Carbohydrates, Lipids, Terminal Respiration, Nitrogen Flashcards
What is the function of the citric acid cycle?
- Common metabolic pathway for all food molecules (carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids)
- Produces large amounts of ATP
- Removes electrons from intermediate molecules and passes on to form NADH and FADH2.
What is the products of the citric acid cycle?
Large amounts of ATP, 4CO2 and 4H2O, NADH and FADH2
What molecule is central to the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl CoA
What molecules are found at the start and end of the citric acid cycle?
Citrate (C6) to oxaloacetate (C4)
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix.
Some NADH is in the cytoplasm from glycolysis and needs to be in the mitochondrial matrix. What resolves this issue?
The glycerol-phosphate shuttle, G-3-P
Where does NADH and FADH2 enter the terminal respiration chain?
NADH = first subunit FADH2 = Second sub-unit
How many enzymes are found in the terminal respiration chain?
4 enzyme sub-units
Where is the ubiquinone (Q) carrier located?
Between enzyme II and III.
What is the name of the molecule that transports electrons between complexes III and IV of the electron transport chain?
Cytochrome C
ATPase utilises which mechanism in order to generate ATP?
Binding-change mechanism
Describe how the ATP synthase functions.
Molecular turbine harness energy in the proton gradient (created from the proton motive force) which flow back down gradient into matrix. The energy is stored and the gradient is used to convert ADP and Pi to ATP.
What sub-unit of the ATP synthase does ADP and Pi enter?
Beta subunit
What are the names of the two parts of the ATP synthase?
F0 in membrane
F1 in matrix (catalyst, produces ATP)
What is the function of the ATP synthase?
Pumps in H+ ions into the matrix to form ATP.
What is the function of O2 in terminal respiration?
Acts as the final electron acceptor at enzyme IV to be re-oxidised to H2O.
Monomers of carbohydrates are linked together by what type of bonds?
Glycosidic
Catabolism of 1 mol of glucose to lactate generates how many net moles of ATP?
2 moles
Ingesting alcohol reduces which intermediate, particularly in the liver?
NAD+
What vitamin is not derived from a lipid?
Vitamin C
What vitamins are derived from lipids?
Vitamin A, D, E and K
Excess acetyl CoA from fatty acids gives rise to the formation of what?
Ketones
Which amino acid is central to nitrogen entering the body?
Glutamate
Which cycle is important in nitrogen metabolism?
Glucose-Alanine cycle