Exam 2 Flashcards
what is biomass
mass of living tissue of organism in a given area (g/m^2)
what is productivity
rate at which biomass accumulates (g/m^2/y)
what is secondary production
total elaboration of new body tissue in a group of animals during a period of time
what is the difference between primary and secondary productivity
primary is plants and algae, secondary is animals
describe the process of secondary production
food to ingestion to assimilation to growth or tissue development
what happens if energy is not assimilated
goes towards respiration or secretion
why is the cohort method used instead of secondary production in streams
secondary production is not realistic enough
what is the site frequency method
sample whole community with number of individuals in different size classes
what is a cohort
group of individuals born at the same time
when is the site frequency method used
for voltanism
how do you calculate turnover time
productivity/biomass
what is turnover
number of times biomass replaces itself in a given period of time
what is the average productivity
less than 20g/m^2/year
what is allens paradox
productivity of fish is higher than productivity of macroinverts (violates thermodynamics)
what does AFDM stand for
ash free dry mass
what are the 4 methods of fish sampling
poisons and anaesthetics, nets, trapping and maze gear, electrofishing
what are 4 poisons/anaesthetics that can be used for fish sampling
rotenone, MS-222, CO2, clove oil
why is rotenone good to use for fish sampling
not toxic to mammals
how does rotenone work
vasoconstrictor
why is it bad to use rotenone
kills fish and macroinverts
why is MS-222 used as a poison for fish
same concept as rotenone where it kills fish
why would you use CO2 in fish sampling
sedates fish not killing them (commonly used in hatcheries)
why would you use clove oil in fish sampling
can be used to sedate fish leaving them alive
what are the two major types of nets used in fish sampling
entanglement or empoundment
how do entangement nets work
fish get stuck in the net, then retrieved
whats another name for an entanglement net
gill net
how do empoundment nets work
surround fish then pull them in to shore
whats another name for an empoundment net
sein
what are the two types of empoundment nets that we talked about
beach sein or haul sein
what is the square size of a net
size of the opening for the fish
what is the stretch size of a net
length of the opening when stretched
what is a trammel net
entangement net with layers of mesh to reduce selectivity
what is a beach sein
empoundment net used near shore, trap fish then drag to shore
what is a haul sein
empoundment net used in shallow bodies of water with smooth bottoms
how do trapping and maze gear work for fish sampling
fish are directed into a net and unable to get out
how does electrofishing work for fish sampling
electric current to attract and stun fish
what is voltage
size of the electric field
what are amps
strength of the electric field
what is DC
direct current, electrons to positive
what is AC
alternating current, electrons moving between positive and negative
is DC or AC more damaging to fish
AC is more damaging than DC
what is a cathode
negative electrode
what is an anode
positive electrode
what kind of wave is AC like
cyclic like a sine wave
what is pulsed DC
current all in one direction or zero (square wave)
what is duty cycle
% of time current is on during a cycle
why is electrofishing frowned upon
fish can be injured due to mechanical tissue damage
what are the responses for fish to electrofishing
(far to near) fright, electrotaxis, narcosis, pseudoforced swimming, tetany
what happens to fish in low AC
fish lines up permendicular to flux line
what happens to fish in high AC
muscle contraction and tetany
what happens to fish in low DC
fish moves toward anode
what happens to fish in high DC
narcosis
what is narcosis
muscle relaxation and loss of equilibrium
what are common injuries to fish from electrofishing
hemorrhages or bruising of soft tissue
is pulsed DC more likely to hurt fish, or continuous DC
pulsed DC is more harmful to fish
what is the most common type of electrofishing
pulsed DC
what is the duty cycle for pulsed DC
25-50%
what is the frequency of pulsed DC
50-60Hz
what is the casing on the electrode called and whats it made of
Booms are often retractable and made of wood or fiberglass
all metal in electrofishing must be attached to what and why
the hull to avoid shocking
what are the electrode designs
round, clyinder, or wisconsin ring
what is the basic set up of a backpack shocking unit
pack frame, ring anode on fiberglass pole, on/off switch, cathode tail trailing behind
what three factors can affect efficiency of electrofishing
biological (species), environmental (day vs night), technical (AC vs DC)
how does biological factors change efficiency of electrofishing
larger fish are more susceptible to electrofishing because bigger overall voltage drop from head to tail
what are the two common methods of estimating population size for fish
catch per unit effort, mark/recapture methods
why does catch per unit effort work for estimating population size of fish
if same effort put in,. number of fish caught will decrease and with graphing it you can get a guess of total population size
what are the axis of catch per unit effort
x=sample size
y=cumulative catch
how does mark/recapture methods work for estimating fish population size
catch fish, mark, relase, recapture, graph number markd versus number not marked
what is the method name for degrees of freedom in mark/recapture
lincoln peterson method
what are the 4 assumptions of the mark/recapture method
marks are permanent, marked fish are not affected by the mark, marked individuals mix randomly in population, population is closed with no birth death or migration
how do you preserve fish
fix in formalin then switch to 70% alcohol or 45% isopropanol
how do you preserve large fish
open gut to allow preservatives to go through full fish
when is the term fish used in plural
abundant numbers of fish (many fish in ocean)
when is the term fishes used
number of species (fishes of pennsylvania)
what are the most primitive vertebrates
fish
what percentage of fish are freshwater
41%
what is the total length of a fish
snout to end of tail
what is standard length of fish
snout to peduncle
what is the fork length of fish
snout to forked center of tail
what is the main type of fish we are looking at
teleost fish
what is the tail morphology of teleost fish
symmetrical tail
what are some features that make teleost fish so successful
flexible lips, expandable throat, swim bladder, large eyes
what type of rays do fish with adipose fins posses
soft rayed fish often have adipose fins
what are the 9 types of fish body shape
rover, surface, lie in wait, bottom rover, bottom clinger, bottom hider, flatfish, deep bodied, eel-like
what do rover predator fish look like
streamline, pointed head, narrow caudal peduncle, forked tail, fast swimmer, large eyes, mouth not subterminal
what are some examples of rover predator fish
swordfish, trout, salmon, minnows
what do surface oriented fish look like
small, upward pointing mouth, flat head, large eyes
what are some examples of surface oriented fish
mosquito fish, guppies, killifish
what do lie in wait predatory fish look like
torpedo shaped body, piciverous, flat head, lots of teeth
what is an example of a lie in wait predatory fish
pike
what are the four kinds of bottom fish
bottom rovers, bottom clingers, bottom hiders, flatfish
what do bottom rover fish look like
strongly flattened dorsoventrally, subterminal mouth, small eyes, many have barbels, fleshy lips
what is an example of a bottom rover fish
catfish
what do bottom clingers look like
large pelvic fins, large flat heads, large pectoral fins
what is an example of a bottom clinger fish
sculpins
what do bottom hiders look like
large pectoral fins, small fish, hide under rocks, small heads, elongate bodies
whats an example of a bottom hider
blenny
what do flatfish look like
flat with two eyes on one side of body
whats an example of a flatfish
flounders
what do deep bodied fish look like
flattened laterally, body depth greater than 1/3 body length, fine maneuvering skills, slow moving, large eyes, small mouth
whats an example of a deep bodied fish
sunfish
what do eel like fish look like
long narrow body, blunt head, embedded scales or lacking scales, smooth and slippery
whats an example of an eel like fish
moray eel
what are the four types of scales
ganoid, ctenoid, cycloid, placoid
what type of scales are ctenoid and cycloid
elasmoid scales or bony ridge scales
what kinds of fish have ganoid scales
gars, bowfin, paddlefish
what kind of fish have cycloid scales
soft rayed fishes (trout, eel, minnow)
what kind of fish have ctenoid scales
spiny rayed fishes (perch, sunfish)
what kind of fish have placoid scales
sharks
what is the most primitive type of scale
placoid
how can you age a fish using its scales
by counting the annual rings (annuli)
what are placoid scales analogous to
teeth (have dentin, pulp, and enamel)
what is unique about ganoid scales
theyre not embedded in tissue, theyre sitting on tissue surface
when would you want fewer large scales
for high protection
when would you want lots of small scales
when living in fast water
what are the 7 types of colouration we talked about
cryptic, silvery, counter shading, disruptive, eye ornamentation, poster, red
what is cryptic colouration
fish tries to match the background (ex. camo)
what kinds of fishes use cryptic colouration
benthic fishes
what is silvery colouration
scales are a silver colour or they are mirror like
what is counter shading colouration
dark on back and white on belly, when you look down harder to see fish then when you look up harder to see fish
whats an example of a fish that uses counter shading
sharks
what is disruptive colouration
use bars or bands to break up the colouration
why would disruptive colouration be helpful for a fish
helps blend into macrophyte beds
what is eye ornamentation colouration
black bar through the eyes and an eyespot by the tail
why is eye ornamentation colouration useful for a fish
better to have tail bitten than head
what is red colouration
its hard to see red underwater so you can only see red fish if theyre close up
what are the little bumps sometimes seen on the head of creek chubs
breeding tubercles (indication for breeding)
what kind of vision do fish generally have
monocular vision since eyes on side of head
where are the blind spots on fish
directly in front and almost directly behind them
where do fish have binocular vision
directly in front of them
what essentially is the sense of smell and taste for fish
chemical cue detection
where are taste buds found on fish
tongue and barbels if they have them
how do fish hear
with their lateral line organ (inner ear) or with their gas bladder
how much faster do sound waves move in water versus air
sound waves move 3x faster in water than in air
what are sound waves
compression waves
what helps with hearing in fish
otolith (earstone)
how does the otolith help with hearing
otolith vibrates with soundwaves
how can an otolith be used to age a fish
otolith gets growth rings
what is the anatomical name for the lateral line
acoustico lateralis
what does the lateral line of fish do
detects turbulence or pressure waves in water
what things are possible for fish because of their lateral line
swimming in the dark, schooling behaviour, orientation
how can the lateral line detect pressure differences
neuromast movement. cupula of the neuromast bends and sends signals to brain
what is morphologically different about the neuromasts of fish in fast versus slow moving water
in fast moving water, neuromast is more embedded, in quiet water the neuromast is more exposed
why is the fish mouth considered complicated
because it pumps water from the mouth through the gills
what are the three parts to fish gills
gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments
where are teeth found in fish
where you would expect by the lips and can also have throat teeth (pharyngeal teeth) that look like human molars and are creepy AF
what does the length of the digestive tract depend on
the diet (carnivores have short digestive tracts, herbivores have long digestive tracts)
how many chambers do fish hearts have
4
how do fish get DO
most fish rely entirely on gills for DO
fish in high O2 have ___ affinity hemoglobin
low
what kind of flow does fish blood have with water
countercurrent
where is DO taken in on the gills of fish
on the gill lamellae
what fish organ can detect electrical fields
lateral line (only in some fish)
what sense is the forebrain used for
smell
what sense is the mid brain used for
vision and learning
what sense if the hind brain used for
coordination
what comprises the nervous system
brain and spinal cord
why is the fish skeleton complex
many bones
how many bones can be found in the fish head
40-60
why is the spine of fish not very dense
because of its buoyancy need in water
what are the two types of bones in a fish
skeletal and appendicular
how much of a fishes mass is muscle
70%
what are the biggest muscles in a fish
trunk muscles
what is the banding arrangement of fish trunk muscles
myotomes or myomeres (zig zag shaped)
what kind of undulation do fish have while swimming
s shaped or a sine wave
what are some other modes of movement for fish besides undulation
many can rely on pectoral fins or tail fins for movement
what is a startle response
fish moves in a c shape not s shape because of a stimulus. all muscles on one side of body contract and can have a fast thrust forward
what is the point of the muscle arrangement (myomeres)
allows fish to move in any direction
does red or white muscle have faster ATPase rate
white is faster
does red or white muscle have faster calcium ion cycling
white is faster
does red or white muscle have more mitochondria
red has more
does red or white muscle have more capillaries
red has more
does red or white muscle have more aerobic enzymes
red has more
does red or white muscle have more anaerobic enzymes
white has more
does red or white muscle have more myoglobin
red has more
does red or white muscle have more glycogen
white has more
does red or white muscle have a higher resistance to fatigue
red has less fatigue
what is the primary function of red muscle
endurance
what is the primary function of white muscle
bursts
what are the two types of fertilization
internal or external
what modification to males is necessary for internal fertilization
pelvic claspers
what kind of fertilization often has live births
internal fertilization
what kind of fertilization is most common among fish
external fertilization
what are the 4 types of external fertilization
scatterers, brood hiders, guarders, mouth brooders
what is a scatterer fish
embryos have no parental care
what is an example of a scatterer fish
suckers and minnows
what is a brood hider fish
no parental care but embryos are hidden
what is an example of a brood hider fish
salmon
what is a guarder fish
parental care that is mostly male and gets territorial
what is an example of a guarder fish
bluegill, sunfish, sculpins, catfish
what is a mouth brooder fish
carry fertilizaed eggs in mouth
what is an example of a mouth brooding fish
seahorses
which of the external fertilization types gets heavily into sexual selection
guarder fish
what is a salmon nest called
a redd
what nitrogenous waste do fish have
ammonia
what is the function of a swim bladder
in part hearing, mostly for buoyancy
what are the two types of swim bladders
physotomous and physoclist
what is a physotomous swim bladder
gulping air connected to stomach
what are some fish with a physotomous swim bladder
trout, salmon, pike, herrings
what are some fish with a physoclist swim bladder
sunfish
what is a physoclist swim bladder
dissolved gas from the blood into bladder with no connection to stomach
what prevents gas from coming out of physoclist swim bladder
counter current
what are the ways to maintain buoyancy
swim bladder, low density oils, fins generating lift
what is the tail shape of most freshwater fish
homocercal
when fish use anaerobic what is produced
lactic acid
what is the function of lactic acid in fish
lowers pH and Hb unloads O2 more easily (root and bohr effect)
what is salting out
increase solute concentration making gasses less soluble (N and O)
what is the function of the oval window
removes gas from swim bladder (physoclist)
how many times has the physoclist swim bladder evolved independently
4 separate times
what are chromatophores
pigment containing or light refracting cells
what are the 4 types of communication in fish
visual, sound, chemical, electrical
how does visual communication work
colour patterns or colour displays
what are the types of colour in fish
physical colour (irridaphores), or pigments (chromatophores)
how do irridaphores show colour
though the refraction of light off scales
how do chromatophores show colour
can change abundance of colour making them appear dark or light
what kinds of sounds can be used for communication
rubbing of bones and vibration of swim bladder
what kinds of chemical signals can be used for communication
pheromones for mating or fear scents
how can electrical signals be used for communication
lateral line can detect electrical fields in some fish
what are the 4 behaviours in fish
aggression, feeding, resting, schooling
how can aggression be shown
modified swimming, gill flares, colour pattern changes
what theory comes into play on feeding behaviour
optimal foraging theory
what is the optimal foraging theory
with less food, less picky. with more food more picky
what is resting behaviour
neutral buoyancy
what is schooling behaviour
in groups equally distant from each other to reduce predation risk, increased reproductive success
how does schooling behaviour reduce predation
confusion, dilution of predator detection
what are the coldwater fish
less than 21C
what are the cool water fish
18-21C
what are the warmwater fish
21-30C
what is acclimation
changes in organisms physiology and tolerances that appear after exposure to different levels of an environmental factor
how can you prove acclimation to temperature
histological tissue samples of muscle fibers
how does light affect fish
either move towards or away (positive or negative phototaxis)
when do fish generally feed in the day
at dusk and at dawn
why do fish have lateral migration
to feed or avoid migration
what are some ecological factors for fish
temperature, light, substrate, cover
what is substrate
spawning and reproduction grounds
why is substrate so important for salmon
gravel must be porous enough that water can circulate so eggs can get DO because eggs are buried in the redd
what is cover
a protected place where fish can rest, hide, or feed (visual isolation)
what are examples of cover
large rocks, deep pools, undercut banks, aquatic plant beds, overhanging vegetation, root wads, large woody debris
what are the assessments for EPA physical habitat
cover, embeddedness, velocity, sediment deposition, flow, channel alteration, channel sinuosity, bank stability, riparian vegetation production, width of riparian zone
what is an instream flow model
determine for each species the discharge that maximizes their habitat
where will you have the most DO
cold fast moving water
why does fast moving water have more DO
because it has a thinner boundary layer so more oxygen can diffuse in
what are 4 situations where you would have low DO
headwater areas with high groundwater input, high input of OM, eutrophication, hypolimnion release below dams
what is the salinity limit for FW fish and inverts
3-5ppt
what is stenohaline
narrow salt tolerance
what is euhaline
wide salt tolerance
what halinity are most fish
stenohaline
why is irrigation return water dangerous for fish
water lays in a bed so much is evaporated leaving high levels of salt to go back into water
why is fracking dangerous for fish
water from fracking is 5x saltier than ocean
what does road salt runoff cause in many water systems
long term increase in baseline concentration for chloride in water system
what is hydrofracking
inject 3-9 million gallons water into deep wells to break up shale and make pathways for natural gas to escape
how does hydrofracking pollute water
90% water, 9% sand, 1% chemicals and this wastewater cannot be sent to sewage treatment plants instead its shipped to special treatment
what other major issues has deep well injections caused in fracking
has caused minor earthquakes in places like youngstown ohio (never had earthquakes prior)
why is pH important to fish
hydrogen ions interfere with ion regulation across fish gills
what is alkalinity
ability to buffer acids which often depends on the bedrock geology
what happens to fish when pH is too low (acidic)
fish suffocate
are metals soluble at high or low pH
low pH
how does aluminum affect fish
reduces ion exchange across gills causing a salt depletion. also increases mucus production causing gills to clog
where does dry deposition and acid rain occur
downwind of source of ion
what ions cause dry deposition and acid rain
SO4 and NOx
when you have an acidic water body (3.5) what will you find
pretty much only water boatmen
what was the function of the clean air act
reduced sulfates
what is acid mine drainage
makes sulfuric acid and dissolved minerals and acid waters
what is diadromous
travel between sea and freshwaer
what is catadromous
go to sea to breed
what is anadadromous
go to freshwater to breed
what is amphydromy
moving between sea and FW for purposes other than breeding (ex. feeding)
is catadromous or anadadromous more common
anadadromous more common
what is an example of catadromous
eels
what is an example of anadadromous
salmon, shad
what is the food source for phytoplankton
nutrients (N and P)
what is the food source for zooplankton
edible phytoplankton
what is the food source for vertebrate planktivores
large herb zooplankton
what is the food source for invert planktivores
small herb zooplankton
what is the food source for piscivores
vertebrate planktivores
what are the 3 reasons for anadadromous life cycle
more food at sea, reduced predation on juveniles, reduced competition between adults and juveniles
describe the life cycle of salmon
egg in FW, eyed egg in FW, alevin FW, fry in FW, parr in FW, smolt FW->SW, adult SW, spawning SW->FW
how long are juvelive salmon in FW
from alevin to parr is 1-3 years
how long do adult salmon stay in SW before breeding
2 years
what reduces the number of shad and herring
damns and pollution
when do fish generally spawn
spring
why are shad and herring unique from salmon
they migrate for spawning and for feeding (spring and summer migration)
how long does it take shad and herring to mature and migrate
3-6 years
why are atlantic salmon and steelhead, cutthroat, and shad different from pacific salmon
they can migrate and spawn many times, pacific can migrate and spawn once then they die
where do coho salmon spawn
small streams
where do chinook salmon spawn
large rivers
where do chum and pink salmon spawn
short way up estuary
where do sockeye salmon spawn
streams, then young migrate to lake to feed
what are landlocked atlantic sockeye salmon
kokanee
how do salmon know where to go to find their stream of origin
phototaxis and chemotaxis
what are the taxis types
phototaxis, electromagnetotaxis, rheotaxis, chemotaxis
what is phototaxis
orient to sun
what is electromagnetotaxis
earths magnetic field orientation
what is rheotaxis
orient to a current
what is chemotaxis
olfactory cues for a specific drainage
what is an example of migration within freshwater
live in lakes then spawn in streams (brown trout)
where do fish in large rivers often spawn
in flood plain when the water is high (usually spring)
upstream as the water is rising (minnows/catfish)
where do lake fish spawn
migrate to shallow areas (sunfish, crappies, carp)
where do fish over winter
deep water or lakes
what are examples of mutualism
schooling or cleaning
what is commensalism
+ 0
what is amensalism
- 0
what is mutualism
both benefit
what is competition
interaction between individuals die to shared resource in limited supply leading to reduction in survival, growth, or reproduction
what is the difference between gill rakers in fish living in the same area
two species of alwifes can have different sized spaces between gill rakers for different food sources (small zooplankton vs large zooplankton)
what was the body morph study
with two morphs you get different niches, with one morph they all have same niche
what happened in great lakes with introduction o alwife
was food for adult walleye but it ate the food for juvenile walleye so they died off
what did the alwife in great likes study show
predation can affect diversity
what happened with the introduction of nile perch into lake victoria
saw the extinction of many species of sickets, was an ecological disaster, but it did bring in economic success
what was the swedish study on carp
when pike were present carp became more deep bodied, when pike not present the carp were less deep bodied
what is trophic cascade
if you affect the top predator, you affect everything below it
what study looked at trophic cascade
wisconsin study on tuesday lake and peter lake (introduction or removal of bass)
what is the mysid shrimp study in lake tahoe
introduced mysid shrimp and they ate all the zooplankton so the kokanee salmon decreased
what is the bottom up theory
affect soemthing at the bottom of the food chain and watch the entire chain get affected
what is the difference between bottom up and trophic cascade
trophic cascade is top down, bottom up is bottom up
what does the river continum concept show for fish in headwater
small fish, high DO, fish need gravel
what does the riuver continum concept show for fish in the river
small and big dish, some DO, planktivorous fish, increased diversity
what is the trout zone
steep gradient, fast flowing water, cool temperature
what is found in the trout zone
trout and salmon
what is the grayling zone
steep gradient, fast flowing water, warmer waters
what is found in the grayling zone
grayling, minnow, chub, dace
what is the barbel zone
moderate water flow and moderate temp, silt and gravel substrate
what is found in the barbel zone
barbel, roach, rudd, perch, pike, eel
what is the bream zone
lowland zone, slow moving water, variable temp
what is found in the bream zone
bream, tench, carp
are riffles and pools more common in coldwater streams or warmwater streams
coldwater
what is the temp of a warmwater stream
more than 23C in summer
are there more miles of warmwater streams of coldwater streams
more warmwater streams
what disease is common in coldwater streams
whirling disease
what kinds of fish can be found in warmwater streams
minnow, darters, sunfish, suckers, small catfish, madtoms
does east or west have more species in usa
east has more species
where are there refuges for ancient fish like gars and bowfins
east
where are there a lot of endemic species
west (watersheds are isolated from each other)
what is different about species in the west
theyre generally larger in size and longer lived (especially in desert SW)
how do so many species coexist in warm water streams of the east
diversification of habitat usage
is a lake or a stream more temporary
lake is more temporary than stream
what is notable about fish in lakes
theyre generally fish you find in deep pools or rivers, not made for a lake habitat
what are some fish that are more often found in lakes
sunfish, pike, suckers
what is the surface temp of a coldwater lake
less than 25C
are coldwater lakes usually eu or oligotrophic
oligotrophic
are warm water lakes usually eu or oligotrophic
mesoeutrophic
does cold water lake have high or low light
high light
does warm water lake have high or low light
more turbid (low light)
which temp of lake has higher diversity of fish
warm water has higher diversity of fish
what kinds of fish are found in coldwater lakes
trout, whitefish, northern pike, walleye, sculpins
what kinds of fish are found in warm water lakes
bass, sunfish, crappie, bullheads, yellow perch, minnows, darters
in which temp of water lake is there a bigger difference between epi and hypolimnion
warm water lake
what is a reservoir
a half way between a lake and a river
what are the general characteristics of a reservoir
warm water and more river like, temporary, heavily silt, large changes in water levels
why can many things not survive in a reservoir
because of drastic water level changes fish cannot spawn in shallow water
what are traits of successful reservoir fish
spawn in water column, spawn in deep water, spawn in tributaries, spawn quickly in flooded littoral zone
what is an example of a deep water spawner
catfish
what is an example of a water column spawner
shad and white bass
what is an example of a spring flood spawner
carp
what is an example of a feeder stream (tributary) spawner
suckers
what is a pond
all littoral zone (enough light for plant growth can reach the bottom)
how much variation is there between mountain pond and farm pond
a lot of variation
what happens to farm ponds generally when theyre stocked with bass, blue gill, inverts, and catfish
you get 3-5 years of good fishing then you get eutrophication
how can you combat eutrophication in farm ponds
barley straw or shade to try to control algal growth
what is biomonitoring
systematic use of biological responses to evaluate changes in environment
biomonitoring for water quality involves ____ and ____
surveillance and compliance
what is surveillance
surveys before and after a problem (looking at long term change)
what is compliance
make sure permit requirements are met
what is a stressor
something that physically stresses an organism
where was the first biomonitoring done
europe in 1900’s using chironomids
when and where was saprobian system developed
europe 1900’s
when was biomonitoring first done in usa
Philadelphia 1940’s by Ruth Patrick
what is a point source pollutant
something that comes out of a pipe into a water system
what is a non point source pollutant
comes from anything else (ex. runoff)
what are the advantages to using macroinvertebrates in biomonitoring
ubiquitous, many species, sedentary, long life cycle, convenient size, position in food chain
what does it mean that macroinvertebrates are ubiquitous
they exist in many kinds of habitats
why does it matter that macroinverts are sedentary
good for spatial analysis
why does it matter that macroinverts have long life cycles
can integrate temporal changes
what is the position of macroinverts in the food chain
between algae/detritus and fish
what are some disadvantages to using macroinverts
dont respond to all env. inpacts, clumped distribution, distribution and abundance affected by more than env factors, drift, can be hard to ID, can be too few to make assessment in highly polluted areas
what are the 4 classes of the saprobian system based on sewage input
oligosaprobic, beta-mesosaprobic, alpha-mesosaprobic, polysaprobic
what is oligosaprobic
clean water organisms trichoptera and plecoptera
what is beta-mesosaprobic
abundant pollution tolerant organisms chironomids or tubifex
what is alpha-mesosaprobic
tolerant species chironomids, tubifex, asellus, erpobdella
what is polysaprobic
exclusively eristalis, tubifex, chrinonomids
why was the saprobian system not used in usa at first
different species, sewage not as big a problem, focused on chemical measurements
when was the clean water act
1985
what must each state do under the clean water act
monitor surface waters, define beneficial uses, anti-degredation
what is anti-degredation
cannot lower water quality below its defined use
what are the beneficial uses under the clean water act
all should be fishable and swimable
