France Flashcards
Who was AOC system created by?
And when?
By INAO in 1935
What was AOC made for?
To response to widespread fraud in the wine industry.
Fraud was increasing wine shortages caused by attacks of vine disease and the lasting effect of the phylloxera epidemic in the late 1800s.
What is INAO?
A government based organization that was created to restore confidence in the country’s wine industry.
And to define and protect the quality and authenticity of specific wines and wine regions.
When legislation was enacted to prevent the misrepresentation of products?
1905
Who did created a set of rules for viticulture in their region to raise and ensure quality in 1923?
Baron Le Roy
And other producers in Chateau-du-Pape
When was AOP created?
2009
What are 6 major regions in France?
Champagne
Alsace
Loire Valley
Burgundy
Bordeaux
Rhône Valley
During the Middle Ages, much of the vineyard land in Burgundy was owned by ( 1 ) and then ( 2 ) .
1) the Catholic Church’s Benedictine.
カトリック教会のベネディクト会
2) Cistercian monasteries
シトー会の修道院
What happened during the French invasion in burgundy?
Burgundy‘s vineyard were taken away from the church and the aristocracy (貴族).
Many large properties were broken up and sold as smaller pieces to new owners.
What are five sections in Burgundy?
Chablis
Côte d’Or
(Cote de Nuits + Cote du Beaune)
Cote Chalonnaise
Maconnaise
Beaujolaise
What is Climate for Burgundy?
Continental
What are important grapes in Burgundy?
White: Chardonnay
Aligote
Red: Pinot Noir
Gamay
What is meaning of “Domaines”?
These are producers who own the vineyards they are producing wine from.
The entire process from growing the grapes aging and bottling the wine is done by the Domaine itself.
What is Negociants mean?
They are wine merchants who buy grapes and/or finished wines blending and bottling under their own label.
What is Clos mean?
A plot of vineyard land traditionally surrounded with dry stone walls.
What is Monopole mean?
Vineyard land with single owner ship.
That is less common because most vineyards in Burgundy have multiple owners.
What is Burgundy AOP Pyramid?
(From the top)
Grands Crus (33)
Premiers Crus (600)
Village wines
Regional Appellation
Burgundy’s Appellation System ia based on specific vineyards sites and their location.
As the area gets smaller, quantity decreases and quantity increases.
What are Chablis’s appellation?
Chablis AOP
Petit Chablis AOP
Chablis Premier Cru AOP (40)
Chablis Grand Crus AOP (7)
What are 7 Grand Crus in Chablis?
And unofficial Grand cru?
Bougros
Les peruses
Vaudesir
Grenouilles
Valmur
Les Clos
Blanchot
Unofficial- Moutonne
What is River running in Chablis?
Serein River (スラン)
What is Chablis climate?
Cool continental
What is Chablis soil?
Kimmeridgian clay
Limestone (石灰岩)
What is Chablis grape varieties?
100% Chardonnay
What is “Cote” in English ?
Hillside or slope
Gevrey-Chambertin
Cote de Nuits
Village AOP
Pinot Noir
Morey-Saint-Denis
Cote de Nuits
Village AOP
Pinot Noir
Chambolle Musigny
Cote de Nuits
Village AOP
Pinot Noir
Vougeot
Cote de Nuits
Village AOP
Pinot Noir
Vosne Romanee
Cote de Nuits
Village AOP
Pinot Noir
Nuits saint Georges
Cote de Nuits
Village AOP
Pinot Noir
What Is whole cluster fermentation ?
Making wine with whole bunches of grapes including their stems.
To make wine more complex, add tannin structure and to smooth out high acidity.
(Normally, grapes go into a destemming machine before fermentation)
What are the Appellation in Cote de Nuits?
Bourgogne AOP
Bourgogne Côte d’Or AOP
Cote de Nuits- Villages AOP
Village AOP
Premier Cru AOP
Grand Cru AOP
Five examples of Grand Cru in Cote de Nuits?
Chambertin
Bonnes Mares
Musigny
La Tache
La Romanee
Beaune
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Chardonnay / Pinot Noir
Pommard
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Chardonnay / Pinot Noir
Volnay
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Only Pinot Noir
Meursault
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Chardonnay / Pinot Noir
Puligny Montrachet
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Chardonnay / Pinot Noir
Chassagne Montrachet
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Chardonnay / Pinot Noir
Pernand Vergelesses
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Chardonnay / Pinot Noir
Aloxe Corton
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Chardonnay / Pinot Noir
Savigny les Beaugne
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Chardonnay / Pinot Noir
Santenay
Cote de Beaune
Village AOP
Chardonnay / Pinot Noir
Cote de Beaugne appellation
Bourgogne AOP
Village AOP
Premier Cru AOP
Grand Cru AOP
Four example Grand Cru in Cote de Beaugne
Corton
Corton Charlemagne
Montrachet
Batard Montrachet
What grapes in Cote Chalonnaise
Chardonnay
Aligote
Pinot noir
What Cote Chalonnaise appellation?
There are five main villages with each their own AOP.
Montagny AOP
Bouzeron AOP
Rully AOP
Givry AOP
Mercurey AOP
What are Grand Cru in Cote Chalonnaise?
None of them
Montagny
Chalonnaise AOP
White wine only
Chardonnay 
Bouzeron
Cote Chalonnaise AOP
100% Aligote
Rully
Cote Chalonnaise AOP
White wine -Chardonnay
Red wine -Pinot Noir
Sparkling -Cremant de Bourgogne
Givry
White wine -Chardonnay
Red wine -Pinot Noir
Mercurey
Cote Chalonnaise AOP
White wine -Chardonnay
Red wine -Pinot Noir
What are Maconnaise appellation?
Macon AOP
Saint Veran AOP
Pouilly Fuisse AOP
Macon
Maconnaise AOP
mainly white wine only
Chardonnay
Saint Veran
Maconnaise AOP
White wine only
Chardonnay
Some use of new oak
Pouilly Fuisse
Maconnaise AOP
White wine only
Chardonnay
More expensive than other wines of the regions
Beaujolais appellation
Beaujolais AOP
Beaujolais Nouveau
Beaujolais Villages AOP
Beaujolais Crus
What is Beaujolais Nouveau?
These easy drinking red wines are released on the third Thursday in November following the harvest.
Saint Amour
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
Julienas
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
Chenas
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
Moulin a Vent
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
Fleurie
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
Chiroubles
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
Morgan
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
Regnie
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
Brouilly
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
Cote de Brouilly
Beaujolais Cru
Gamay only
Granite (花崗岩)
What is the main grapes of the Morgon AOP?
Gamay
How are the very best vineyards in the Cote d’Or designated?
Grands Crus
Which of the following is not a classic region or village for Chardonnay in Burgundy?
a) Chablis
b)Macon
c)Pouilly Fuisse
d) Pommard
d) Pommard
Cote de Beaugne
Only Pinot Noir
What were the Cistercian monks in Burgundy responsible for first doing?
Champagne Climate
Cool continental
One of the coolest wine growing regions in the world.(49th parallel)
Often cloudy, unpredictable weather.
(予測不可能な天候)
Champagne soil
Limestone and chalk
Vine roots can dig deep in these soils, which provide good drainage while also retaining moisture.
The soils maintain a relatively constant temperature throughout the year.
Champagne grapes variety
White: Chardonnay
Red: Pinot Noir, Meunier
Champagne Viticulture
The northern location means that growers in Champagne face persistent threats of rain, frost, and hail.
北ということは、雨、霜(しも)、雹(あられ)の脅威がある
Champagne Vinification
It’s all about blend.
Most Champagne is blend of:
-grapes
-regions, villages, regions
-vintage
The wines of Champagne are made using the method champagne.
(Method classic in out of champagne)
Method Champagne’s steps
- Making the base still wine
- Assembling the Cuvée (Blend)
- Secondary fermentation
- Sur lie aging
- Removal of Sediment part1
- Removal of Sediment part2
- Dosage
Method Champagne
Step one
Making the base still wine
Grapes are pressed quickly and gently to avoid retaining color and to prevent oxidation.
The base wine is very light in color, low in alcohol and high acidity.
Fermentation can occur in either stainless steel tank or oak barrels.
Method Champagne
Step 2
Assembling the blend
Champagne can be a blend of grapes, vintage, regions, villages, or vineyard.
The blend is made at this early stage.
Method Champagne
Step3
Secondary fermentation
Creating bubbles
The base wine is then bottle with syrupy mixture of yeast and sugar.
(liqueur de tirage)
Yeast metabolizes(代謝する)the sugar, creating alcohol and carbon dioxide gas(CO2).
Method Champagne
Step 4
Sur Lie Aging
After the liqueur de tirage has induced the secondary fermentation, the yeast cells gradually break down.(autolysis)
The wine is rested on the lees in the bottle.(Sur lie aging).
Must spend at least 12 months on the lees as part of the minimum 15 months.
Method Champagne
Step 5
Removal of Sediment part1
After aging, the lees must be removed from the bottle in order to have a clear wine.
Each bottle is gentle turned to gradually(徐々に) move the lees into its neck.
Method Champagne
Step 6
Disgorging
- Removal of Sediment part2
Once the sediment has collected in the neck of the bottle, it needs to be removed.
Bottle’s neck is frozen in an ice bath, so that the yeast can be ejected.
Method Champagne
Step 7
Dosage
After degorgement, mixture of wine and sugar is added to the bottle.
The amount of sugar added determines the sweetness level and style of Champagne.
Assemblage of the “Cuvée”
Assembling the blend
(ブレンドの組み立て)
Liqueur de tirage
A syrupy mixture of sugar and yeast for secondary fermentation creating bubbles.
Sur lie aging
Aging wine on the grape lees.
Impart aromas and flavors like yeast, dough, and fresh baked bread.
By law, how many years do Champagne must spend on the lees?
And how many years total aging required total?
12 months on the lees
15 months total
Riddling (Remuage)
Removal of sediment part1
A pupitre
Is wooden A flame wine rack for removal of sediment
Who was a pupitre first created by?
By widow Clicquot
(未亡人)
A gyropalette
Is a large machine that can hold by 504 bottles at time.
For removal of sediment.
Diagorging (Degorgement)
Removal of sediment part2
Champagne Sweetness Level
Brut Nature (non Dose)
Extra Brut
Brut
Extra Dry
Sec
Demi Sec
Doux
Champagne appellations
Champagne AOP
Champagne sub regions
Non vintage Champagne
Aged for a minimum of 15 months,
with at least 12 months Sur Lie Aging.
Many producers far exceed these minimum.
Vintage Champagne
Aged for minimum of 36 months.
Champagne sub ragions
Montagne de Reims
Vallee de la Marne
Cote des Blancs
Rose Champagne
A pink colored Champagne
Blanc de Blanc Champagne
100% Chardonnay Champagne
High acidity
Blanc de Noirs Champagne
Champagne made with only the dark grapes.
Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier
Single vineyard Champagne
A notes single vineyard on the label.
Clos or Mono Parcel
A notes single parcel in a vineyard under a single owner ship.
Cuvée Prestige
Tête de Cuvée Champagne
The top end bottle of a particular Champagne house or producer.
Negociants
Champagne producers
Champagne producers who buy grapes or finished wine and bottle the wine under their own name or label.
Growers
Champagne producers
Champagne producers that makes wine from grapes growth in vineyards they own.
Champagne vintage variations
Huge weather extremes
The quality varies from season to season and year to year, resulting in wide vintage variations.
There are a limited number of vintage wines in a decade.
Most Champagne are NV.
Methods of making sparkling wine
Method Champagne
Transfer Method
Tank/ Charmat Method
What is the primary difference between the methode champenoise and the Charmat Method of producing sparkling wines?
The main difference between the Traditional Method and the Charmat Method is the vessel used for secondary fermentation.
What is 5 main villages of Cote chalonnaise?
Bouzeron
Rully
mercurey
Givry
Montgny
What is village AOP which make sparkling wine in Cote Chalonnaise?
Rully
What is AOP which make only Aligote?
Bouzeron
What is AOP which make only Chardonnay in Cote Chalonnaise?
Mantagny
What is Cremant?
All French sparkling wines in France grown outside Champagne that are produced by the methode champenoise.
(Methode classique on the labels)
What is Asti DOCG?
Moscato d’Asti
(Piedmont)
Made by the Charmat/tank method
What is Prosecco?
Italian sparkling wine.
(Veneto)
Made by the Charmat/tank method
What is 4 major regions in Loire Vally?
Pays Nantais
Anjou Saumur
Touraine
Central vineyards
Muscadet AOC
In Pays Nantais, Loire valley
Only dry white wine
Melon de Bourgogne
Sur Lie aging
Muscadet Sevre-et-Marine AOC
Pays Nantais, Loire Valley
Only dry white wine
Melon de Bourgogne
Sur lie aging
