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psych 456 exam 2 > foundations of bias > Flashcards

foundations of bias Flashcards

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1
Q

What 6 aspects of psychology of bias? define them

A
  1. social categorization: automatic
  2. group competition and conflict
  3. segregation: lack of contact narrows experience and reinforces stereotypes
  4. hierearchy: bias favors groups via race gender
  5. power
    6: media: less representation of minorities
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2
Q

A unique form of aggression that
includes the intent to harm, but also serves symbolic and instrumental functions for perpetrators

A

hate crimes

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3
Q

What are 2 types of hate crimes?

A

symbolic: a message is sent to community/group

instrumental: affects the actions of perpetrator and victim group

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4
Q

What are 5 factors associated with hate crimes?

A
  1. actual or imagines economic competition with minority groups
  2. frustration with minorities
  3. member of organized hate crimes
  4. right-wing authoritarian personality
  5. male age 18-24
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5
Q

What are 5 factors of white-supremacy?

A
  1. implicit/explicit feeling of white superiority
  2. entitlement
  3. nostalgia for past when whites were unchallenged
  4. perceived threat to white identity
  5. white victimhood
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6
Q

How is implicit bias processed?

A
  • categorized of an individual is automatic
  • once categorize, implicit association are activated
    -association is dependent on the situation
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7
Q

What does factor do for people? what are 4 factors that explain bias?

A
  1. solidifying identity (‘us’ not ‘them’)
  2. dealing with personal grievances
  3. provides existential certainty
  4. enhances personal or group self-image
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8
Q

What are the two categories in Devine’s two step model of stereotype processing?

A

High-prejudice person
Low-prejudice person

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9
Q

For low-prejudices people, bias is a battle between which two systems?

A

automatic vs controlled

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10
Q

people primarily motivated to respond without prejudice for personal reasons

A

internal motivation to respond without prejudice

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11
Q

people primarily motivated by how they may appear in the eyes of others within a given situation

A

external motivation to respond without prejudice

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12
Q

This type of racism involves a conflict between
1. belief associated with egalitarian values (feelings of equality for all)
2. negative feelings about black people, which are often unacknowledged

A

Aversive racism

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13
Q

When do Aversive racists switch sides between their egalitarian values and racist values?

A
  1. When norms for appropriate behavior are clear –> egalitarian
  2. When norms are unclear, the anxiety leads to prejudice
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14
Q

Explain the helping white/black people experiment either alone or in front of a crowd. What theory does this support?

A

White participants view and emergency of a white and black victim
- when alone, participants more likely to help black victim
- when in a group, they are more likely to help white victim and not black victim

support Aversive racism theory

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15
Q

Explain the hiring of black and white individuals based on the qualifications of the applicants (Aversive racism theory)

A
  • when qualifications of both race applicants were strong/weak, no discrimination of black applicants
  • when qualifications were ambiguous, black applicants were hired significantly less than other applicants
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16
Q

Explicit antagonistic attitude toward women

A

Hostile Sexism

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17
Q

More ‘positive’ paternalistic
attitude, but often portrays women as incompetent, weak, on a pedestal for men

A

Benevolent Sexism

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18
Q

Explain the results of the appearances study done on hiring male and female applicants of various attractiveness

A

Males: no difference in hiring between attractive and less attractive applicants

Females: less attractive females hired significantly less than all other applicants

19
Q

when a person is primarily regarded as a
means through which a given goal can be attained by the perceiver

A

Objectification

20
Q

Objectification of women’s bodies causes
women to adopt in outsider’s view of themselves, as objects or sights to be appreciated by others

A

Self-Objectification

21
Q

What are 4 consequences of self-objectification?

A
  • increase anxiety, esp for appearance
  • increased body shame
  • disruptive cognitive function due to diminished mental resources
  • restrained eating
22
Q

When a woman uses typically
“masculine’ techniques to advance (e.g., self-promotion), they are judged more negatively than women who do not use these techniques

A

The ‘Backlash’ effect

23
Q

Why are men less likely to seek help?

A
  • less likely to recognize and communicate symptoms of depression
  • toxic masculinity de-incentivize help=seeking
  • dehumanized regarding need for emotional support
24
Q

what are examples of gender inversion stereotypes for members of LGBTQ+?

A
  • gay men as feminine
  • lesbians as masculine
25
Q

What is the hyper focus stereotype about sexuality?

A

LGBTQ+ people stereotypes as sexual predators

26
Q

Questioning around existence of transgender identity

Rooted in perception of “deception” intentions and “identity confusion”

A

Transgender skepticism

27
Q

Negative attitudes toward those that are gender non-conforming

A

Gender essentialism

28
Q

Within US. Context, racial/ethnic stereotypes are explained by where a group falls along two dimensions (research conducted with diverse samples)

A

The Racial Position Model

29
Q

perceived socio- economic status within hierarchy

A

Perceived inferority-superiority

30
Q

a group’s perceived distance away from “American” prototype (i.e., “what it means to be
American”)
ex. what it means to be American: respect for social/political service, white, christian, english speaking

A

Cultural Foreignness Americanness

31
Q

What does the racial position model say about the following:
Black-Americans
Asian-Americans
Latino/a-Americans
Arab-Americans

A

Black-Americans: inferior but not foreign
Asian-Americans: Model Minority; expectation of superiority but still foreign
Latino/a-Americans: low status and foreign
Arab-Americans: low status and foreign

32
Q

discrimination experienced by men of subordinate groups—especially from men of the dominant group—is greater than that experienced by women of the same subordinate groups in certain contexts

A

Subordinate male target hypothesis

33
Q

What is lack of contact and bias in media representation associated with?

A
  • out group homogeniety
  • sub typing
34
Q

tendency to view stereotype-inconsistent
individuals as “exceptions to the rule”

A

sub-typing

35
Q

create assumptions about the attributes of
people and groups

ex. are men better than women at math?

A

deceptive assumptions

36
Q

create assumptions about where people
and groups should be or what they should be doing

ex. men belong in math classroom more than women

A

prescriptive assumptions

37
Q

What 2 things does bias set expectations for?

A
  1. What a person can do
  2. Where a person is supposed to be
38
Q

Women and racial/ethnic
minorities are more likely to be hired/placed into risky situations/ organizations in crisis, compared to men/Whites

A

The ‘Glass Cliff’

39
Q

Expectancies (stereotypes) function as hypotheses and people have expectation-confirmation approach to information

A

Hypothesis testing search

40
Q

Stereotypes implicitly or explicitly operate as standards by which people are judged

Standards are subjective & rooted in expectations

The meaning of attributes differ as a function of membership in stereotyped vs. non-stereotyped groups
—E.g.. What it means to be “warm” is different for men vs.
women

A

Shifting Standards Model

41
Q

n originally false social belief
of another person (e.g., expectation or stereotype) that leads the other person to fulfill the originally false belief

A

self- fulfilling Prophecy

42
Q

What are the 3 steps to self-fulfilling prophecy?

A
  1. perceiver has expectation
  2. Perceiver behaves towards target in a way that is consistent with
    expectation
  3. Target behaves towards perceiver in a way that is consistent
    with perceiver’s behavior (Expectation is confirmed!)
43
Q

Perceivers characterize people/groups in terms of the threats or opportunities they pose for desired outcomes.

Expression of Bias is rooted in what bias can do for you vis-a-vie opportunity and threat

A

An Affordance-management Model

psych 456 exam 2 (6 decks)

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