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Chemistry Module 2 > Foundations in Chemistry > Flashcards

Foundations in Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is relative atomic mass?

A

Weighted mean mass of an atom compared to 1/12th mass of an atom of Carbon-12

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2
Q

What is relative isotopic mass?

A

Mass of an atom of an isotope compared with 1/12th mass of an atom of Carbon-12

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3
Q

What is the formula of an Ammonium ion?

A

NH4+

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4
Q

What is the formula of a carbonate ion?

A

CO3 2-

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5
Q

What is an ionic compound?

A

A compound made up of oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic forces

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6
Q

What is the formula of a nitrate ion?

A

NO3-

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7
Q

What is the formula of a sulfate ion?

A

SO4 2-

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8
Q

What is atom economy?

A

A measure of the amount of starting materials that end up as useful products, a high atom economy means a process is more sustainable as there is less waste produced

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9
Q

What is the equation for atom economy?

A

% atom economy = Mr of desired products / Sum of Mr of all products * 100

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10
Q

What is avogadro’s constant?

A

Number of particles per mole of a substance (6.02*10^23)

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11
Q

What is a dative covalent bond?

A

A type of bond where both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom

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12
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons in a covalent bond

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13
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

1/1836

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14
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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15
Q

What is one use of heavy water?

A

Used to control processes in nuclear reactors

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16
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positive ion, has fewer electrons than protons

17
Q

How many particles are there in 1 mole?

A

6.02*10^23

18
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

19
Q

What is a method to determine the water of crystallisation in hydrated crystals?

A
  1. Weigh an empty crucible
  2. Add the hydrated salt into the weighed crucible, weigh crucible and hydrated salt
  3. Heat crucible, then heat strongly
  4. Leave crucible to cool, then weigh the anhydrous salt
20
Q

What assumptions do you make when calculating water of crystallisation and what are solutions to these problems?

A
  1. All of the water has been lost, heat to constant mass
  2. No further decomposition, many salts decompose further when heated
21
Q

What is a standard solution?

A

A solution of known concentration

22
Q

How do you make up a standard solution?

A

Dissolving an exact mass of the solute in a solvent and making up the solution to an exact volume

23
Q

What is the molar gas volume at RTP?

24
Q

What is the ideal gas equation?

25
Q

How do you convert from dm3 to m3?

A

Divide by 1000

26
Q

How do you convert from C to K?

27
Q

How do you experimentally find a relative molecular mass of a volatile liquid?

A
  1. Add a sample of the volatile liquid to a small syringe via a needle
  2. Inject the sample into a gas syringe
  3. Place gas syringe in a boiling water bath
28
Q

What is the method to calculating reacting masses/quantities?

A
  1. Calculate the moles that reacts
  2. Write out the equations and calculate the amount of moles formed
  3. Calculate mass of product formed
29
Q

What is the method for identifying an unknown metal?

A
  1. Weigh a sample of the metal and add to the flask
  2. Using a measuring cylinder, add HCl to the flask and add the bung
  3. Measure the max volume of gas in the syringe
30
Q

What is the method to calculating the Mr of the unknown metal?

A
  1. From the experimental results the moles of H2 can be calculated
  2. From the equation use the moles of H2 to calculate moles of X
  3. Insert moles into mass/mr=mol equation
31
Q

What is theoretical yield?

A

Assuming all of the reactants are converted into products

32
Q

Why is it difficult to achieve maximum yield?

A
  1. The reaction may not have gone to completion
  2. Side reactions
  3. Purification of the product may result in loss of some product
33
Q

What is the method to calculating percentage yield?

A
  1. Calculate the amount of moles of the element that reacts (theoretical yield)
  2. Use the equation to find the theoretical yield in moles
  3. Calculate the actual yield in moles
  4. Calculate the percentage yield
34
Q

What is the limiting reagent?

A

The reactant that is not in excess (used up first and stops the reaction)

35
Q

What is the atom economy of a chemical reaction?

A

A measure of how well atoms have been utilised

36
Q

Why are reactions with high atom economies good?

A
  1. Produces a large proportion of desired products and few unwanted waste products
  2. Important for sustainability as they make the best use of natural resources
37
Q

What is the method for calculating atom economy?

A
  1. Write the equation and the Mr of the products
  2. Calculate sum of desired products/sum of all products

Chemistry Module 2 (4 decks)

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