ch 11 Flashcards
what is an extreme determinant of liking?
perceived similarity
What are the ABCs of social psychology and what studies can they be applied to?
A-affect
B-behavior
C-cognition
apply to stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
the positive or negative beliefs that we hold about the characteristics of a social group
stereotype
an unjustifiable negative attitude toward an outgroup or toward the members of that outgroup
prejudice
What are some forms of prejudice? (Feelings)
disliking, anger, fear, disgust, discomfort
unjustified negative behaviors toward members of outgroups based on their group membership
discrimination
Affect is linked to:
A) Discrimination
B) prejudice and ingroup favoritism
C) stereotyping
B) prejudice and ingroup favoritism
MC: Behavior is linked to:
A) Discrimination
B) prejudice and ingroup favoritism
C) stereotyping
A) Discrimination
MC: Cognition is linked to:
A) Discrimination
B) prejudice and ingroup favoritism
C) stereotyping
C) stereotyping
performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes
stereotype threat
Describe the women vs math stereotype threat
when women were reminded by the stereotype that ‘women are bad at math’, they performed more poorly on math tests than when not reminded
the natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups
social categorization
What is the takeaway from the name confusions experiment?
that social categorization is occurring all around us all the time
To what extent are social categories informative?
to the extent of the accuracy of the stereotypes held by the individual about the category
What are some benefits of social categorization?
- gives us info about the characteristics of people who belong in certain social groups
- makes our lives easier
What are some downsides of social categorization?
- tend to exaggerate differences of people from different social groups
- ## overgeneralization makes us treat everybody the same
what effect occurs when we categorize other people?
- we tend to see people who belong to the same social group more similar than they actually are and people from different social groups more different than they actually are
the tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups
outgroup homogeniety
Why does out-group homogeneity occur?
- we don’t have as much contact with outgroup members as we do with ingroup members, quality of outgroup members is more superficial
- we learn less about outgroup and thus recognize less differences about them
What are some examples of where we learn stereotypes and prejudices?
- parents and peers
- media portrayal
What is one way stereotypes are maintained through memory?
information that confirms our stereotypes is better rememered than information that disconfirms them
- ties into how we perceive the world as it fits into our existing beliefs
In this procedure, the experimenter first convinces the participants that he or she has access to their “true” beliefs, for instance, by getting access to a questionnaire that they completed at a prior experimental session.
bogus pipeline procedure
frequently used to assess stereotypes and prejudice . In the IAT, participants are asked to classify stimuli that they view on a computer screen into one of two categories by pressing one of two computer keys, one with their left hand and one with their right hand.
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Why are stereotypes often difficult to correct?
they are often outside our awareness
How do we feel when we are with members of an outgroup?
- we experience anxiety and need to control our stereotypes from affecting our reactions
performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes
stereotype threat
What are examples of cognitive and affective factors that cause stereotypes?
cognitive: individual experiences stereotype threat show an impairment in cognitive processes that is caused by increased vigilance toward the environment and attempts to surpress stereotypical thoughts
affective: responses like anxiety
the tendency to respond more positively to people from our ingroups than we do to people from outgoups
ingroup favoritism
Also make trait attributions in ways that benefit their ingroups, just as they make trait attributions that benefit themselves.
group-serving bias (ultimate attribution error)
What are some causes of ingroup favoritism?
- we like people similar to ourselves, they are more familiar to us
- feelings of social identity
the positive self-esteem we get from our group memberships
feelings of social identity
When are we most likely to show ingroup favoritism?
when we are threatened or otherwise worried about our self-concept
What is one situation where ingroup favoritism does not occur?
when the ingroup is clearly inferior to the other groups on an important dimension
the strong devaluation of ingroup members who threaten the positive image and identity of the ingroup
black sheep effect
What is one problem of social categorization?
distorts our perceptions such that we tend to exaggerate different from different social groups but see members of that outgroup as more similar than they actually are
overgeneralization makes it more likely to treat all members of that outgroup as the same
What did Tajfel and Wilkes experiment with lines demonstrate?
(they had participants judge the length of lines by displaying the lines first with no distinction, then grouping the lines. After grouping, participants reported that 2 lines of the same length in the ungrouped)
reveals the perceptual bias when we group things
reflect what we see when we categorize people
the tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups
outgroup homogenieity
Why does outgroup homogeneity occur?
- we don’t have much contact with the outgroup
- our interactions with the outgroup are more superficial
-we routinely categorize outgroup members, making them appear more cognitively similar
What did Trope and Thompson find about the questions individuals asked to members of a group they had strong stereotypes about?
- they asked fewer questions
- they asked questions that affirmed that stereotypes they had
What are some ways stereotypes are maintained?
- we learn about stereotypes from multiple sources
- we remember info that confirms stereotypes better than information that disconfirms them
Why are stereotypes difficult to change?
they are an integral part of out everyday lives and culture. We see them in media and talk about them in real lie
In this procedure, the experimenter first convinces the participants that he or she has access to their “true” beliefs, for instance, by getting access to a questionnaire that they completed at a prior experimental session
Bogus pipeline porcedure
a test frequently used to assess stereotypes and prejudice
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
How is the IAT structured?
participants are asked to classify stimuli on a computer screen into 1 of 2 categories by pressing either a left or right computer key
What do IAT’s suggest about people’s stereotypes?
even if participants claim they have no prejudices, they still hold cultural stereotypes about social groups
During the IAT, when responses aligned with stereotypes are arranged on the same side, participants respond more __________
if they are on different sides, participants make more ________
quickly, errors
our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true
self-fufilling porphecy
our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true
self-fufilling porphecy
our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true
self-fufilling porphecy
our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true
self-fufilling porphecy
our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true
self-fulfilling prophecy
