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Aquatic Biology > Freshwater Environment L2 > Flashcards

Freshwater Environment L2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of the world’s water does freshwater make up?

A

0.01%

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2
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s surface does freshwater make up?

A

0.8%

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3
Q

How many species does freshwater support? What percentage of all species is this?

A

Freshwater supports 100,000 species out of approx. 1.8 million, so that is almost 6% of all described species.

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4
Q

Why is freshwater important?

A

Despite only making up a small fraction of water on the planet, freshwater is disproportionately important in terms of ecosystem services (e.g. drinking water), global carbon flow and biodiversity

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5
Q

List eleven freshwater environments.

A

1) Streams
2) Rivers
3) Canals
4) Ditch
5) Reservoir
6) Pond
7) Lake
8) Swamp
9) Ephemeral pool
10) Marsh
11) Groundwater

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6
Q

What are some important abiotic factors in the freshwater environment?

A

1) Temperature
2) Nutrient concentrations
3) Light availability
4) Water depth
5) pH
6) Water flow

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7
Q

How many grams of solutes are there per kg in freshwater?

A

Freshwater: 0.06-0.3 grams of solutes per kg of water

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8
Q

Freshwater organisms have _________ concentrations of salts than the surrounding environment.

A

The organisms’ cells have a higher concentrations of salts than the surrounding environment.

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9
Q

What are some adaptations to living in an environment with such low salinity?

A

1) Large quantities of urine with reabsorption of salts
2) Water-impermeable membranes
3) Salt in food
4) Contractile vacuoles in unicellular organisms.

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10
Q

What kinds of nutrients are found in freshwater?

A

Nutrients
Enzymes
Proteins

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11
Q

What is the limnetic zone?

A

The limnetic zone is the open and well-lit area of a freestanding body of fresh water

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12
Q

What is the aphotic/profundal zone?

A

The proportion of a body of water where there is little or no sunlight

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13
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A

The littoral zone or nearshore is the part of a sea, lake or river which is close to the shore.

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14
Q

What is the epilimnion zone?

A

The epilimnion or surface layer is the top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake, occurring above the deeper hypolimnion. It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and higher dissolved oxygen concentration than the hypolimnion.

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15
Q

What is the hypolimnion zone?

A

The hypolimnion or under lake is the dense, bottom layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake. It is the layer that lies below the thermocline. … In deep, temperate lakes, the bottom-most waters of the hypolimnion are typically close to 4 °C throughout the year.

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16
Q

Gleick, 1996

A

Freshwater makes up 0.01% of the world’s water and approx. 0.08% of the Earth’s surface

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17
Q

What percentage of freshwater is stored in glaciers?

A

68.6%

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18
Q

What percentage of all water do oceans hold?

A

97%

19
Q

What is the residence time of water in glaciers?

A

12,000 years

But now they are melting!

20
Q

List three ecosystem services that freshwater provides.

A

Drinking water

Irrigation

Sanitation

21
Q

List three ecosystem services that freshwater biota provide.

A

Water purification

Food

Nutrient cycling and sequestration

22
Q

How many gigatons per year of carbon do human emissions contribute?

A

9 gigatons of carbon per year

23
Q

How much carbon is stored in fossils?

A

10,000

24
Q

How much carbon is stored in the deep ocean?

A

37,000

25
Q

How much carbon does freshwater transport, mineralise and bury per year? How does this compare to terrestrial environments?

A
  1. 7 PgC yr-1 of carbon is transported mineralised and buried.
  2. 8 PgC yr-1 for terrestrial environments!

Very similar but freshwater a lot smaller!

26
Q

How much carbon is respired in one year from freshwater?

A

1.2 PgC yr-1

27
Q

How many fish species can be found in freshwater environments? What percentage is this of global fish diversity?

A

Over 10,000 fish species

40% of global fish diversity

28
Q

What fraction of vertebrates can be found in freshwater? Give examples.

A

1/3

Including fish, amphibians, reptiles e.g. turtles and crocodiles

Mammals e.g. otters, river dolphins and platypus

29
Q

What is the benthic zone?

A

The bottom of a body of water

30
Q

What is the pelagic zone?

A

Open water, not associated with the bottom or shore.

31
Q

Heino., 2005

A

Much of the biodiversity in running waters is accounted for by benthic macroinvertebrates

32
Q

Dudgeon et al., 2006

A

Fresh waters are experiencing declines in biodiversity far greater than those in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems

33
Q

What does lotic mean?

A

Refers to flowing water

34
Q

What does riparian mean?

A

relating to wetlands adjacent to rivers and streams.

35
Q

What does the river continuum concept describe?

A

How basal resources and consumer assemblages and stream metabolism change along a river’s length due to changes in the river’s size and terrestrial influences

36
Q

Define respiration

A

a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances

37
Q

What is primary production and gross primary productivity?

A

Primary productivity is the rate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs to organic substances. The total amount of productivity in a region or system is gross primary productivity.

38
Q

What is CPOM? Give reference.

A

Coarse particulate organic matter, or CPOM, is a basal energy and nutrient resource in many stream ecosystems and is provided by inputs from the riparian zone, incoming tributaries, and to a lesser extent from in-stream production. (Lamberti et al., 2017)

39
Q

What is a holomictic lake?

A

Whole water column mixed during circulation

40
Q

What is a meromictic lake?

A

Not whole water column mixed during circulation, too deep!

41
Q

What is a monomictic lake?

A

Never ice covered, circulation all through the winter

42
Q

What is a dimictic lake?

A

Whole water column mixed twice a year

43
Q

What is a polymictic lake?

A

Stratification unstable, often shallow and warm - much wind!

Aquatic Biology (10 decks)

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