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SLP PRAXIS > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Unilateral vs. bilateral

A

unilateral: one side innervating
bilateral: both sides innervating

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2
Q

ipsilateral vs. contralateral

A

ipsilateral: same side of body
contralateral: opposite side of body

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3
Q

proximal vs. distal

A

proximal: near given position
distal: away from given position

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4
Q

anterior vs. posterior

A

anterior: in front of
posterior: behind

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5
Q

superior vs. inferior

A

superior: above
inferior: below

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6
Q

rostral vs. caudal

A

rostral: near front
caudal: near tail

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7
Q

neurons vs. nerves

A

neurons: individual cells in the brain
- dendrites, axons, cell body

nerves: axons bound together by connective tissue

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8
Q

nerves vs. tracts

A

nerves: signal to and from muscles/sensory organs
tracts: groups of neurons that travel the CNS

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9
Q

efferent vs. afferent

A

efferent: motor nerve- brain sends signal down to the corticospinal or corticobulbar nerve to innervate a muscle
afferent: sensory nerve- signal comes up from sensory organ via the corticospinal or corticobulbar nerve to the brain

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10
Q

pyramidal system vs. extrapyramidal system

A

pyramidal: tracts (originate in the cerebral cortex), carry fibers to spinal cord & brain stem; in charge of VOLUNTARY CONTROL (body and face muscles)
extrapyramidal: tracts (originate in brain stem), carry fibers to spinal cord; in charge of INVOLUNTARY and AUTOMATIC CONTROL of muscles (tone, balance, posture, etc)

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11
Q

upper motor neurons (UMN) vs. lower motor neurons (LMN)

A 
UMN = brain --> brain stem
LMN = leave spine --> innervate muscles
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12
Q

corticospinal vs. corticobulbar tracts

A

corticospinal tracts = cortical areas –> spinal nerves, supplies musculature of body

corticobulbar tracts = cortical areas –> cranial nerves, supplies musculature of head & neck

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13
Q

Neuromotor pathway for speech

A

Desire to move –> association cortex –> basal ganglia, cerebellum –> thalamus –> primary motor cortex –> extrapyramidal & pyramidal system –> cranial and spinal nerves –> neuromuscular junction

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14
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord, control centers

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15
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves, communication between CNS & rest of body

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16
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A 
visceral motor (involuntary), conducts impulses from CNS --> cardiac 
includes muscles, smooth muscles, glands
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17
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Somatic motor (voluntary), conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

balance, coordination, & posture

-related to cognition, speech, and language

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19
Q

brainstem

A

responsible for automatic reflexes and vegetative functions (breathing and swallowing)
-includes: midbrain, pons, medulla

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20
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain - divided in left and right hemispheres
-AKA the “thinking portion” of brain

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21
Q

thalamus

A

relays sensory information to higher brain regions

-responsible for seeing, hearing, touch, taste

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22
Q

basal ganglia

A

responsible for posture and tone

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23
Q

spinal cord

A

PNS begins here, nerves leave CNS and travel to body

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24
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies, dendrites

25
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons, glial cells

26
Q

medulla

A

controls and regulates heartbeat and breathing

27
Q

hippocampus

A

short and long-term memory

28
Q

amygdala

A

emotions

29
Q

hypothalamus

A

thirst, hunger, body temp

30
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

auditory processing problems

31
Q

angular gyrus

A

region of the brain involved in language and cognitive processes
-parietal lobe near superior edge of temporal lobe

32
Q

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe: primary motor area, controls EF and motor, includes Broca’s area (speech production), memory, attention, motivation

temporal lobe: auditory processing and comprehension, includes Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)

occipital lobe: visual area, receives visual cues from opposite visual field

parietal lobe: sensory motor area, math and spatial reasoning

33
Q

Left vs. Right hemisphere

A

Left: language dominant hemisphere, damage = aphasia
Right: supporting language hemisphere, damage = higher-order language, attention, and perceptual damage

34
Q

6 cranial nerves important for speech & swallowing

A

CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X, CN XI, CN XII

35
Q

CN V (Trigeminal)

A

Motor = velar and hyoid elevation, muscles of mastication

Sensory = sensation of the face (forehead, cheek, chin), position of bolus in mouth and sensation of food in cheeks

36
Q

CN VII (Facial)

A

Motor = bilateral innervation (upper quadrants of face), unilateral innervation (lower quadrants of face)

  • stimulates salivary glands
  • facial expression muscles
  • tone and movement of cheeks
  • lip closure
  • hyoid elevation

Sensory = taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue

37
Q

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

A

Motor = bilateral innervation

  • stylopharyngeous muscle
  • elevates larynx/pharynx
  • stimulates parotid gland
  • pharyngeal constriction/shortening

Sensory = gag reflex, taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue, sensation to arrival of bolus at palate

38
Q

CN X (Vagus)

A

Motor = bilateral innervation

  • velopharyngeal closure and VF approximation
  • PES relaxation
  • gage reflex
  • esophageal peristalsis
  • 3 branches = pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal

Sensory = taste - oropharynx, sensation of food residue in larynx, pharynx, and esophagus

39
Q

CN XI (Accessory)

A

Motor = bilateral innervation

  • innervates sternocleidomastoid
  • velopharyngeal closure
  • head turn

Sensory = no sensory innervation

40
Q

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

A

Motor = unilateral cortical innervation
-innervates all intrinsic muscle of tongue & all but one extrinsic muscle

Sensory = no sensory innervation

41
Q

Respiration

A

gas exchange (CO2 out, O2 in)

42
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

  • inhalation: requires muscle support and Boyle’s Law
  • exhalation: requires muscle support, relaxation pressures, and Boyle’s Law
43
Q

Lungs

A

porous, sponge organ of breathing

-contains pulmonary airways

44
Q

Bronchial Tree

A

Bronchi, Bronchial Tree, & lungs

45
Q

Muscles of inspiration

A

elevate rib cage and move sternum forward

  • expand thoracic cavity
  • diaphragm contracts
  • external intercostals contract
46
Q

Muscles of expiration

A
  • pull rib cage downward and sternum inward –> diaphragm relaxes, abdominal muscles contract –> lungs compress
  • expiration at rest - mostly passive forces, uses certain muscles for controlled exhalation (like speech)
47
Q

vegetative breathing

A

goal is life sustenance

-automatic and consistent

48
Q

speech breathing

A

expiration more important than inspiration

speak on EXHALE

49
Q

Larynx

A

organ at top of the neck involved in breathing, sound production, and preventing aspiration

50
Q

Regions of larynx

A
  • supraglottis: area above vocal folds
  • glottis: contains true vocal folds
  • subglottis: area below vocal folds
51
Q

Cartilages of larynx

A

Unpaired:

  • cricoid: most inferior cartilage, ring-shaped
  • thyroid: largest cartilage, Adam’s apple
  • epiglottis: leaf shaped, protects airway during swallow

Paired:

  • arytenoid: regular width of glottis
  • corniculate
  • cuneiform
52
Q

Muscles of Larynx

A

Extrinsic:

  • Suprahyoid & Stylopharyngeus: elevate larynx
  • Infrahyoid: depress larynx

Intrinsic:

  • Posterior Cricoarytenoid: abduction of VFs
  • Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid: adduction of VFs
53
Q

Vocal Folds

A

modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation

54
Q

Abduction vs. adduction

A 
abduction = open
adduction = closed
55
Q

VF Vibration (one cycle)

A
  1. VFs are adducted + air pressure from lungs builds up below them
  2. as air pressure rises, bottom of folds are forced apart
  3. pressure then forces apart the middle and then the top of VFs until air flows freely through
  4. pressure decreases
  5. as pressure decreases, VFs move toward midline- bottom closes first, followed by middle, then top
56
Q

Aryepiglottic folds

A

Form a connective tissue ring and separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx

57
Q

Velopharyngeal Closure

A

caused by contraction of: palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini

58
Q

Bernoulli Effect

A

Change in pressure that pulls the VFs together

  • increase in speed = decrease in pressure
  • constriction of glottis increases airflow speed = decreases pressure
  • decreased pressure + elastic recoil = closure of VFs

SLP PRAXIS (4 decks)

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