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Ortho Path 300 > Fractures > Flashcards

Fractures Flashcards

0
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone

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1
Q

The physical force required to break a bone always results in _____________.

A

Soft tissue injury

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2
Q

Fractures can be classified according to:

A 
Site 
Extent
Configuration 
Relationship of fragments to each other
Relationship to environment.
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3
Q

Fractures classified according to site:

A 
Epiphyseal 
Metaphysial
Diaphesial
Intra-articular
Fracture-dislocation
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4
Q

Salter-Harris classification.

A

Used to describe fractures affecting epiphyseal or growth plate.

Type 1. Transverse
Type 2 (most common). Growth plate and metaphysis
Type 3. Growth plate and epiphysis
Type 4. Growth plate, metaphysis and epiphysis
Type 5. Compression fracture through growth plate.

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5
Q

Complete fracture

A

Bone is broken into two or more pieces.

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6
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Bone is bent or cracked but periosteum remains intact.

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7
Q

Compression fracture

A

Bone is crushed.

Occurs in cancellous (spongy) bone.

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8
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone is bent or partially broken. More common in children.

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9
Q

Perforation fracture

A

Result of missile wound

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10
Q

Stress fracture

A

Cracks in bone due to overuse or repetitive actions.

Common in tibia, metatarsals (March fracture), navicular, femur, pelvis.

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11
Q

Fractures classification according to configuration.

A 
Linear (north-south)
Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Comminuted (two or more fragments)
Avulsion (ligaments pull bone apart)
Compacted/impacted (bones/fragments driven into each other)
Osteochondral (fragments of articular cartilage sheared from joint surface)
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12
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Two or more fragments

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13
Q

Osteochondral fracture

A

Fragments of articular cartilage sheared from joint surface.

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14
Q

Colles Fracture

A

Transverse fracture of radius proximal to wrist.
Fragment rotates and displaces dorsally.
Often FOOSH
“Dinner fork”
Complications include malunion.

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15
Q

Reflex symptom dystrophy

A

Pain, swelling and vasomotor dysfunction of an extremity.

Can be a result of any trauma.

16
Q

Smith’s fracture

A

Reverse Colles
Transverse fracture of the radius proximal to wrist.
Fragment displaced ventrally.
“Spoon”

17
Q

Galeazzi fracture

A

Fracture of radial shaft and dislocation of distal radioulnar joint.
MOI: fall on hands with rotational component
Possible complications: ulnar nerve injury.

18
Q

Bartons Fracture

A

Intraventricular-articular fracture of the distal radius with dislocation of the radiocarpal joint

Dorsal and palmar types.

Caused by fall on extended and pronates wrist.

19
Q

Rolando Fracture

A

Comminuted intra-articular fracture through base of first MC bone

Three distinct fragments (T or Y).

20
Q

Boxers/Brawlers fracture

A

Fracture of 5th MC
MOI: punching with closed fist
Pain and tenderness around knuckle; snapping/popping sensation, discolouration, misalignment of finger.

21
Q

Monteggia Fracture

A

Fracture of proximal ulna with dislocation to head of radius.

MOI: FOOSH with hyperpronation; uncommonly blow to back of ulna.

22
Q

Potts Fracture

A

Ankle fracture affecting one or both malleoli

Distal fibular fracture close to lateral malleolus
Deltois ligament can rupture and avulse medial malleoli.

23
Q

Dupuytren’s fracture

A

Like Potts, but higher up fibula.

Medial malleolus avulses and talus pushed superior between tibia and fibula.

MOI: eversion with external rotation.

24
Q

Jones Fracture

A

AKA dancer’s fracture

Injury to proximal end of 5th Metatarsal. (Midfoot).

25
Q

Maisonneuve fracture

A

Spiral fracture of proximal third of fibula.

Associated with tear of distal tibfib joint and io membrane

Also medial malleolus fracture and possible of deltois ligament.

26
Q

How are the Maisonneuve and Galliazi fractures similar?

A

Both associated with important ligamentous disruption

27
Q

Toddlers fracture

A

AKA. Accidental childhood spiral tibial fracture.

Distal part of tibia. 9 months to 3 years old.

28
Q

Trimalleolar fracture

A

Ankle fracture that involves lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, and distal portion of tibia.

29
Q

Bennett’s fracture

A

Fracture-dislocation of 1st Carpometacarpal jt

MOI: longitudinal force along axis of 1st MC when thumb is flexed.

Swelling, pain, reluctance to use thumb

30
Q

Stages of fracture healing.

A
  1. Cellular phase
  2. Vascular phase
  3. Primary callus phase
  4. Reparative phase.
  5. Remodelling phase
31
Q

Cellular stage of fracture healing

A

First stage
Hematoma firms around fractured ends of bones.
Inflammatory response initiated
Mesh of fibrin forms around injury site
Granulation tissue eventually invades and replaces hematoma.

32
Q

Vascular phase of fracture repair

A

Second stage
Specialized circulatory network forms around fracture
Proliferation of osteoblasts at periosteum
Formation of fibrocartilage bridge between fragment ends

33
Q

Primary callus phase of fracture repair

A

Third stage
Soft callus formed from mass of osteoblasts and exudate
Osteoclasts clean up debris
Fibrous, immature bone (woven bone) gradually calcified
Movement decreases
Union around 4 weeks

34
Q

Reparative phase of fracture repair

A

Fourth stage

Consolidation of immature bone into lamellar bone

35
Q

Remodelling phase of fracture repair

A

Fifth and final stage

Remodelling of irregular surfaces, reshaping of marrow spaces, realignment along lines of stress

36
Q

Osteonecrosis

A

Avascular necrosis of the bone

More common in bones that are poorly vascularized (scaphoid, neck of femur, talus, lunate).

Ortho Path 300 (7 decks)

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