foundations of bias Flashcards
What 6 aspects of psychology of bias? define them
- social categorization: automatic
- group competition and conflict
- segregation: lack of contact narrows experience and reinforces stereotypes
- hierearchy: bias favors groups via race gender
- power
6: media: less representation of minorities
A unique form of aggression that
includes the intent to harm, but also serves symbolic and instrumental functions for perpetrators
hate crimes
What are 2 types of hate crimes?
symbolic: a message is sent to community/group
instrumental: affects the actions of perpetrator and victim group
What are 5 factors associated with hate crimes?
- actual or imagines economic competition with minority groups
- frustration with minorities
- member of organized hate crimes
- right-wing authoritarian personality
- male age 18-24
What are 5 factors of white-supremacy?
- implicit/explicit feeling of white superiority
- entitlement
- nostalgia for past when whites were unchallenged
- perceived threat to white identity
- white victimhood
How is implicit bias processed?
- categorized of an individual is automatic
- once categorize, implicit association are activated
-association is dependent on the situation
What does factor do for people? what are 4 factors that explain bias?
- solidifying identity (‘us’ not ‘them’)
- dealing with personal grievances
- provides existential certainty
- enhances personal or group self-image
What are the two categories in Devine’s two step model of stereotype processing?
High-prejudice person
Low-prejudice person
For low-prejudices people, bias is a battle between which two systems?
automatic vs controlled
people primarily motivated to respond without prejudice for personal reasons
internal motivation to respond without prejudice
people primarily motivated by how they may appear in the eyes of others within a given situation
external motivation to respond without prejudice
This type of racism involves a conflict between
1. belief associated with egalitarian values (feelings of equality for all)
2. negative feelings about black people, which are often unacknowledged
Aversive racism
When do Aversive racists switch sides between their egalitarian values and racist values?
- When norms for appropriate behavior are clear –> egalitarian
- When norms are unclear, the anxiety leads to prejudice
Explain the helping white/black people experiment either alone or in front of a crowd. What theory does this support?
White participants view and emergency of a white and black victim
- when alone, participants more likely to help black victim
- when in a group, they are more likely to help white victim and not black victim
support Aversive racism theory
Explain the hiring of black and white individuals based on the qualifications of the applicants (Aversive racism theory)
- when qualifications of both race applicants were strong/weak, no discrimination of black applicants
- when qualifications were ambiguous, black applicants were hired significantly less than other applicants
Explicit antagonistic attitude toward women
Hostile Sexism
More ‘positive’ paternalistic
attitude, but often portrays women as incompetent, weak, on a pedestal for men
Benevolent Sexism
Explain the results of the appearances study done on hiring male and female applicants of various attractiveness
Males: no difference in hiring between attractive and less attractive applicants
Females: less attractive females hired significantly less than all other applicants
when a person is primarily regarded as a
means through which a given goal can be attained by the perceiver
Objectification
Objectification of women’s bodies causes
women to adopt in outsider’s view of themselves, as objects or sights to be appreciated by others
Self-Objectification
What are 4 consequences of self-objectification?
- increase anxiety, esp for appearance
- increased body shame
- disruptive cognitive function due to diminished mental resources
- restrained eating
When a woman uses typically
“masculine’ techniques to advance (e.g., self-promotion), they are judged more negatively than women who do not use these techniques
The ‘Backlash’ effect
Why are men less likely to seek help?
- less likely to recognize and communicate symptoms of depression
- toxic masculinity de-incentivize help=seeking
- dehumanized regarding need for emotional support
what are examples of gender inversion stereotypes for members of LGBTQ+?
- gay men as feminine
- lesbians as masculine
What is the hyper focus stereotype about sexuality?
LGBTQ+ people stereotypes as sexual predators
Questioning around existence of transgender identity
Rooted in perception of “deception” intentions and “identity confusion”
Transgender skepticism
Negative attitudes toward those that are gender non-conforming
Gender essentialism
Within US. Context, racial/ethnic stereotypes are explained by where a group falls along two dimensions (research conducted with diverse samples)
The Racial Position Model
perceived socio- economic status within hierarchy
Perceived inferority-superiority
a group’s perceived distance away from “American” prototype (i.e., “what it means to be
American”)
ex. what it means to be American: respect for social/political service, white, christian, english speaking
Cultural Foreignness Americanness
What does the racial position model say about the following:
Black-Americans
Asian-Americans
Latino/a-Americans
Arab-Americans
Black-Americans: inferior but not foreign
Asian-Americans: Model Minority; expectation of superiority but still foreign
Latino/a-Americans: low status and foreign
Arab-Americans: low status and foreign
discrimination experienced by men of subordinate groups—especially from men of the dominant group—is greater than that experienced by women of the same subordinate groups in certain contexts
Subordinate male target hypothesis
What is lack of contact and bias in media representation associated with?
- out group homogeniety
- sub typing
tendency to view stereotype-inconsistent
individuals as “exceptions to the rule”
sub-typing
create assumptions about the attributes of
people and groups
ex. are men better than women at math?
deceptive assumptions
create assumptions about where people
and groups should be or what they should be doing
ex. men belong in math classroom more than women
prescriptive assumptions
What 2 things does bias set expectations for?
- What a person can do
- Where a person is supposed to be
Women and racial/ethnic
minorities are more likely to be hired/placed into risky situations/ organizations in crisis, compared to men/Whites
The ‘Glass Cliff’
Expectancies (stereotypes) function as hypotheses and people have expectation-confirmation approach to information
Hypothesis testing search
Stereotypes implicitly or explicitly operate as standards by which people are judged
Standards are subjective & rooted in expectations
The meaning of attributes differ as a function of membership in stereotyped vs. non-stereotyped groups
—E.g.. What it means to be “warm” is different for men vs.
women
Shifting Standards Model
n originally false social belief
of another person (e.g., expectation or stereotype) that leads the other person to fulfill the originally false belief
self- fulfilling Prophecy
What are the 3 steps to self-fulfilling prophecy?
- perceiver has expectation
- Perceiver behaves towards target in a way that is consistent with
expectation - Target behaves towards perceiver in a way that is consistent
with perceiver’s behavior (Expectation is confirmed!)
Perceivers characterize people/groups in terms of the threats or opportunities they pose for desired outcomes.
Expression of Bias is rooted in what bias can do for you vis-a-vie opportunity and threat
An Affordance-management Model
