foundations of bias

Question 1

What 6 aspects of psychology of bias? define them

Answer 1

1. social categorization: automatic
2. group competition and conflict
3. segregation: lack of contact narrows experience and reinforces stereotypes
4. hierearchy: bias favors groups via race gender
5. power
   6: media: less representation of minorities

Question 2

A unique form of aggression that
includes the intent to harm, but also serves symbolic and instrumental functions for perpetrators

Answer 2

hate crimes

Question 3

What are 2 types of hate crimes?

Answer 3

symbolic: a message is sent to community/group

instrumental: affects the actions of perpetrator and victim group

Question 4

What are 5 factors associated with hate crimes?

Answer 4

1. actual or imagines economic competition with minority groups
2. frustration with minorities
3. member of organized hate crimes
4. right-wing authoritarian personality
5. male age 18-24

Question 5

What are 5 factors of white-supremacy?

Answer 5

1. implicit/explicit feeling of white superiority
2. entitlement
3. nostalgia for past when whites were unchallenged
4. perceived threat to white identity
5. white victimhood

Question 6

How is implicit bias processed?

Answer 6

• categorized of an individual is automatic
• once categorize, implicit association are activated
  -association is dependent on the situation

Question 7

What does factor do for people? what are 4 factors that explain bias?

Answer 7

1. solidifying identity (‘us’ not ‘them’)
2. dealing with personal grievances
3. provides existential certainty
4. enhances personal or group self-image

Question 8

What are the two categories in Devine’s two step model of stereotype processing?

Answer 8

High-prejudice person
Low-prejudice person

Question 9

For low-prejudices people, bias is a battle between which two systems?

Answer 9

automatic vs controlled

Question 10

people primarily motivated to respond without prejudice for personal reasons

Answer 10

internal motivation to respond without prejudice

Question 11

people primarily motivated by how they may appear in the eyes of others within a given situation

Answer 11

external motivation to respond without prejudice

Question 12

This type of racism involves a conflict between
1. belief associated with egalitarian values (feelings of equality for all)
2. negative feelings about black people, which are often unacknowledged

Answer 12

Aversive racism

Question 13

When do Aversive racists switch sides between their egalitarian values and racist values?

Answer 13

1. When norms for appropriate behavior are clear –> egalitarian
2. When norms are unclear, the anxiety leads to prejudice

Question 14

Explain the helping white/black people experiment either alone or in front of a crowd. What theory does this support?

Answer 14

White participants view and emergency of a white and black victim
- when alone, participants more likely to help black victim
- when in a group, they are more likely to help white victim and not black victim

support Aversive racism theory

Question 15

Explain the hiring of black and white individuals based on the qualifications of the applicants (Aversive racism theory)

Answer 15

• when qualifications of both race applicants were strong/weak, no discrimination of black applicants
• when qualifications were ambiguous, black applicants were hired significantly less than other applicants

Question 16

Explicit antagonistic attitude toward women

Answer 16

Hostile Sexism

Question 17

More ‘positive’ paternalistic
attitude, but often portrays women as incompetent, weak, on a pedestal for men

Answer 17

Benevolent Sexism

Question 18

Explain the results of the appearances study done on hiring male and female applicants of various attractiveness

Answer 18

Males: no difference in hiring between attractive and less attractive applicants

Females: less attractive females hired significantly less than all other applicants

Question 19

when a person is primarily regarded as a
means through which a given goal can be attained by the perceiver

Answer 19

Objectification

Question 20

Objectification of women’s bodies causes
women to adopt in outsider’s view of themselves, as objects or sights to be appreciated by others

Answer 20

Self-Objectification

Question 21

What are 4 consequences of self-objectification?

Answer 21

• increase anxiety, esp for appearance
• increased body shame
• disruptive cognitive function due to diminished mental resources
• restrained eating

Question 22

When a woman uses typically
“masculine’ techniques to advance (e.g., self-promotion), they are judged more negatively than women who do not use these techniques

Answer 22

The ‘Backlash’ effect

Question 23

Why are men less likely to seek help?

Answer 23

• less likely to recognize and communicate symptoms of depression
• toxic masculinity de-incentivize help=seeking
• dehumanized regarding need for emotional support

Question 24

what are examples of gender inversion stereotypes for members of LGBTQ+?

Answer 24

• gay men as feminine
• lesbians as masculine

Question 25

What is the hyper focus stereotype about sexuality?

Answer 25

LGBTQ+ people stereotypes as sexual predators

Question 26

Questioning around existence of transgender identity Rooted in perception of “deception” intentions and “identity confusion”

Answer 26

Transgender skepticism

Question 27

Negative attitudes toward those that are gender non-conforming

Answer 27

Gender essentialism

Question 28

Within US. Context, racial/ethnic stereotypes are explained by where a group falls along two dimensions (research conducted with diverse samples)

Answer 28

The Racial Position Model

Question 29

perceived socio- economic status within hierarchy

Answer 29

Perceived inferority-superiority

Question 30

a group’s perceived distance away from “American” prototype (i.e., “what it means to be American”) ex. what it means to be American: respect for social/political service, white, christian, english speaking

Answer 30

Cultural Foreignness Americanness

Question 31

What does the racial position model say about the following: Black-Americans Asian-Americans Latino/a-Americans Arab-Americans

Answer 31

Black-Americans: inferior but not foreign Asian-Americans: Model Minority; expectation of superiority but still foreign Latino/a-Americans: low status and foreign Arab-Americans: low status and foreign

Question 32

discrimination experienced by men of subordinate groups—especially from men of the dominant group—is greater than that experienced by women of the same subordinate groups in certain contexts

Answer 32

Subordinate male target hypothesis

Question 33

What is lack of contact and bias in media representation associated with?

Answer 33

- out group homogeniety - sub typing

Question 34

tendency to view stereotype-inconsistent individuals as “exceptions to the rule”

Answer 34

sub-typing

Question 35

create assumptions about the attributes of people and groups ex. are men better than women at math?

Answer 35

deceptive assumptions

Question 36

create assumptions about where people and groups should be or what they should be doing ex. men belong in math classroom more than women

Answer 36

prescriptive assumptions

Question 37

What 2 things does bias set expectations for?

Answer 37

1. What a person can do 2. Where a person is supposed to be

Question 38

Women and racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to be hired/placed into risky situations/ organizations in crisis, compared to men/Whites

Answer 38

The 'Glass Cliff'

Question 39

Expectancies (stereotypes) function as hypotheses and people have expectation-confirmation approach to information

Answer 39

Hypothesis testing search

Question 40

Stereotypes implicitly or explicitly operate as standards by which people are judged Standards are subjective & rooted in expectations The meaning of attributes differ as a function of membership in stereotyped vs. non-stereotyped groups ---E.g.. What it means to be “warm” is different for men vs. women

Answer 40

Shifting Standards Model

Question 41

n originally false social belief of another person (e.g., expectation or stereotype) that leads the other person to fulfill the originally false belief

Answer 41

self- fulfilling Prophecy

Question 42

What are the 3 steps to self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 42

1. perceiver has expectation 2. Perceiver behaves towards target in a way that is consistent with expectation 3. Target behaves towards perceiver in a way that is consistent with perceiver’s behavior (Expectation is confirmed!)

Question 43

Perceivers characterize people/groups in terms of the threats or opportunities they pose for desired outcomes. Expression of Bias is rooted in what bias can do for you vis-a-vie opportunity and threat

Answer 43

An Affordance-management Model