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Chinese Medicine > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the heart considered the ‘Emperor of the body’?

A

Because it governs the Shen and is the ‘monarch organ’ (Su Wen) of the 5 Zang and 6 Fu organs. Being Yang within Yin it plays a major role in dominating the life activities of the human body

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2
Q

What does the Heart represent in TCM?

A

The heart represents the consciousness of ones being and the root of life. As long as the heart remains on its rightful path, all other organs will follow along and function properly

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3
Q

What is the relationship b/w the heart and small intestines?

A

The two major meridians, heart meridian of hand shaoyin and small intestine of hand shaoyang, connect and tangle each other between the heart and small intestine. Hence the heart and small intestine are believed to be related internally and externally, on a pathological and psychological level. The small intestine is the Fu organ of the Heart Zang organ

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4
Q

What is Shen and what organ houses it?

A

Shen is the spiritual element of a person’s psyche. It is housed by the heart which is known as the ‘sea of shen’

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5
Q

What are the four basic principles of the Yin and Yang theory?

A
  1. Fundamental opposition the Yin and Yang
  2. Inter-dependance of Yin and Yang
  3. Mutual consumption of Yin and Yang
  4. Inter-transformation of Yin and Yang
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6
Q

What organ provides the small intestines with Qi and heat?

A

The Kidneys

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7
Q

What is the relationship b/w the heart and the tongue?

A

The heart and tongue are connected through an internal branch and is considered to be the ‘offshoot’ of the heart.
The function of the heart can be seen by looking at the tongue, particularly the tip.
It controls the colour and appearance, taste and speech.
Heat in the heart =. dry, dark red, bitter taste and may have ulcers
Blood deficiency in the heart = pale and thin

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8
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Known as the “Heart Protector” (Dan Zhong) and acts as a shield to external pathogens (evil Qi) which will invade the pericardium before the heart

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9
Q

What are symptoms of heat in the pericardium?

A

Delirium, mental confusion, aphasia and very high temperatures may develop

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10
Q

What are the emotions of the 5 Zang organs?

A 
Heart - Joy
Liver - Anger
Spleen - Overthinking, worry
Lung - Grief, sadness
Kidney - Fear
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11
Q

What are the Zang/Fu Pairs?

A 
Heart - small intestines
Liver - gallbladder
Spleen - Stomach
Lung - Large intestine
Kidney- Bladder

Pericardium - Triple Burner (San Jiao)

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12
Q

What are the openings on the head of the 5 Zang organs?

A 
Heart - Tongue
Liver - Eyes
Spleen - Mouth
Lung - Nose
Kidneys - Ears
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13
Q

What are the outer manifested regions of the 5 Zang organs?

A 
Heart - Face (Complexion)
Liver - Nails
Spleen - Lips
Lung - Body hair
Kidneys - Head hair
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14
Q

What are the tastes of the 5 Zang organs?

A 
Heart - Bitter
Liver - Sour
Spleen - Sweet
Lung - Spicy
Kidneys - Salty
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15
Q

What are the dominated body tissues of the 5 Zang organs?

A 
Heart - Blood vessels
Liver - Tendons and ligaments (sinew)
Spleen - Muscles (limbs)
Lung - Skin
Kidneys - Bones (bone marrow)
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16
Q

What are some primary opposites of Yin and Yang?

A

Yin: Dark, cooling, inaction, substance, soft, descending, inward. Total material and corresponds to matter

Yang: Light, warming, action, function, hard, ascending, outward. Pure energy, creation and activity

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17
Q

Explain the Fundamental opposition of Yin and Yang

A

Opposite is relative and by no means absolute.
Nothing is totally yin or yang.
Everything contains the seed of its opposite.
Every single object in the universe has these two aspects.

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18
Q

What is the interdependence of Yin and Yang?

A

Yin and Yang cannot be separated and cannot exist without the other. Total separation will result in death.

Candle analogy: Yin represents the wax in the candle, yang the flame. Wax nourishes and supports the flame, flame needs the wax for its existence. Yang consumes yin and when the wax is gone, so is the flame.

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19
Q

What is the mutual consumption of Yin and Yang?

A

Yin and Yang are in a constant state of change, which is a normal process that keeps the balance of physiological functions.

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20
Q

What are the 4 states of imbalance in Yin and Yang? What are the reasons and symptoms?

A

Excess Yin: Cold from weather or eating cooling foods

Excess Yang: Heat from the weather or heat generated internally from eating hot, spicy foods

Deficient Yin: Decrease in Yin may lead to symptoms of apparent excess of Yang - however very different. Yang is only in apparent excess because Yin is depleted. ‘Known as empty heat’. Can be caused by heavy periods and present as 5 palm heat (heat in chest, palms and soles), dry mouth, heat in afternoon/evening.

Deficient Yang: Decrease in Yang lead to symptoms of apparent excess of yin. Again very different as Yin is only in apparent excess because yang is depleted. Can present with empty pulse and cold feet

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21
Q

What is the inter-transformation of Yin and Yang?

A

Yin changes into Yang and vice a versa. Change does not happen randomly but when internal conditions are ripe and when the time is right. Ie -sickness, eating cooling/warming foods.
All phenomena have within them the seeds of the opposite state

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22
Q

If Liver-Qi stagnates what emotional symptoms can occur?

A

Depression, irritability, volatile moods, increase in PMS symptoms

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23
Q

What is the relationship b/w the liver, stomach and spleen Qi?

A

Spleen: The Liver Qi assists transformation and transportation and facilitates the ASCENDING of Qi. If Liver Qi is not free flowing Spleen Qi will descend leading to loose stools. This corresponds to wood overacting on earth

Stomach: Assists rotting and ripening and facilitates DESCENDING Qi. . If Liver Qi is not free flowing Stomach Qi will ascend leading to nausea, vomiting, hiccups, belching

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24
Q

What elements do the Zang organs correspond to?

A 
Heart - Fire
Liver - Wood
Spleen - Earth
Lung - Metal
Kidneys - Water
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25
Q

Why is the Liver known as the ‘army general’?

A

Because it ensures all Qi flow is smooth and flows in the proper direction

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26
Q

What are the 4 important features of Qi regulation by the liver?

A

Regulation of digestion
Harmony of emotions
Harmony of mensuration
Harmony of bile secretions

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27
Q

What is the relationship b/w Liver-Blood, activity and rest?

A

The Liver regulates the volume of blood according to physical activity eg - during rest the body rqs less blood and will flow back to the liver, when the body is active blood flows to the muscles

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28
Q

What are 4 tissues and organs that require liver-blood nourishment?

A

Eyes
Sinew
Nails
Uterus

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29
Q

What is the relationship between the Liver, eyes and sinew?

A

The liver channel connects with the eyes and blood of the liver nourishes and moistens the eyes and gives it its capacity to see, if deficient liver blood it would causes dry eyes, blurry vision and night blindness.
The liver controls the sinews ability to contract and relax, and insufficiency of liver blood will result in malnourishment leading to spasms and tremors

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30
Q

What will the nails look like with abundant and deficient liver blood?

A

*Nails are a continuation of sinew

Abundant = moist, strong and healthy
Deficient = soft, thin and brittle
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31
Q

***What do the Zang organs house and describe what each mean?

A

Heart - The mind (Shen) -

Liver - Ethereal Soul (Hun) - Holds life purpose, survives death and is capable of coming and going in the body. Correlates to spirits and demons. Can present with insomnia, vivid dreams, sleeping difficulties

Spleen - Thought (Yi) - Influences our capacity to think, study, concentrate, focus, memorising and generating ideas.

Lung - Corporeal Soul (Po) - The most physical and material part of a human’s soul. Especially sensitive to mourning and grief

Kidneys - Gate of Vitality (Ming Men)

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32
Q

Why does the liver loathe wind?

A

Wind affects the liver by interfering with the Livers function of ensuring smooth flow of Qi and storing blood, causes erratic movements such as spasms, convulsions, paralysis or tremors

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33
Q

How can pensiveness affect the Spleen?

A

Cause Spleen Qi to stagnate resulting in difficulties with digesting food

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34
Q

Why is the Spleen called the ‘Root of post-natal Qi’?

A

Because Food-Qi extracted by the spleen is the material basis for the production of Qi and blood

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35
Q

Why is the Spleen called the ‘Root of post-natal Qi’?

A

Because Food-Qi (Gu Qi) extracted by the spleen is the material basis for the production of Qi and blood

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36
Q

What is the central organ in the production of Qi?

A

The spleen. Food Qi produced by the spleen combines with air in the lungs to form gathering Qi which is the basis for the formation of True Qi

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37
Q

Where does the original Qi come from?

A

The Kidneys - stores essence of all organs

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38
Q

What is dampness?

A

When the Spleen is incapable of transforming or transporting body fluids causing accumulation of moisture within the body, often presents as phlegm or oedema

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39
Q

How does the Spleen control the muscles and 4 limbs?

A

The flesh of the entire body and 4 limbs require nourishment of Food Qi from the Spleen. If deficient will cause weakness or atrophy

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40
Q

Whats the relationship b/w the Spleen and the mouth/lips?

A

The Spleen channel connects to the mouth and the lips and empowers the mouth to detect and distinguish the 5 flavours. Lips will appear moist and rosy when Spleen is functioning well. The lips reflect the blood in particular

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41
Q

How does the Spleen Qi prevent the prolapse of organs?

A

The Spleen produces a lifting effect along the midline of the body that make sure the internal organs are in their proper place, which is attributed to the ascending of Spleen Qi. If weak may cause Uterus, bladder or anus prolapse.

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42
Q

How does the Spleen Qi prevent the prolapse of organs?

A

The Spleen produces a lifting effect along the midline of the body that make sure the internal organs are in their proper place, which is attributed to the ascending of Spleen Qi. If weak may cause Uterus, bladder or anus prolapse.
The coordination b/w the (clear) ascending Qi (Yang in nature) and the descending (turbid) Qi (Yin in nature) also plays a role in keeping the organs in place

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43
Q

What does the Spleen separate fluids into?

A

Into pure and impure fluids.
Pure part is sent to the lungs to be distributed to the skin and the space b/w the skin and muscles
Impure part moves downward to the intestines where it is further separated

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44
Q

What is the relationship b/w the Spleen and the Stomach?

A

They worked together to guarantee a balance process of digestion and absorption and are pivotal in the production of Qi and Blood.
They are considered the root of Post-natal Qi

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45
Q

What are the yin and yang aspects of the Spleen and stomach?

A

Spleen: Stomach:
Yin Yang
Dislikes wetness Likes wetness
Qi ascends Qi descends
Likes dryness Dislikes dryness
Easily suffers for deficiency Easily suffers from excess
Prone to cold Prone to heat
Suffers from yang deficiency Suffers from Yin deficiency

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46
Q

What directions are Yin and Yang?

A

Yin - North and west

Yang - South and east

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47
Q

What is the difference b/w defensive and nutritive Qi and which is Yin or Yang?

A

Defensive Qi is Yang in relation and circulates in the skin and muscles (Yang area) and has the function of protecting and warming the body (Yang function)

Nutritive Qi circulates in the internal organs (Yin area) and has the function of nourishing the body (Yin function)

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48
Q

What is the Heart, Spleen and Kidneys influence on memory?

A

Heart - Memory of distant events
Spleen - Memorising and studying
Kidneys - Memory of recent events

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49
Q

Described how Yin and Yang are known as a divided and unbroken line?

A

Yang is an unbroken line ______ Solid, closed, unyielding and impenetrable
Yin is a divided line ——- diffuse, open, yielding and responsive

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50
Q

Why is Yin Earth and Yang Heaven?

A

Yin energy descends and condenses to form the earth.

Yang energy rises and pure Yang should ascend to form heaven

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51
Q

How does sickness affected a person who is more Yin or Yang differently?

A

Yin - illness develops gradually but symptoms linger

Yang - suffers intensely but recovers quickly

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52
Q

Which organs are more important and why?

A

Yin organs are more important as they store all the vital substances, whereas Yang are their functional aspect

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53
Q

What is the generating cycle in the Wu Xing theory?

A

Supportive nourishing cycle where one element gives birth to the other

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54
Q

What does Metal and Water elements correspond to?

A

Metal - nose, skin and grief

Water - Ears, bones and fear

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55
Q

Explain the elements of the generating cycle?

A

Fire - produced by rubbing together wood
Earth - Fire reduces everything to ash which becomes part of the earth again
Metal - Derived from earth/
Water - Metal engenders water
Wood - Depends on water for life and growth

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56
Q

What is the restraining or destructive “Ke” cycle?

A 
One element suppresses the other
Wood controls Earth
Earth absorbs water
Water puts out fire
Fire melts metal
Metal cuts wood
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57
Q

What is the overwhelming cycle?

A

One element is weakened and each element over controls the other eg - wood will overact on earth if earth is already deficient

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58
Q

What is the rebellion/insulting cycle?

A 
The reverse of the Controlling sequence. 
Wood insults metal
Metal insults fire
fire insults water
water insults earth
earth insults wood
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59
Q

What are the 5 elements cardinal directions?

A 
Water - North
Fire - South
Earth - centre 
Wood - east
Metal - West
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60
Q

What are the 5 elements as seasonal cycles?

A 
Fire - Summer
Water - Winter
Metal - Autumn
Wood - Spring
Earth - centre, point of reference
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61
Q

What is the cosmological sequence of the 5 elements?

A
  1. Water
  2. Fire
  3. Wood
  4. Metal
  5. Earth
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62
Q

What element is the beginning of the 5 element sequence?

A

Water - it is the basis of the sequence just is the Kidneys being the foundation for all other organs

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63
Q

What is the driving force that pumps blood around the body?

A

The Yang Qi of the heart is the driving force that pumps heart blood around the body. They are mutually dependant on each other.

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64
Q

What happens if heart Qi fails to promote blood movement and what are some symptoms?

A

Blood flow stagnates and the heart becomes malnourished leading to pain, palpitations, increase or decrease in HR, change in strength and rhythm.

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65
Q

What organ houses the the true (Primary) Yin and Yang of the body?

A

The Kidneys

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66
Q

What affect does Heart Qi have on the blood vessels?

A

If Heart Qi is strong the blood vessels will be in a good state and the pulse will be full and regular
If heart Qi is weak the blood vessels will loose fullness and pulse will the weak and irregular

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67
Q

What does heart blood stasis cause?

A

Arteriosclerosis

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68
Q

What are the 5 energetic layers?

A 
In order of depth:
Skin (Lungs)
Muscles (Spleen)
Sinew (Liver)
Blood vessels (Heart)
Bones (Kidneys)
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69
Q

Why are the Kidneys referred to the ‘root of life’?

A

Because they store the Essence (Jing) which in its Pre-Heaven form is derived from the the parents and established at conception and determines our basic constitution

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70
Q

What is essence and what are the 3 subdivisions?

A

Essence is the source of life, the root of the human body

  1. Pre-Heaven essence (Pre-Natal) - DNA
  2. Post -Heaven essence (Post-Natal) - From nutrition
  3. Kidney Essence
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71
Q

What is Kidney Essence?

A

Derived from both pre and post Heaven essence.

More functional form of pre-heaven essence that is stored in the Kidneys and replenished by post-heaven essence.

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72
Q

What does essence control and what happens when it declines.

A

Essence controls birth, puberty, menopause and death.

Ageing is due to a decline in essence

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73
Q

What is the Kidneys relationship with the brain?

A

Kidneys store essence that produce bone marrow and marrow fills up the brain. The brain has a physiological connection to the kidneys.
If Kidney essence is strong it will nourish the brain and improve memory, concentration and sight

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74
Q

What is the relationship between the Kidneys and the Bladder (Fluids)?

A

Kidney Yang supplies heat and Qi to the Bladder enabling it to transform the fluids and excrete impurities in urine.
Kidney Yang deficiency = frequent urination
Kidneys control the flow of urine by acting like gates

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75
Q

What is the relationship between the Lungs and the Kidneys (Fluids)?

A

The Lungs direct fluid to the Kidneys and Bladder and the Kidneys vaporise part of this fluid and send it back to the lungs to keep them moist

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76
Q

What is the relationship between the Spleen and the Kidneys (Fluids)?

A

Kidneys provide the Spleen with heat to carry out transformation and transportation of fluids

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77
Q

What is the relationship between the Intestines and the Kidneys (Fluids)?

A

The Small and Large intestines are under control of Kidney Yang to seperate clean and dirty fluids

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78
Q

How do the Kidneys control the reception of Qi?

A

The Lungs have a descending action on Qi by directing the natural air breathed in (Da Qi) downward to the Kidneys.
Kidneys respond by anchoring the Qi allowing deep inhalation
Only if Kidney Qi is plentiful and grasping power sufficient can breath be harmonious
If insufficient = Qi rebels upward creating congestion in the chest (breathlessness, asthma)

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79
Q

Which organ controls the lower orifices?

A

The Kidneys

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80
Q

What symptoms will strong/weak Kidneys have on will-power?

A

Strong Kidneys = focused mind, overcome fear, pursue goals

Weak Kidneys = lack of will power, easily discouraged, unmotivated (depression)

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81
Q

Where is the Ming Men: Gate of Vitality located and what is its role?

A

Between the two Kidneys.

Provides heat for all bodily functions

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82
Q

What is the Kidneys relationship with the heart?

A

Fire from the heart is sent down to the Kidneys to warm them. Kidneys cool the Heart Yang

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83
Q

Why are some urinary problems due to Lung Qi?

A

Because the Lungs descend water to the Kidneys to keep urination smooth

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84
Q

List 5 functions of the Lung:

A 
Govern Qi and respiration
Controls channels and blood vessels
Controls dispensing and descending 
Controls defensive Qi
Regulates water metabolism
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85
Q

What is the highest organ of the body?

A

The lungs

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86
Q

How do the Lung’s govern Qi?

A

Fresh hair inhaled (Pure Qi) and Food Qi combine to form Zong Qi (gathering Qi) which takes place and gathers in the chest.
Zong Qi promotes lung respiration and aids in the beating of the heart

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87
Q

Overuse of the voice can lead to a weakness in what Qi?

A

Zong Qi (Gathering Qi)

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88
Q

Where do the blood vessels of the entire body meet?

A

In the lungs

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89
Q

Blood circulation depends on what Qi?

A 
Zong Qi (Gathering Qi)
If weak - blood will pool and stagnate in the chest and heart giving rise to fullness, oppression and heart pain
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90
Q

What organ is known as the Prime Minister and why?

A

The lungs. As they assist the Emperor (the heart) to control the body

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91
Q

What are the three functions of Wei Qi (Defensive Qi)?

A
  • To protect the body from attack by exterior pathogenic influences eg- wind, cold, Heat
  • To warm, moisten and nourish the skin and muscles
  • To adjust the opening and closing of pores
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92
Q

What is the relationship b/w the lungs and Wei Qi?

A

The lungs disperse Wei Qi and fluids all over the body to the space b/w the skin and muscles. Wei Qi warms the skin and muscles and protects the body from external invasion

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93
Q

What is the relationship b/w the lungs and body fluids?

A

The lungs spread body fluids to the skin in the form of a fine “mist” which moistens the skin and regulates the opening and closing of pores and sweating

94
Q

What are three symptoms of Lung Qi deficiency?

A

Get sick
Sweating
Cold extremities

95
Q

How do the Lungs regulate water metabolism?

A

After receiving fluids from the Spleen, the lungs reduce them to a fine mist to spray them throughout the spaces b/w the skin and muscles.
They also descend water to the Kidneys to keep urination smooth

96
Q

What will the skin and hair look like if Lung is healthy?

A

Skin is lustre, hair is glossy

97
Q

What is the relationship b/w the lungs and large intestines?

A

The Lung Qi descends to the large intestine to aid in defecation

98
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

Receives, transports and excretes the content of the small intestine

99
Q

What is the most important Yang organ and why ?

A

The stomach - Prepares the ground for the Spleen to seperate and extract the refined essence of food

100
Q

What organ is known as the “sea of water and cereals - the root of post natal Qi”?

A

The stomach. It prefers a moist environment and dislikes dryness.
Transforms ingested food and drink by a process of fermentation called “rotting and ripening”

101
Q

What is the stomachs reflection in the tongue coating?

A

Tongue coating gives indication of the strength of Stomach Qi. Too thick could mean dampness

102
Q

Which organ is considered the lowest organ in the body and what are two functions?

A

Bladder

  • Removes water by Qi transformation
  • Stores and excretes urine
103
Q

How does the Lungs and Liver influence urination?

A

The Lungs Qi sends fluid to the Kidneys and Bladder to ensure smooth urination and the free flow of Liver Qi also ensures urination is smooth

104
Q

What is the Tai Yang channel?

A

6th divisions

The most superficial channel of the meridians. Small Intestine channel connects with the Bladder

105
Q

What is a symptom of the heart fire blazing?

A

Painful urination, burning, decreased output. Because it is sent to the SI which connects to the Bladder via the Tai Yang channel

106
Q

What are the three main functions of the San Jiao?

A
  • Mobilises the Original Qi
  • Controls the transportation and penetration of Qi
  • Controls the Water passages and the excretion of fluids
107
Q

Where does the Bladder derive its energy from to perform its functions?

A

Ming Men

108
Q

What are the 4 different views of the Triple Burner?

A
  • The triple burner as one of the 6 Yang organs
  • The triple burner as a ‘mobiliser of original Qi’
  • The triple burner as the 3 divisions of the body
  • The triple burner as body cavities
109
Q

What are the organs in each burner?

A

Upper (Above diaphragm) - Heart, pericardium, lungs
Middle (Diaphragm to umbilicus) - Spleen, Stomach
Lower (Below diaphragm) - Bladder, Kidneys, SI and LI, Uterus and Liver

110
Q

Why is the Upper Burner referred to as a sprinkler?

A

Because its function is to disperse defensive Qi and distribute body fluids all over the body in the form of ‘mist’

111
Q

What is the main function of the Middle Burner?

A

Digestion and transformation of food and drink and to direct Nutritive Qi to all organs. Know as ‘Maceration chamber’

112
Q

What is the main function of the Lower Burner?

A

The separation of food and drink waste with the reabsorption of useful fluids and elimination of the rest to the Bladder. Compared to a ‘drainage ditch’

113
Q

How does the Gall Bladder function different to other Yang organs?

A

It is the only Yang organ that stores clean fluid (Bile). All other Yang organs store impure substances such as waste products from food and fluids

114
Q

What are some symptoms of Liver Qi stagnation on the Gall Bladder?

A

Dampness in Gall Bladder, Gall stones,

Bitter taste in mouth

115
Q

What are 3 functions of the Gall Bladder?

A
  • Stores and excretes Bile
  • Controls decisiveness
  • Controls the sinews
116
Q

What is the first line of defence against pathogens?

A

Skin and hair

117
Q

Where do the Lungs open into?

A

The nose, a keen sense of smell and normal respiration depends on healthy Lung Qi

118
Q

How does the Bladder remove Water by Qi transformation?

A

The Bladder transforms fluids into urine by Qi and heat from Kidney Yang and Ming Men
holds the fluid until they are acted uo

119
Q

What 5 organs are involved in decision making?

A 
Heart - Mental clarity and integration
SI - Discriminating capacity and critical appraisal 
Gall Bladder - Decisiveness 
Kidneys - Drive and will-power
Liver - Capacity for planning
120
Q

What are the 6 Extraordinary Yang Organs and what are the internal organs they are each related to?

A 
Uterus - Kidneys and Liver
Brain - Kidneys
Marrow - Kidneys
Bones - Kidneys
Blood Vessels - Heart
Gall Bladder - Gall Bladder
121
Q

What is meant by Extraordinary Yang organs?

A

They function like a Yin organ (storing Yin essence and not excreting), but have the shape of a Yang organ (ie. hollow)

122
Q

Which is the most important Extraordinary Yang organ and why?

A

The Uterus. It functions as both a Yang and Yin organ as it stores blood and fetus (Yin) and Discharges blood at menstruation and the baby at childbirth.

123
Q

What channels is the Uterus connected to the Heart and Kidneys?

A

Heart via BaoLuo

Kidneys via BaoMai

124
Q

What is the Uterus relationship with the Kidneys?

A

Kidneys are the origin of menstrual blood
The Directing or Conception Vessel (Ren Mai) and Penetrating Vessel (Chong Mai) originate from the Kidneys and both flow through the Uterus regulating menstruation, conception and pregnancy

125
Q

What do Ren Mai and Chong Mai provide to the Uterus?

A 
Ren Mai (Directing Vessel) provides Qi and Essence
Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) provides Blood
126
Q

How does menstruation blood differ from the Blood that provides nourishment?

A

Menstruation blood is a precious fluid derived directly from the Kidney- Essence and is equivalent to sperm in men.

127
Q

What are the four ways the Heart influences menstruation?

A
  1. Heart Qi and Heart Blood descend to the Uterus to promote the discharge of menstrual blood during the period and of the eggs during ovulation
  2. The descending of Heart Qi and Heart Blood bring about the transformation of Yang to Yin with the onset of the period and Yin to Yang with ovulation
  3. The Heart governs Blood and Heart Blood nourishes the Uterus
  4. Heart Yang descends to meet the Kidney Essence to form menstrual blood (Tian Gui)
128
Q

What is the relationship bw the Liver and Uterus?

A

The Liver provides blood to the Uterus. if the Liver does not store enough Blood the Uterus is starved of Blood and may cause amenorrhoea (absence of menstrual blood)
Liver Blood stagnation = painful periods with dark clots
Liver Blood is too hot = Blood flow reckless causing menorrhagia or metrorrhagia
Liver Qi stagnation = irregular periods (metrorrhagia)

129
Q

Why does morning sickness occur in pregnancy?

A

The Uterus and Stomach are connected via the Penetrating Vessel (Chong Mai) and pregnancy often causes a disruption in Stomach Qi because of changes in the Penetrating Vessel

130
Q

How is the Brain related to the Kidneys?

A

Kidneys store Essence, Marrow originates from Essence, Marrow fills up and connects with the Brain and spinal cord

131
Q

How is the Brain related to the Heart?

A

The Brain requires nourishment from Heart Blood

132
Q

What are two functions of the Brain?

A

1 - It controls intelligence

2 - It is the ‘Sea of Marrow’ and controls sight, hearing, smell and taste

133
Q

What is Marrow?

A

The common matrix of bone marrow, brain marrow and spinal cord marrow that is produced by the Kidney Essence.

134
Q

What are 3 functions of Marrow?

A
  1. It fills the bones
  2. It contributes to making Blood
  3. It nourishes the Brain
135
Q

Tonification of which Zang organ can help with osteoporosis or bone fractures and why?

A

The Kidneys. Kidney Essence declines as we age which is responsible for creating Marrow that fills up the bones

136
Q

How are the Blood Vessels related to the Kidneys?

A

They are indirectly related to the Kidneys because Marrow produced by Kidney Essence contributes to Blood production. The Original Qi of the Kidneys also contribute to the transformation of the Food Qi into Blood.

137
Q

What are 2 functions of the Blood Vessels?

A
  1. House Blood and are the vehicle for the circulation of Qi and Blood
  2. They transport the refined food essences, Qi and Blood all over the body
138
Q

What does the character of Qi represent?

A

It indicates that it is something which is, at the same time, both material and immaterial. With one part meaning ‘air’, ‘gas’, or ‘vapour’ and the other character representing ‘rice’ or ‘food’

139
Q

What are the 4 primary directions of Qi and eg of organs?

A

Ascending - Spleen Qi ascends to Heart and Lungs, Kidney Qi ascends vapour into the Lungs
Descending - Stomach Qi descends to Intestines
Entering - Heart Qi enters into the Blood Vessels
Exiting - Liver Qi exits the sinews, Lung Qi exits from the space b/w skin and muscles.

140
Q

What are the 6 functions of Yuan Qi (Original Qi)?

A
  1. It is the Motive Force of all physiological activities
  2. It is the basis of Kidney Qi
  3. Helps transformation of Gathering Qi (Zong Qi) into
    True Qi (Zhen Qi)
  4. It is the conduit for the Triple Burner
  5. Helps transformation of Food Qi(Gu Qi) into Blood
  6. It comes out at the Source (Yuan) points
141
Q

What are the 4 main functions of Zong Qi (Gathering Qi)?

A
  1. Nourishes Heart and Lungs
  2. Enhances and promotes the Lung function of controlling Qi and respiration, and the Heart function of governing Blood and blood vessels.
  3. Controls the speech and the strength of the voice
  4. Affects and promotes blood circulation to extremities
142
Q

Where does Gu Qi (Food Qi) originate from?

A

The Stomach and Spleen

143
Q

What Qi is the origin of Qi and Blood?

A

Gu Qi (Food Qi)

144
Q

What happens to Gu Qi once it is produced by the Spleen?

A

It rises to the chest where in the Lungs it combines with air to form Gathering Qi and in the Heart it is transformed into Blood

145
Q

What organ does True Qi (Zhen Qi) originate from?

A

The Lungs

146
Q

What are the functions of Qi?

A
  1. Transforming
  2. Propels
  3. Holding
  4. Raising
  5. Protecting
  6. Warming
  7. Nourishes
147
Q

What is the function of Nutritive Qi (Ying Qi) and where does it flow?

A

Nourishes the internal organs, flows in the channels and blood vessels

148
Q

What is Yin Blood?

A

Combination of Ying Qi and Blood

149
Q

Where does Defensive Qi (Wei Qi) flow and how often?

A

It circulates outside the channels in the space between the skin and muscles.
It circulates 50 times in 24 hours - 25 during the day and 25 at night

150
Q

What is Defensive Qi (Wei Qi) relationship with the San Jiao?

A

Defensive Qi has its root in the Lower Burner (Kidneys), it is nourished by the Middle Burner (Stomach and Spleen) and it spreads outwards in the Upper Burner (Lungs)

151
Q

What does Central Qi (Zhong Qi) refer to?

A

The True Qi of the Stomach and Spleen
The Spleen’s function of transportation and transformation
The Spleens function of raising Qi

152
Q

What three organs are directly related to Blood?

A

Heart - Heart governs Blood
Spleen - Spleen makes Blood
Liver - stores Blood

153
Q

What is the relationship between Qi and Blood?

A

Qi is the commander of Blood - it generates, moves and holds Blood
Blood is the mother of Blood - Nourishes Qi and provides Qi with

154
Q

What are 4 functions of Blood?

A

Nourishes the body
Moistens the body
Houses the Mind
Determines menstruation

155
Q

What two organs are the main source of Blood?

A

The Spleen and Stomach

156
Q

What are the 3 functions of Liver Blood?

A

Nourishes Sinews
Nourishes Eyes
Regulates Uterus

157
Q

Where does Blood circulate?

A

Within the Blood Vessels and Meridians

158
Q

What is the relationship between Blood and the mind?

A

Blood provides the material foundation for the mind.
It houses and anchors the mind.
It embraces the mind providing the harbour within for which it can flourish

159
Q

What is a dense material form of Qi?

A

Blood

160
Q

What is the main difference between Blood and Qi?

A

Blood has a moistening function ensuring body tissues don’t dry out. ie - Liver Blood moistens the eyes and sinews

161
Q

What are Jin fluids?

A

Jin:

  • Yang in nature
  • Thin, clear, watery and flow quickly and easily
  • Follow the circulation of Qi and Blood
  • Under control of the Lungs which spread them all over the body with Wei Qi
  • Moisten and nourish skin and muscles
  • Exuded as sweat, tears, saliva and mucous
  • Thin out the Blood and prevent it from stagnating
162
Q

What are Ye fluids?

A

Ye fluids:

  • Yin in nature
  • Turbid, thick, viscous and move slowly
  • Under control of the Spleen and Kidneys for their transformation
  • Circulate with Nutritive Qi
  • Moistens the joints (synovial fluid), spine, Brain (the cerebral spinal fluid), Bone marrow and sense organs
  • Moistening lubricant and supplement to Essence, especially in the deep areas of the body such as the Joints and Marrow.
163
Q

If there is a big loss of body fluids what deficiency will this cause?

A

Yin deficiency

164
Q

What is the Qi mechanism?

A

Kidney Yang warms Kidney Essence to create Original Qi which ascends to the Heart and then takes an active role in the formation of Blood and True Qi

165
Q

What are 5 functions of Essence?

A
  1. Growth, reproduction and development
  2. Basis of Kidney-Qi
  3. Producer of Marrow
  4. Basis of constitutional strength
  5. Basis for the ‘Three Treasures’ (Essence - Qi - Mind)
166
Q

What are the differences between Essence and Qi?

A

Essence:

  • Primarily derived from the parents before birth
  • Replenished only with difficulty
  • Follows long cycles of 7 - 8 years
  • Changes slowly and gradually over long periods of time
  • Fluid like

Qi:

  • Formed after birth
  • Easily replenished day-to-day
  • Follows brief cycles - some yearly, some circadian, some even shorter
  • Moves and changes quickly from moment to moment
  • Energy like
167
Q

How is Gathering Qi transformed into True Qi?

A

With the catalytic action of the Original Qi that is stored in the Kidneys

168
Q

What is the relationship between the Ming Men Fire (Kidney Yang) and Essence?

A

Ming Men Fire (Kidney Yang) provides the motive force and warmth for the Essence to transform vital substances
Essence provides the biological substance for transformation of Qi

169
Q

What are the 6 Climatic Factors of disease?

A 
Dampness
Dryness
Summer-Heat
Fire/Heat
Cold
Wind
170
Q

What organs relate to each of the 6 Climatic Factors?

A 
Dampness - Spleen
Dryness - Lungs
Summer-Heat - Heart
Fire/Heat - Heart
Cold - Kidneys
Wind - Liver
171
Q

What seasons related to each Climatic Factors?

A 
Dampness - Late Summer
Dryness - Autumn
Summer-Heat - Summer
Fire/Heat - Summer
Cold - Winter
Wind - Spring
172
Q

When does the weather become a cause of disease?

A

When the equilibrium between the body and the environment breakdown

173
Q

What is the difference between internal and external dampness?

A

Internal - Eating cold uncooked foods, greasy or sweet foods, over consumption of alcohol (impairs Spleen T and T function)

External - Living in an area with rainy weather, in a damp environment

174
Q

What are some characteristics of Dampness?

A 
Turbid
Heavy
Sticky
Hard to cure 
It infuses downwards 
It causes repeated attacks 
It slows things down 
Obstructive
175
Q

State which Climatic Factors are Yin or Yang?

A 
Dampness - Yin
Dryness - Yang
Summer-Heat - Yang
Fire/Heat - Yang
Cold - Yin
Wind - Yang
176
Q

What is Phlegm?

A

A more dense, thick turbid substance arising from an accumulation of Dampness

177
Q

What are some symptoms of Dampness?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Feeling of heaviness
  • Bloating
  • Diarrhoea
  • Urinary discomfort
  • Swelling in joints
  • Heavy sensation in the body
178
Q

Why does dryness affect the Lungs?

A

The Lungs are a delicate organ that prefer moisture and fear dryness because dryness injures fluids leading to loss of ability of Lungs to disperse and descend fluids

179
Q

What are some symptoms of Dryness?

A
  • Dry cough
  • Dry mouth, nose and throat
  • Dry skin and hair
  • Aversion to cold
  • Dry and reduced defecation
  • Fever
180
Q

What are some characteristic of Summer-Heat?

A
  • Scorching nature
  • Similar to sunstroke
  • Only Climatic factor that is solely external
  • Rises and disperses
  • Affects the head and eyes
  • Accompanied with dampness
181
Q

What are some symptoms of Summer-Heat?

A
  • Aversion to cold
  • Fever
  • Sweating
  • Headache
  • Thirst
  • Dark urine
  • Floating-Rapid pulse
182
Q

What are some characteristics of Heat and Fire?

A
  • Natural tendency to rise to the head
  • Affects the upper part of the body
  • Dries out fluid
  • Depletes Qi
  • Secretions are thick, sticky, hot and yellow
  • Affects the mind
    Internal: Empty heat from yin deficiency
    External: wind, cold, damp and dryness and all turn into heat
183
Q

What are some symptoms of Heat?

A
  • Haemorrhage
  • Aversion to heat
  • Fever
  • Sweating
  • Thirst
  • Affects the mind - confusion
  • Irritated
  • Injures blood and yin
  • Overflowing-Rapid pulse
  • Dries out fluid
  • Constipation
184
Q

What are some characteristics of cold?

A
  • Contracts and obstructs Qi and Blood flow
  • Slows the body down
  • secretions are thin, watery and clear
  • More common in females
  • Causes the skin and body hair to contract and sweat pores to close
    Exogenous: Exposure to cold
    Endogenous: Insufficient Yang and loss of warmth
185
Q

What are some symptoms of Cold? **

A
  • Slows the body down
  • Poor circulation
  • Aversion to cold
  • Dysmenorrhoea
  • Severe pain in joints (Cold Painful Obstructive Syndrome)
  • Diarrhoea
  • Sharp cramping pains
186
Q

What are some characteristics of wind?

A
  • Nature is to harass the uppermost (Most Yang) part of the body
  • Light and upward moving
  • Easily damages Defensive Qi therefore unable to open and close pores leading to sweating
  • Combines with other pathogenic factors
    Exterior: Attacks the most superficial part of the body
    Interior: Liver Yang rising, Blood deficiency, Yin deficiency, Blood Heat. Affects the Liver
187
Q

What are some symptoms of Wind? **

A

Interior wind

  • Dizziness
  • Tremor
  • Vertigo

Exterior wind
- Fever

188
Q

What are the four levels from most superficial first?

A
  1. Defensive Qi
  2. Qi
  3. Nutritive Qi
  4. Blood
189
Q

What are the effects of the 6 Emotions on Qi?

A 
Anger - Makes Qi rise
Joy - Slows Qi
Sadness - Dissolves Qi
Worry - Knots Qi
Fear - Makes Qi descend
Shock - Scatters Qi
190
Q

What organs do each of the 6 Emotions affect?

A 
Anger - Liver
Joy - Heart
Sadness - Lungs
Worry - Spleen
Fear - Kidneys 
Shock - Heart
191
Q

What are some symptoms of Joy?

A 
Palpitations
Over excitability
Nervousness
Inability to concentrate
Insomnia
Restlessness
Red tip of tongue
192
Q

How does Anger affect the Liver?

A

Causes an adverse flow of Liver Qi, driving Qi upwards carrying the blood upward with it. May cause Liver Qi stagnation (if anger is suppressed) and after time this will transform into Liver Fire

193
Q

What are some symptoms of Anger?

A 
Headache (specifically temporal)
Dizziness
Stiff neck
Irritability/sudden outbursts
Wiry pulse
Tinnitus
Red face
Blood shot eyes
194
Q

How does Sadness affect the Lungs and Liver?

A

It consumes Lung Qi decreasing the body’s defence against disease
In some cases it may deplete Liver Blood (only in women)

195
Q

What are some symptoms of Sadness?

A 
Low voice
Weakness/tiredness
SOB
Depression or crying
Discomfort in chest
196
Q

How does Pensiveness affect the Spleen?

A

It stagnates Spleen Qi resulting in loss of T and T function intern affecting the Liver, Kidneys and disrupts the Hearts spirit

197
Q

What are some symptoms of Pensiveness?

A 
Poor appetite
Diarrhoea
Bloating
Tiredness
Pale complexion
Palpitations
Poor memory
Insomnia
198
Q

How does Fear affect the Kidneys?

A

Scatters its Qi causing it to descend. Prolonged fear may injure the Kidneys and Essence

199
Q

What are some symptoms of Fear?

A

Urinary or faecal incontinence
Bed wetting
Premature ejaculations
Diarrhoea

In some cases it may make Qi rise causing palpitations, insomnia, night sweating, dry mouth, malar flush

200
Q

How does Shock affect the Heart and Kidneys?

A

Heart - depletes Heart Qi

Kidneys - The body uses Essence of the Kidneys to supplement the sudden depletion of Qi

201
Q

What are some symptoms of Shock?

A 
Palpitations
Insomnia
Dizziness
Breathlessness
Night sweats
Moving pulse
202
Q

How does irregular eating, insufficient eating and over eating affect Blood and Qi?

A

Irregular eating - weakens Stomach Qi
Insufficient eating - Leads to Blood and Qi deficiency
Overeating - weakens the Spleen and leads to Dampness and Phlegm

203
Q

What does excessive sexual activity affect?

A

It depletes the Kidney Essence and Kidney Qi

204
Q

What could occur if a women has sex during her period?

A

Blood stasis

205
Q

What might be damaged if a women has sex too early?

A

It may damage the Penetrating and Directing vessels

206
Q

What does sexual desire depend on?

A

Kidney Yang and the Fire of the Gate of Life

207
Q

What symptoms does Blood stasis cause?

A

Localised severe stabbing pain
Immobile masses in the channels and abdomen
Dark purple
Swelling around the area

208
Q

What organ is the basis of Phlegm and what organ stores Phlegm?

A

Basis - Spleen

Stores - Lungs

209
Q

What might giving birth to too many children cause?

A

The consumption of Essence and Kidney Qi

210
Q

What does Weak Constitution depend on?

A

The parents Kidney Essence and their health at the time of conception

211
Q

How is the constitution of a person assessed by observation?

A

By observing their facial features, ears, history, pulse and tongue

212
Q

What are 9 other causes of disease? (Other than environmental and emotions)

A
  1. Diet
  2. Sexual activity
  3. Weak constitution
  4. Over exertion
  5. Physical overwork
  6. Wrong treatment
  7. Trauma
  8. Blood stagnation
  9. Phlegm
213
Q

How does overwork affect the body?

A

Body draws on Essence to face the demands of the lifestyle

Mental overwork - injures the Heart Blood, Spleen Qi and Kidney Yin

214
Q

How does Physical overwork affect the body?

A

Depletes mostly Spleen Qi as the Spleen dominates the muscles
Damages Essence, bones, tendons (sinews) and tissue

215
Q

What can too much rest cause?

A

Qi to stagnate leading to dampness and phlegm

216
Q

What organ does excessive lifting injure?

A

The Kidneys

217
Q

What does mild and sever trauma cause?

A

Mild - Qi stagnation

Severe - Blood stasis

218
Q

What happens when the skin is damaged through injury?

A

Results in reduced local Qi and Blood circulation manifesting as swelling, haematoma and pain

219
Q

What is Blood stagnation caused by?

A 
Qi deficiency 
Disharmony of emotions
Cold and heat pathogens
Trauma
Unbalanced work/rest
Improper diet
220
Q

What affect does cold and heat have on Blood stragnation?

A

Cold - Impeded flow of blood

Heat - Steams, dries and thickens blood making it congeal

221
Q

What are the differences of tangible and intangible phlegm?

A

Tangible:

  • Phlegm with material form
  • Phlegm in the lungs
  • visible or audible
  • Sputum, wheezing

Intangible:

  • No concrete form
  • Invisible and inaudible
  • Dizziness, mania
222
Q

What affect does phlegm have on the Heart?

A

Phlegm can block the Heart’s orifices affecting the mind, causing mental symptoms i.e. hallucinations, LOC

223
Q

What states of Qi do the Three Treasures represent?

A

Essence - densest
Qi - more rarefied
Shen - most subtle and immaterial

224
Q

What are the three fundamental physical and psychic substances of a human body?

A

Jing, Qi and Shen

225
Q

What affects do Essence and Qi have on the mind?

A

If Essence and Qi are strong and flourishing the mind will be happy, balanced, alert and the Shen will harmonise the Zang-Fu organs and maintain a smooth circulation of Qi and Blood
If Essence and Qi are depleted the mind will suffer and may become unhappy, depressed, anxious or clouded.

226
Q

How does the state of the mind affect Qi and Essence?

A

Qi first in most cases since all emotional stress upsets the normal functioning of Qi
Weakens Essence when combined with overwork and/or excessive sexual activity, or when the heat generated by long term emotional tensions injure Yin or Yang

227
Q

What organs and states do the Three Treasures correspond to?

A

Mind - Heart - Heaven
Qi - Stomach/Spleen - Person
Essence - Kidneys - Earth

228
Q

What happens to the Shen when it dies?

A

The Shen separates completely from physical body and is called the Hun (Soul)

229
Q

Where does the Shen reside?

A

In the upper dantian, in the third eye

230
Q

What is the relationship between the Shen and Qi?

A

They have an intimate relationship, like mother to child. Qi accumulates when Shen in concentrated and Qi is dispersed when Shen is distracted

231
Q

What governs all physiological functions of the ZangFu organs?

A

The Shen

232
Q

What vital substance results from the interaction between Yin and Yang?

A

Qi

Chinese Medicine (4 decks)

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