Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science for Medicine > Foundations of Immunology > Flashcards

Foundations of Immunology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the major cells involved in the innate immune system.

A

Phagocytes, NK cells, Mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the major cells involved in the adaptive immune response.

A

Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the main role of the innate immune system?

A

First responders (non-specific, no memory, exists from birth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are natural killer cells found?

A

Blood and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

Kill tumour cells, virus infected cells, bacteria, parasites and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do NK cells kill their target?

A

Bore holes in membrane and release perforin and enzymes causing cell to commit suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Granular lymphocytes of innate immune system similar tp macrophages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the steps of phagocytosis and intracellular killing.

A
  1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  2. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
  3. Formation of phagosome
  4. Fusion of phagosome and lysosome to form phagolysosome
  5. Digestion of microbe by enzymes
  6. Formation of residual body containing ingestible material
  7. Discharge waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define the primary lymphoid organs and describe function.

A

Thymus and Bone Marrow (where B and T cells originate and receive early training)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define the secondary lymphoid organs and describe function.

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymph tissue (MALT) in peripheral organs (where ‘recognition phase’ takes place in secondary lymphoid organs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the fundamental properties of the adaptive immune system?

A

Highly specific, immunological memory, AB production, basis of vaccination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of B lymphocytes in immunity?

A
  • Produced in bone marrow and mature into plasma cells.
  • Ab production (humoral response)
  • Express surface immunoglobulins which are the Ag receptor for B cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the variable regions of an antibody?

A

End of Fab region of light chain. This is where the antigen binds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What bonds are found in an antibody?

A

Disulphide bridges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What region of the antibody is the heavy chain?

A

Fc region (5 types)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the five different classes of antibody?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

First antibody, good at fixing complement and opsonisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of IgG?

A

Good opsoniser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Protects mucosal surfaces, resistant to stomach acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Defends against parasites and causes allergies.

21
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

No known antibody function.

22
Q

What are the four main function of antibodies?

A
  1. Neutralisation
  2. Opsonisation
  3. Compliment activation
  4. Antibody cell-mediated cytotoxicity
23
Q

Describe neutralisation.

A

No interaction between receptor and antibody, blocks pathogen entry and neutralising infectivity, eliminated by phagocytosis.

24
Q

Describe opsonisation.

A

Antibodies coat antigens which are recognised by phagocytes with specific Fc region on surface. once bound, they eliminate.

25
Q

Describe compliment activation.

A

Membrane attack complex (MAC), makes hole in bacterial cell surface and will lyse.

26
Q

Describe antibody cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

A

Antibody dependent, coat target, infected cell displays antigens, antibodies bind and recognised by eosinophils, cause degranulation by cytotoxic cells which create pore and destroy.

27
Q

What pathway produces MHC I antigens?

A

Endogenous pathway.

28
Q

What pathway produces MHC II antigens?

A

Exogenous pathway

29
Q

What antigens are presented to helper T cells?

A

MHC II

30
Q

What do MHC I antigens present and where are they found?

A
  • Present self and on all nucleated cells.
31
Q

What antigens present viral induced peptides to CD8+ T cells?

A

MHC I

32
Q

What do MHC II Present and where are they found?

A

Present foreign and are found only on professional antigen presenting cells.

33
Q

What do MHC I antigens present virally induced peptides to?

A

CD8+ T cells and trigger cytotoxic response.

34
Q

What do MHC II antigens present exogenous produced antigen to?

A

CD4+ T cells and activate macrophages and B cells.

35
Q

What are T helper cells?

A

Cannot kill, activate and direct other immune cells, essential in B cell antibody class switching.

36
Q

What is the function of Th1?

A

Cellular immune response.

  • Makes memory T cells
  • Works through IL-2
  • Cytotoxic response with perforin
  • CD8+ T cells
37
Q

What is the function of Th2?

A

Humoral immune response

  • Produce antibodies
  • Th0 helper cells convert to Th2 and causes B cells to convert to plasma cells
  • CD4+ cells
38
Q

What helper cells are involved in the humoral response?

A

Th2

39
Q

What helper cells are involved with the cellular immune response?

A

Th1

40
Q

What T cells are Th1 cells associated with?

A

CD8+ T cells

41
Q

What T cells are Th2 cells associated with?

A

CD4+ T cells

42
Q

What is the function of the compliment system?

A

Bridges gap between adaptive and innate immune system.

  • lysis of microbes by MAC
  • promote phagocytosis
  • stimulate inflammation
  • stimulate activation of B cells and antibody production
43
Q

What are the 3 activated pathways in the compliment system?

A
  1. Classical (need Ag-Ab)
  2. Alternative (need bacterial Ag)
  3. Lectin (need sugar molecules on bacteria)
44
Q

What are the common molecules made in all complement pathways?

A

C3a and C5b

45
Q

Normal cells are protected from being attacked by compliment through what proteins?

A

DAF an CD59

46
Q

What is the role of cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers in the immune system to facilitate communication between cells.

47
Q

What are the three main actions of cytokines?

A
  1. Autocrine (on self)
  2. Paracrine (on nearby cell)
  3. Endocrine (through circulation to distant cell)
48
Q

Viral infections would typically cause elevated levels of which blood cell type?

A

Lymphocytes.

Science for Medicine (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions