Fractures, Dislocations, Sprains & Strains, Osteomalacia, Rickets, Osteoporosis, & Osteomyelitis

Question 0

1) Fracture to _____ caused by fall on outstretched hand? How long until seen on X-ray?
2) Age: fracture of femur?
3) Fractured neck of femur is indicative of?
4) What type of hip fracture is common in elderly?

Answer 0

1) Scaphoid; several weeks
2) Young: in car/motorcycle accident
3) Osteoporosis
4) Intertrochanteric fracture
(lower than femoral neck fracture)

Question 1

1) Dislocation occurs when _____ produces ______ of _____ of joint.
2) Subluxation occurs when _____ remain _______.

Answer 1

1) Trauma, complete dissociation, articulating surfaces

2) Articulating surfaces, Partially in contact with each other

Question 2

1) What makes it easier to put shoulder back into place?
2) Method to reduce shoulder after dislocation?
3) After shoulder is reduced, what should you avoid? What should you not use?

Answer 2

1) Reduce shoulder ASAP
2) Lie prone; arm hanging over edge of bed
3) Excessive abduction & external rotation
Sling

Question 3

4 common sites of dislocation?

Answer 3

Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
Hip

Question 5

1) Which way does femur move in hip dislocation?
2) What is the femur driven out of in hip dislocation?
3) Shoulder can ____ or ____.
4) Which attachment is damaged in anterior shoulder dislocation?

Answer 5

1) Posteriorly
2) Acetabulum (in hip - meets head of femur)
3) Dislocate / Sublux
4) Labrum to Anterior glenoid margin
(Blankart lesion)

Question 5

0) Direction of force in anterior shoulder dislocation?
1) What makes it easier to put shoulder back into place?
2) Method to reduce shoulder after dislocation?
3) After shoulder is reduced, what should you avoid? What should you not use?

Answer 5

0) Excessive abduction & External rotation
1) Reduce shoulder ASAP
2) Lie prone; arm hanging over edge of bed
3) Excessive abduction & external rotation
Sling

Question 6

1) Sprain is AKA?
2) 3 classifications of sprains and severity?
3) 4 most common sprain joints?
4) Ligament tear in ankle injury?

Answer 6

1) Torn ligament
2) First degree - Least severe
Second degree
Third degree - Most severe
3) Knee, Ankle
Elbow, Wrist
4) Sprained ankle

Question 7

Osteomalacia:

1) Children? Adults? Both?
2) Risk factors? (genetics, medication, environment?)

Answer 7

1) Adults only
2) Genetics: Age, Light skin colour
Medication: Anticonvulsants, SUN SCREEN (blocks sun light Vit D)
Environment: Cold, Renal failure, Renal Tubular defects

Question 8

Osteomalacia:

0) What is it?
1) Deficient in?
2) Evaluation?
3) Monitor levels of?

Answer 8

0) inadequate & delayed mineralisation (MATURE) –> SOFT bones
1) Vit D
2) X-Ray / Bone biopsy
3) Calcium (normal - low) / Phosphate (HIGH)

Question 9

1) Rickets compared to Osteomalacia?
2) Rickets leads to?
3) S/S?
4) Treatment
5) When does deformity improve?

Answer 9

1) Children version of Osteomalacia
(IMMATURE bones)
2) Broad & irregular growth plates
3) Bowed legs & Deformed: Skull, rib cage, & pelvis
4) Surgical
5) With normalisation of bone metabolism

Question 10

1) Osteoporosis: What kind of bone disease?

2) Effect of calcium & Vitamin D?

Answer 10

1) Metabolic & chronic; Silent until fracture

2) LITTLE EFFECT on bone density

Question 11

Osteomalacia: Treatment
Vit D levels?
Calcium & Phosphate levels?
Secondary Hyperthyroidism?
Renal?

Answer 11

^Vit D: supplements, diet
Adjust to normal: ^Calcium ˅Phosphate
Suppress secondary hyperthyroidism
Renal dialysis OR transplant

Question 12

Osteomyelitis:

1) What is it?
2) 2 ways to enter body? (tissue bone?)
3) Serious?
4) Treatment?

Answer 12

1) Bone INFECTION cauased by BACTERIA
2) **EXOgenous:
- Open wounds: Fractures, bites, surgery
- Soft tissue –> bone
**ENDOgenous: (Hematogenous)
- Blood: Infection in body: ENT, skin, gum & teeth
- Bone –> soft tissue
3) Yes: Serious & Difficult to treat
4) AntiBiotic Therapy
Long time! Weeks to Months
Surgical debridement (maybe)
SEVERE: Loss of Limb