France

Question 1

amount of wine imported for consumption

Answer 1

3%

Question 2

per capita consumption

Answer 2

18 gal

Question 3

wine grape 1st planted

Answer 3

southern France by Greek traders, 600 BC

Roman invasion of Gaul spread viticulture and viniculture

Question 4

Middle Ages

Answer 4

fall of Roman Empire - Renaissance in AD 1450, churches kept viticulture and enology alive in Gaul and the rest of Europe

During this time, wine was France’s most important exports.

Question 5

Charlemange

Answer 5

roi des Francs à partir de 768; devient par conquête roi des Lombards en 774; couronné empereur à Rome par le pape Léon III le 25 décembre 800

brought stability to Gaul; introduced 1st wine laws, encouraged wine exportation

• no more stumping by feet –> wine press
• no more animal skin containers –> cooperage

Question 6

1152

Answer 6

Eleanor (Aliénor) of Aquitaine

+

Henri of Anjou (later English King Henry II)

active exchange of wine and other goods; English began long-lasting appreciation of Bordeaux wines

Question 7

the Dutch

Answer 7

shipment of Bordeaux wines to other northern ports, eg. Amsterdam

Question 8

primogeniture

Answer 8

长子继承权, Napoleonic Code abolished it after French Revolution (1789-1791)

now all children of a landowner, including daughters, inherit equal amounts

did not affect quality / popularity of French wines

Question 9

late 1800s

Answer 9

introduction of phylloxera when avid botanists in Victorian England collected specimens of American vines in the 1850s

devastated vineyards in Britain and then moved to the European mainland

Question 10

origion of AOC

Answer 10

fraud became evident early 1890s

certain French place-names acquired panache, international demand rose

1911, riots, grape growers in Champagne –> gov. decree: the name “Champagne” can only be used if all grapes used are from there

Question 11

revolution, Châteauneuf-du-Pape

Answer 11

沙托纳迪帕普, une commune française, située dans le département de Vaucluse et la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur

during Avignon papacy, John XXII built summer palace outside the city, on foundations of an old castle, tended to the old vineyard, began wine production in this region

red wine, after WWI, 1923, similar to 1911 Chamgpagne riots, est. grape varietals and techniques allowed, became model for national system

Question 12

négociant

Answer 12

a merchant who acts as middleman b/t grape growers, producers, shippers

during Great Depression, bought cheaper grapes from outside areas, sold wine as sth far more expensive than merited

Question 13

INAO

Answer 13

Institut national des appellations d’origine (des vins et eaux-de-vie)

est. 1935, under Ministry of Agriculture

since 2007: Institut national de l’origine et de la qualité

Question 14

terroir

Answer 14

• soil
• sun exposure
• drainage of air & water
• shelter from elements (eg. wind, rain)

Question 15

AOC

Answer 15

> 1/3 national production

• 100% approved grapes
• all grown w/i limited zone
• grapes picked at minimum sugar level; reach minimal must weight & alcohol level
• limit on yield per hectare
• approved methods: viticulture, viniculture
• wine bottled in the same AOC
• tasting test INAO, not necesarrily quality, but reflects character of AOC

Question 16

grand / premier cru

Answer 16

w/i an AOC, rated vineyards w particularly impressive quality

Question 17

QWPSR

Answer 17

Quality Wine Produced in a Specific Region

EU designation for VDQS and AOC / AOP wines; production method, management, geographical locations

fundamental role: differentiating quality wines from table wines

Question 18

French Wine Laws

Answer 18

NOT to guarantee quality, but rather, making sure wines carrying a region’s name be typical of that region

protects grower / producer more than consumer

Question 19

blend

vs

single varietal

Answer 19

blends: Mediterranean influenced zones

single varietal: cooler, continentally influenced regions

Question 20

typical bottle shapes

Answer 20

Question 21

cave (coopérative)

Answer 21

co-operated winery

Question 22

récolte

Answer 22

vintage

Question 23

récoltant

Answer 23

vine-grower (and, outside France, winemaker)

Question 24

domaine

Answer 24

vineyard holding, Burgundy’s generally smaller-scale answer to château

Question 25

propriétaire-récoltant

Answer 25

owner-vine-grower

Question 26

Quality Designations

Answer 26

• Appllation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC) = EU’s AOP; regulated in geographical origin, varietal make-up, production methods
• Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP): replacing Vin de Pays; non-traditional variaties and higher yields allowed
• Vin / Vin de France: replacing Vin de Table; variety and vintage may be stated

Question 27

millésime

Answer 27

vintage year