Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Unilateral vs. bilateral
unilateral: one side innervating
bilateral: both sides innervating
ipsilateral vs. contralateral
ipsilateral: same side of body
contralateral: opposite side of body
proximal vs. distal
proximal: near given position
distal: away from given position
anterior vs. posterior
anterior: in front of
posterior: behind
superior vs. inferior
superior: above
inferior: below
rostral vs. caudal
rostral: near front
caudal: near tail
neurons vs. nerves
neurons: individual cells in the brain
- dendrites, axons, cell body
nerves: axons bound together by connective tissue
nerves vs. tracts
nerves: signal to and from muscles/sensory organs
tracts: groups of neurons that travel the CNS
efferent vs. afferent
efferent: motor nerve- brain sends signal down to the corticospinal or corticobulbar nerve to innervate a muscle
afferent: sensory nerve- signal comes up from sensory organ via the corticospinal or corticobulbar nerve to the brain
pyramidal system vs. extrapyramidal system
pyramidal: tracts (originate in the cerebral cortex), carry fibers to spinal cord & brain stem; in charge of VOLUNTARY CONTROL (body and face muscles)
extrapyramidal: tracts (originate in brain stem), carry fibers to spinal cord; in charge of INVOLUNTARY and AUTOMATIC CONTROL of muscles (tone, balance, posture, etc)
upper motor neurons (UMN) vs. lower motor neurons (LMN)
UMN = brain --> brain stem LMN = leave spine --> innervate muscles
corticospinal vs. corticobulbar tracts
corticospinal tracts = cortical areas –> spinal nerves, supplies musculature of body
corticobulbar tracts = cortical areas –> cranial nerves, supplies musculature of head & neck
Neuromotor pathway for speech
Desire to move –> association cortex –> basal ganglia, cerebellum –> thalamus –> primary motor cortex –> extrapyramidal & pyramidal system –> cranial and spinal nerves –> neuromuscular junction
Central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord, control centers
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
cranial nerves and spinal nerves, communication between CNS & rest of body
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
visceral motor (involuntary), conducts impulses from CNS --> cardiac includes muscles, smooth muscles, glands
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Somatic motor (voluntary), conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
cerebellum
balance, coordination, & posture
-related to cognition, speech, and language
brainstem
responsible for automatic reflexes and vegetative functions (breathing and swallowing)
-includes: midbrain, pons, medulla
cerebrum
largest part of brain - divided in left and right hemispheres
-AKA the “thinking portion” of brain
thalamus
relays sensory information to higher brain regions
-responsible for seeing, hearing, touch, taste
basal ganglia
responsible for posture and tone
spinal cord
PNS begins here, nerves leave CNS and travel to body
gray matter
cell bodies, dendrites
white matter
myelinated axons, glial cells
medulla
controls and regulates heartbeat and breathing
hippocampus
short and long-term memory
amygdala
emotions
hypothalamus
thirst, hunger, body temp
Heschl’s gyrus
auditory processing problems
angular gyrus
region of the brain involved in language and cognitive processes
-parietal lobe near superior edge of temporal lobe
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
frontal lobe: primary motor area, controls EF and motor, includes Broca’s area (speech production), memory, attention, motivation
temporal lobe: auditory processing and comprehension, includes Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)
occipital lobe: visual area, receives visual cues from opposite visual field
parietal lobe: sensory motor area, math and spatial reasoning
Left vs. Right hemisphere
Left: language dominant hemisphere, damage = aphasia
Right: supporting language hemisphere, damage = higher-order language, attention, and perceptual damage
6 cranial nerves important for speech & swallowing
CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X, CN XI, CN XII
CN V (Trigeminal)
Motor = velar and hyoid elevation, muscles of mastication
Sensory = sensation of the face (forehead, cheek, chin), position of bolus in mouth and sensation of food in cheeks
CN VII (Facial)
Motor = bilateral innervation (upper quadrants of face), unilateral innervation (lower quadrants of face)
- stimulates salivary glands
- facial expression muscles
- tone and movement of cheeks
- lip closure
- hyoid elevation
Sensory = taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Motor = bilateral innervation
- stylopharyngeous muscle
- elevates larynx/pharynx
- stimulates parotid gland
- pharyngeal constriction/shortening
Sensory = gag reflex, taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue, sensation to arrival of bolus at palate
CN X (Vagus)
Motor = bilateral innervation
- velopharyngeal closure and VF approximation
- PES relaxation
- gage reflex
- esophageal peristalsis
- 3 branches = pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal
Sensory = taste - oropharynx, sensation of food residue in larynx, pharynx, and esophagus
CN XI (Accessory)
Motor = bilateral innervation
- innervates sternocleidomastoid
- velopharyngeal closure
- head turn
Sensory = no sensory innervation
CN XII (Hypoglossal)
Motor = unilateral cortical innervation
-innervates all intrinsic muscle of tongue & all but one extrinsic muscle
Sensory = no sensory innervation
Respiration
gas exchange (CO2 out, O2 in)
Ventilation
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
- inhalation: requires muscle support and Boyle’s Law
- exhalation: requires muscle support, relaxation pressures, and Boyle’s Law
Lungs
porous, sponge organ of breathing
-contains pulmonary airways
Bronchial Tree
Bronchi, Bronchial Tree, & lungs
Muscles of inspiration
elevate rib cage and move sternum forward
- expand thoracic cavity
- diaphragm contracts
- external intercostals contract
Muscles of expiration
- pull rib cage downward and sternum inward –> diaphragm relaxes, abdominal muscles contract –> lungs compress
- expiration at rest - mostly passive forces, uses certain muscles for controlled exhalation (like speech)
vegetative breathing
goal is life sustenance
-automatic and consistent
speech breathing
expiration more important than inspiration
speak on EXHALE
Larynx
organ at top of the neck involved in breathing, sound production, and preventing aspiration
Regions of larynx
- supraglottis: area above vocal folds
- glottis: contains true vocal folds
- subglottis: area below vocal folds
Cartilages of larynx
Unpaired:
- cricoid: most inferior cartilage, ring-shaped
- thyroid: largest cartilage, Adam’s apple
- epiglottis: leaf shaped, protects airway during swallow
Paired:
- arytenoid: regular width of glottis
- corniculate
- cuneiform
Muscles of Larynx
Extrinsic:
- Suprahyoid & Stylopharyngeus: elevate larynx
- Infrahyoid: depress larynx
Intrinsic:
- Posterior Cricoarytenoid: abduction of VFs
- Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid: adduction of VFs
Vocal Folds
modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation
Abduction vs. adduction
abduction = open adduction = closed
VF Vibration (one cycle)
- VFs are adducted + air pressure from lungs builds up below them
- as air pressure rises, bottom of folds are forced apart
- pressure then forces apart the middle and then the top of VFs until air flows freely through
- pressure decreases
- as pressure decreases, VFs move toward midline- bottom closes first, followed by middle, then top
Aryepiglottic folds
Form a connective tissue ring and separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx
Velopharyngeal Closure
caused by contraction of: palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
Bernoulli Effect
Change in pressure that pulls the VFs together
- increase in speed = decrease in pressure
- constriction of glottis increases airflow speed = decreases pressure
- decreased pressure + elastic recoil = closure of VFs
