
Q

what is the food source for phytoplankton

A

nutrients (N and P)

272
Q

what is the food source for zooplankton

A

edible phytoplankton

273
Q

what is the food source for vertebrate planktivores

A

large herb zooplankton

274
Q

what is the food source for invert planktivores

A

small herb zooplankton

275
Q

what is the food source for piscivores

A

vertebrate planktivores

276
Q

what are the 3 reasons for anadadromous life cycle

A

more food at sea, reduced predation on juveniles, reduced competition between adults and juveniles

277
Q

describe the life cycle of salmon

A

egg in FW, eyed egg in FW, alevin FW, fry in FW, parr in FW, smolt FW->SW, adult SW, spawning SW->FW

278
Q

how long are juvelive salmon in FW

A

from alevin to parr is 1-3 years

279
Q

how long do adult salmon stay in SW before breeding

A

2 years

280
Q

what reduces the number of shad and herring

A

damns and pollution

281
Q

when do fish generally spawn

A

spring

282
Q

why are shad and herring unique from salmon

A

they migrate for spawning and for feeding (spring and summer migration)

283
Q

how long does it take shad and herring to mature and migrate

A

3-6 years

284
Q

why are atlantic salmon and steelhead, cutthroat, and shad different from pacific salmon

A

they can migrate and spawn many times, pacific can migrate and spawn once then they die

285
Q

where do coho salmon spawn

A

small streams

286
Q

where do chinook salmon spawn

A

large rivers

287
Q

where do chum and pink salmon spawn

A

short way up estuary

288
Q

where do sockeye salmon spawn

A

streams, then young migrate to lake to feed

289
Q

what are landlocked atlantic sockeye salmon

A

kokanee

290
Q

how do salmon know where to go to find their stream of origin

A

phototaxis and chemotaxis

291
Q

what are the taxis types

A

phototaxis, electromagnetotaxis, rheotaxis, chemotaxis

292
Q

what is phototaxis

A

orient to sun

293
Q

what is electromagnetotaxis

A

earths magnetic field orientation

294
Q

what is rheotaxis

A

orient to a current

295
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

olfactory cues for a specific drainage

296
Q

what is an example of migration within freshwater

A

live in lakes then spawn in streams (brown trout)

297
Q

where do fish in large rivers often spawn

A

in flood plain when the water is high (usually spring)

upstream as the water is rising (minnows/catfish)

298
Q

where do lake fish spawn

A

migrate to shallow areas (sunfish, crappies, carp)

299
Q

where do fish over winter

A

deep water or lakes

300
Q

what are examples of mutualism

A

schooling or cleaning

301
Q

what is commensalism

A

+ 0

302
Q

what is amensalism

A
  • 0
303
Q

what is mutualism

A

both benefit

304
Q

what is competition

A

interaction between individuals die to shared resource in limited supply leading to reduction in survival, growth, or reproduction

305
Q

what is the difference between gill rakers in fish living in the same area

A

two species of alwifes can have different sized spaces between gill rakers for different food sources (small zooplankton vs large zooplankton)

306
Q

what was the body morph study

A

with two morphs you get different niches, with one morph they all have same niche

307
Q

what happened in great lakes with introduction o alwife

A

was food for adult walleye but it ate the food for juvenile walleye so they died off

308
Q

what did the alwife in great likes study show

A

predation can affect diversity

309
Q

what happened with the introduction of nile perch into lake victoria

A

saw the extinction of many species of sickets, was an ecological disaster, but it did bring in economic success

310
Q

what was the swedish study on carp

A

when pike were present carp became more deep bodied, when pike not present the carp were less deep bodied

311
Q

what is trophic cascade

A

if you affect the top predator, you affect everything below it

312
Q

what study looked at trophic cascade

A

wisconsin study on tuesday lake and peter lake (introduction or removal of bass)

313
Q

what is the mysid shrimp study in lake tahoe

A

introduced mysid shrimp and they ate all the zooplankton so the kokanee salmon decreased

314
Q

what is the bottom up theory

A

affect soemthing at the bottom of the food chain and watch the entire chain get affected

315
Q

what is the difference between bottom up and trophic cascade

A

trophic cascade is top down, bottom up is bottom up

316
Q

what does the river continum concept show for fish in headwater

A

small fish, high DO, fish need gravel

317
Q

what does the riuver continum concept show for fish in the river

A

small and big dish, some DO, planktivorous fish, increased diversity

318
Q

what is the trout zone

A

steep gradient, fast flowing water, cool temperature

319
Q

what is found in the trout zone

A

trout and salmon

320
Q

what is the grayling zone

A

steep gradient, fast flowing water, warmer waters

321
Q

what is found in the grayling zone

A

grayling, minnow, chub, dace

322
Q

what is the barbel zone

A

moderate water flow and moderate temp, silt and gravel substrate

323
Q

what is found in the barbel zone

A

barbel, roach, rudd, perch, pike, eel

324
Q

what is the bream zone

A

lowland zone, slow moving water, variable temp

325
Q

what is found in the bream zone

A

bream, tench, carp

326
Q

are riffles and pools more common in coldwater streams or warmwater streams

A

coldwater

327
Q

what is the temp of a warmwater stream

A

more than 23C in summer

328
Q

are there more miles of warmwater streams of coldwater streams

A

more warmwater streams

329
Q

what disease is common in coldwater streams

A

whirling disease

330
Q

what kinds of fish can be found in warmwater streams

A

minnow, darters, sunfish, suckers, small catfish, madtoms

331
Q

does east or west have more species in usa

A

east has more species

332
Q

where are there refuges for ancient fish like gars and bowfins

A

east

333
Q

where are there a lot of endemic species

A

west (watersheds are isolated from each other)

334
Q

what is different about species in the west

A

theyre generally larger in size and longer lived (especially in desert SW)

335
Q

how do so many species coexist in warm water streams of the east

A

diversification of habitat usage

336
Q

is a lake or a stream more temporary

A

lake is more temporary than stream

337
Q

what is notable about fish in lakes

A

theyre generally fish you find in deep pools or rivers, not made for a lake habitat

338
Q

what are some fish that are more often found in lakes

A

sunfish, pike, suckers

339
Q

what is the surface temp of a coldwater lake

A

less than 25C

340
Q

are coldwater lakes usually eu or oligotrophic

A

oligotrophic

341
Q

are warm water lakes usually eu or oligotrophic

A

mesoeutrophic

342
Q

does cold water lake have high or low light

A

high light

343
Q

does warm water lake have high or low light

A

more turbid (low light)

344
Q

which temp of lake has higher diversity of fish

A

warm water has higher diversity of fish

345
Q

what kinds of fish are found in coldwater lakes

A

trout, whitefish, northern pike, walleye, sculpins

346
Q

what kinds of fish are found in warm water lakes

A

bass, sunfish, crappie, bullheads, yellow perch, minnows, darters

347
Q

in which temp of water lake is there a bigger difference between epi and hypolimnion

A

warm water lake

348
Q

what is a reservoir

A

a half way between a lake and a river

349
Q

what are the general characteristics of a reservoir

A

warm water and more river like, temporary, heavily silt, large changes in water levels

350
Q

why can many things not survive in a reservoir

A

because of drastic water level changes fish cannot spawn in shallow water

351
Q

what are traits of successful reservoir fish

A

spawn in water column, spawn in deep water, spawn in tributaries, spawn quickly in flooded littoral zone

352
Q

what is an example of a deep water spawner

A

catfish

353
Q

what is an example of a water column spawner

A

shad and white bass

354
Q

what is an example of a spring flood spawner

A

carp

355
Q

what is an example of a feeder stream (tributary) spawner

A

suckers

356
Q

what is a pond

A

all littoral zone (enough light for plant growth can reach the bottom)

357
Q

how much variation is there between mountain pond and farm pond

A

a lot of variation

358
Q

what happens to farm ponds generally when theyre stocked with bass, blue gill, inverts, and catfish

A

you get 3-5 years of good fishing then you get eutrophication

359
Q

how can you combat eutrophication in farm ponds

A

barley straw or shade to try to control algal growth

360
Q

what is biomonitoring

A

systematic use of biological responses to evaluate changes in environment

361
Q

biomonitoring for water quality involves ____ and ____

A

surveillance and compliance

362
Q

what is surveillance

A

surveys before and after a problem (looking at long term change)

363
Q

what is compliance

A

make sure permit requirements are met

364
Q

what is a stressor

A

something that physically stresses an organism

365
Q

where was the first biomonitoring done

A

europe in 1900’s using chironomids

366
Q

when and where was saprobian system developed

A

europe 1900’s

367
Q

when was biomonitoring first done in usa

A

Philadelphia 1940’s by Ruth Patrick

368
Q

what is a point source pollutant

A

something that comes out of a pipe into a water system

369
Q

what is a non point source pollutant

A

comes from anything else (ex. runoff)

370
Q

what are the advantages to using macroinvertebrates in biomonitoring

A

ubiquitous, many species, sedentary, long life cycle, convenient size, position in food chain

371
Q

what does it mean that macroinvertebrates are ubiquitous

A

they exist in many kinds of habitats

372
Q

why does it matter that macroinverts are sedentary

A

good for spatial analysis

373
Q

why does it matter that macroinverts have long life cycles

A

can integrate temporal changes

374
Q

what is the position of macroinverts in the food chain

A

between algae/detritus and fish

375
Q

what are some disadvantages to using macroinverts

A

dont respond to all env. inpacts, clumped distribution, distribution and abundance affected by more than env factors, drift, can be hard to ID, can be too few to make assessment in highly polluted areas

376
Q

what are the 4 classes of the saprobian system based on sewage input

A

oligosaprobic, beta-mesosaprobic, alpha-mesosaprobic, polysaprobic

377
Q

what is oligosaprobic

A

clean water organisms trichoptera and plecoptera

378
Q

what is beta-mesosaprobic

A

abundant pollution tolerant organisms chironomids or tubifex

379
Q

what is alpha-mesosaprobic

A

tolerant species chironomids, tubifex, asellus, erpobdella

380
Q

what is polysaprobic

A

exclusively eristalis, tubifex, chrinonomids

381
Q

why was the saprobian system not used in usa at first

A

different species, sewage not as big a problem, focused on chemical measurements

382
Q

when was the clean water act

A

1985

383
Q

what must each state do under the clean water act

A

monitor surface waters, define beneficial uses, anti-degredation

384
Q

what is anti-degredation

A

cannot lower water quality below its defined use

385
Q

what are the beneficial uses under the clean water act

A

all should be fishable and swimable

Freshwater (4 decks)

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