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Ortho Path 300 > After quiz 4. LB Plus > Flashcards

After quiz 4. LB Plus Flashcards

0
Q

Neuropraxia

A

Loss of conduction at the compression point with no axonal degeneration

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1
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A

Compression of brachial plexus (almost always), subclavian artery and/or subclavian vein

Causes neuropraxia

Most commonly caused by poor posture

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2
Q

Double crush

A

Neurovascular bundle compressed at more than one site.

Seen in TOS but not specific to it.

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3
Q

Level of cervical plexus

A

Above C5

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4
Q

Level of brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

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5
Q

Classification of TOS

A

Cervical rib syndrome
Anterior scalene syndrome
Costoclavicular syndrome
Pectoralis minor syndrome

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6
Q

Anterior scalene syndrome

A

Form of TOS in which brachial plexus and/or subclavian artery are compressed in between anterior and middle scalenes.

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7
Q

Trophic change

A

Change resulting from interruption of nerve supply

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8
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Muscle and nerve ischemia caused by fascia not accommodating swelling in muscular compartment.

Most commonly deep posterior compartment of leg, flexor compartment of forearm.

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9
Q

Volkmann’s Ischemic contracture

A

Permanent contracture deformity of hand and fingers caused by ischemia.

Can be complication of compartment syndrome.

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10
Q

CRPS

A

Chronic regional pain syndrome
Pain that persists after trauma has healed

Trophic changes
Allodynia
Atrophy
Focal osteoporosis
Pain
Dystonia
Hyperhydrosis
Neurogenic inflammation
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11
Q

Two types of CRPS

A

Type 1 (90%)
Reflex syndrome dystrophy
No identifiable nerve injury

Type 2
Causalgia
Involves major nerve injury

Also “hot” and “cold”

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12
Q

Allodynia

A

Hurts where it shouldn’t hurt

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13
Q

Valgus deformity

A

Distal bone deviates away from midline

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14
Q

Varus deformity

A

Distal limb deviates towards midline

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15
Q

Coxa vara

A

Angle between head and neck of femur less than 120 degree

Mild shortening of limb

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16
Q

Coxa valga

A

Femoral neck-shaft angle greater than 135 degrees

Muscle weakness, neuromuscular disorders, slipped epiphysis of femoral head

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17
Q

Genu valgum

A

Knock kneed.
Normal in children 2-3, should straighten out by 5-6

Hypermobility of knee joint

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18
Q

Genu varum

A

Bow legs

Normal in infants, grow out by adulthood.

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19
Q

Hallux valgus

A

Valgus orientation of big toe
Most commonly associated with medial deviation of MT#1 and bunion at 1st MTP jt.

Poor footwear, injuries, neuromuscular problems.

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20
Q

Hallux rigidus

A

Pain and stiffness at 1st MTP jt
Form of degenerative arthritis
Hallux limitus –> hallux rigidus –> frozen joint.

Biomechanics, structural abnormalities, genetics, overuse, trauma

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21
Q

Torsion (structural)

A

Anterior aspect of distal end of long bone is twisted.

External femoral torsion – toe out
Internal tibial torsion - toe in

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22
Q

Fracture at epiphyseal plate of femur

A

Stunts growth

Can lead to avascular necrosis

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23
Q

Fracture at femoral neck

A

Can lead to avascular necrosis

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24
Q

Fracture at proximal femur

A

Osteoporosis a risk factor

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25
Q

Tibial plateau fracture

A

Mostly crush injuries in people over 60

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26
Q

Severe abduction injury

A

Lateral blow to knee when foot is planted –> forced valgus –> femoral condyle driven into lateral tibial plateau

27
Q

Hip dislocation

A

Posterior – most common; present shortened and internally rotated

Anterior –least common, present externally rotated

Central – definitely fractured.

28
Q

Trochanteric bursitis

A

Bursa between glute max and trochanter

Affects lateral hip

Can be caused by IT band issues

29
Q

Ischiogluteal bursitis

A

Pain in sit bones

Can get sciatic symptoms.

30
Q

Bursa of the knee

A

Prepatellar
Suprapatellar
Infrapatellar

31
Q

IT band contracture

A

Contracture or thickening of iT band.

Biomechanics altered, compensation at SI jt or ankle

32
Q

IT band friction syndrome

A

Inflammation and pain where IT band crosses lateral femoral condyle.

Can be caused by repetitive hip and knee flexion.

33
Q

Chondromalacia Patella

A

Softening and degeneration of cartilage under patella
Often due to tracking/instability.

Females > makes (q angle)

34
Q

Shin splints can be caused by:

A

1 periostitis
2 tibial stress fracture
3 chronic compartment syndrome

35
Q

Chandlers Disease

A

Legg-Calves Perthes in adults

Osteochondrosis of femoral head

36
Q

SCFE

A

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Idiopathic

Epiphysis slips off femur

More often in adolescent boys

37
Q

Achilles tendinitis

A

Most common tendonitis of the foot

Just above attachment points

38
Q

Achilles rupture

A

Pop!

Retro calcaneal bursitis, tendonitis predisposing factors

39
Q

Pes Planus

A

Flat feet.
Pronated hind foot.

Functional (ligament laxity and/or muscle weakness) or structural (bony malformation)

40
Q

Pes cavus

A

Claw foot

Increased arch, forefoot drops below hind foot when not weight bearing

41
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Most common heel pain.
Inflammation of plantar fascia
Stabbing pain, worse in morning

42
Q

Heel Spurs

A

Bone spurs, osteophytes, exostosis
On calcaneus
May be associated with plantar fasciitis.

43
Q

Freiberg’s disease

A

Osteochondrosis of metatarsal head

Most common in girls, and 2nd MT head

44
Q

Hammer toe

A

MTP hyperextension
PIP flexion
DIP hyperextension

45
Q

Claw toe

A

MTP hyperextension
PIP Flexion
DIP flexion

46
Q

Mallet toe

A

DIP flexion

47
Q

Lisfranc’s fracture

A

Fracture to TMT joint with dorsal and lateral dislocation.

48
Q

Piriformis syndrome

A

Compression/irritation of sciatic nerve by piriformis

Numbness, pain, tingling down buttocks and thigh

49
Q

Sciatic nerve compression

A

Strongest and longest peripheral nerve
Tibial and peroneal branches
Foot drop, claw toe, CRPS, anesthia, paresthesia

50
Q

Common peroneal nerve compression

A

Compressed at opening of Fibularis

Change in sensation to lateral leg and dorsum of foot

Affects eversion and dorsiflexion

51
Q

Posterior tibial nerve compression

A

Entrapped in tarsal tunnel

Affect plantar surface of foot and dorsum of toes.

52
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

Distinct pain or cramping on calf with walking. Stops with rest.

Often symptom of peripheral arterial disease. Aggravated by cold, medications

Cyanosis, pain, Trophic changes , decreased pulse, cold

53
Q

Hindfoot varus

A

Calcaneal inversion

54
Q

Hindfoot valgus

A

Calcaneal eversion

55
Q

Forefoot varus

A

Inversion of forefoot on the Hindfoot at the mid tarsal joint

56
Q

Forefoot valgus

A

Eversion of forefoot on the Hindfoot at the midtarsal joint.

57
Q

Calcaneus dorsalis

A

Perma-dorsiflexion

58
Q

Equines plantaris

A

Perma-platarflexion

59
Q

Talipes equinovarus

A

Clubfoot

Inversion + plantar flexion

60
Q

Osteoid osteoma

A

Benign bone tumour often found in long bones

61
Q

Enchondroma

A

Common benign tumour or cartilage

Often found in hands, feet, long bones

62
Q

Osteochondroma

A

Most common benign primary neoplasm of bone

Most common in distal femur

63
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm
Slow
Often in femur

64
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant bone tumour most frequently found in long bones.

65
Q

Sever’s Disease

A

Osteochondrosis of calcaneus
AKa calcaneal apophysitis
Most common cause of heel pain in growing athletes.

Ortho Path 300 (7 decks)

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