Foundations Flashcards
Articulation vs. Phonology
Articulation = MOTOR - phonetic, how speech sounds are made Phonology = LANGUAGE - phonemic, language rules governing speech sounds
SODA Errors
seen in articulation disorders S= substitutions O= omissions D= distortions A= additions
Articulation disorders can consist of:
- impaired movement/production of sounds
- difficulty making contact between articulators
- difficulty maintaining contact between articulators
- constricting airflow
- velopharyngeal timing
Etiology of articulation disorders
Organic (known physical cause) OR Function (no known physical cause)
Phonological Disorders
- systematic errors at phoneme level
- persist beyond typical age of elimination
Atypical processes of phonology
- backing
- initial consonant deletion
Etiology of phonological disorders
hearing loss OR unknown etiology
3 ways to study speech
- acoustically
- physiologically
- perceptually
Acoustics
branch of physics that studies the properties of sound
Pure tones
has only 1 frequency, sinusoidal motion or simple harmonic motion
Sine waves
periodic, cycles will repeat themselves identically
Fundamental frequency
lowest pure tone component of sound
Harmonics
whole number multiples of fundamental frequency
1st harmonic = Fo
2nd harmonic = 2 (Fo)
3rd harmonic = 3( (Fo)
Amplitude
perceptually related to intensity or loudness, but not a 1:1 relationship
Frequency
perceptually related to pitch, but not a 1:1 relationship
Phonetic vs. Phonemic Treatment approaches
Motor learning feedback = Phonetic
Operant conditioning = Phonemic
Phonetic treatment
Stimulability: test whether individual can imitate correct production of sound, only work on stimulable sounds
Isolation sound teaching: shape, imitation, phonetic placement, contextual facilitation (aka semantic cues)
Phonemic treatment
Selection criteria: treat sounds that are not stimulable, later developing (rather than early developing), voiced obstruents (since they may facilitate acquisition of voiceless obstruents)
Teaching through: minimal pairs, multiple oppositions, maximal oppositions
Treatment selection criteria for phonetic vs. phonemic
Phonetic: generally intelligible, consistent errors, stimulable sounds, few errors, few missing sounds, sound never used in different environments
Phonemic: generally unintelligible, may be inconsistent errors, not stimulable, multiple errors, many missing sounds, and sounds can be used in certain positions
