Foundations

Question 1

Articulation vs. Phonology

Answer 1

Articulation = MOTOR - phonetic, how speech sounds are made
Phonology = LANGUAGE - phonemic, language rules governing speech sounds

Question 2

SODA Errors

Answer 2

seen in articulation disorders
S= substitutions
O= omissions
D= distortions 
A= additions

Question 3

Articulation disorders can consist of:

Answer 3

• impaired movement/production of sounds
• difficulty making contact between articulators
• difficulty maintaining contact between articulators
• constricting airflow
• velopharyngeal timing

Question 4

Etiology of articulation disorders

Answer 4

Organic (known physical cause) OR Function (no known physical cause)

Question 5

Phonological Disorders

Answer 5

• systematic errors at phoneme level

- persist beyond typical age of elimination

Question 6

Atypical processes of phonology

Answer 6

• backing

- initial consonant deletion

Question 7

Etiology of phonological disorders

Answer 7

hearing loss OR unknown etiology

Question 8

3 ways to study speech

Answer 8

• acoustically
• physiologically
• perceptually

Question 9

Acoustics

Answer 9

branch of physics that studies the properties of sound

Question 10

Pure tones

Answer 10

has only 1 frequency, sinusoidal motion or simple harmonic motion

Question 11

Sine waves

Answer 11

periodic, cycles will repeat themselves identically

Question 12

Fundamental frequency

Answer 12

lowest pure tone component of sound

Question 13

Harmonics

Answer 13

whole number multiples of fundamental frequency
1st harmonic = Fo
2nd harmonic = 2 (Fo)
3rd harmonic = 3( (Fo)

Question 14

Amplitude

Answer 14

perceptually related to intensity or loudness, but not a 1:1 relationship

Question 15

Frequency

Answer 15

perceptually related to pitch, but not a 1:1 relationship

Question 16

Phonetic vs. Phonemic Treatment approaches

Answer 16

Motor learning feedback = Phonetic

Operant conditioning = Phonemic

Question 17

Phonetic treatment

Answer 17

Stimulability: test whether individual can imitate correct production of sound, only work on stimulable sounds

Isolation sound teaching: shape, imitation, phonetic placement, contextual facilitation (aka semantic cues)

Question 18

Phonemic treatment

Answer 18

Selection criteria: treat sounds that are not stimulable, later developing (rather than early developing), voiced obstruents (since they may facilitate acquisition of voiceless obstruents)

Teaching through: minimal pairs, multiple oppositions, maximal oppositions

Question 19

Treatment selection criteria for phonetic vs. phonemic

Answer 19

Phonetic: generally intelligible, consistent errors, stimulable sounds, few errors, few missing sounds, sound never used in different environments

Phonemic: generally unintelligible, may be inconsistent errors, not stimulable, multiple errors, many missing sounds, and sounds can be used in certain positions