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FUNDAMENTALS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION > FOUNDATIONS > Flashcards

FOUNDATIONS Flashcards

0
Q

Gross failure of a foundation

A

Total ruin by settlement

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1
Q

Differential settlement versus uniform settlement

A

Building foundation settles unevenly … Building foundation set of the uniformly

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2
Q

What is the main property by which coarse or fine grained particles of earth hold up a building?

A

Shear resistance. The strength of the individual soil particles and the friction between them.

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3
Q

What does soil pore refer to?

A

The size of holes between particles.

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4
Q

What is the difference between fictional and highly cohesive soil?

A

Cohesive soils tend to stick together. You can dig out vertical walls. Moldable when wet.

Frictional depends on friction by particles.

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5
Q

What might you need to engineer in a clay supported foundation in order to prevent expansion from damaging he foundation?

A

Void spaces

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6
Q

The least predictable soil for supporting a building

A

Clay

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7
Q

Stability of a foundation means…

A

It’s ability to retains its structural properties under varying conditions during the lifetime of the building

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8
Q

What is liquefaction, with regards to the earth under a building

A

A seismic concern, liquefaction is a temporary change from solid to liquid during cyclic shaking

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9
Q

What does it mean to be well graded or poorly sorted?

A

It means that a course grained soil consists of many sizes of particles

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10
Q

What does it mean to be poorly graded or well sorted?

A

It means that a course grained soil has a small range of particle sizes

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11
Q

What does it mean to be uniformly graded?

A

All the particle sizes in a coarse-grained soil are the same

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12
Q

Test pits are possible when the foundation is not less then…

A

16 feet or 3 m deep

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13
Q

Name for items that will be in the written geotechnical report

A
  1. Results of the field tests and laboratory tests
  2. recommended foundation types
  3. bearing stresses for the foundations
  4. expected settlement.
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14
Q

What can you do it for some reason you cannot place the foundation below the level of the frost line?

A

You have to insulate it in such a way that the soil beneath them cannot freeze

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15
Q

What are ice lenses?

A

When water migrates upwards, forming six layers of frozen water crystals that can lift foundations by large amounts

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16
Q

The angle of repose is steeper for which kinds of soils? And shallower for which kinds of soils?

A

Steep for cohesive soils, shallow for fictional soils like sand and gravel

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17
Q

Describe a benched excavation

A

Tiered

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18
Q

Two methods of shoring.

A

Soldier beams and lagging, and sheet piling

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19
Q

Slurry walls are usually only economical if they become part of…

A

The permanent foundations

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20
Q

Tell me how to make a slurry wall.

A

Place concrete guide wall. Use a clamshell bucket to excavate along the guides while slurry flows in. Place a reinforcing grid. Use a tremie to pour concrete. Tie back as you excavate one side.

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21
Q

What kind of slurry wall has a better surface quality and why?

A

A precast concrete slurry wall. It is dropped fully into a slurry which includes Portland cement, but coated with and anti-adhering agent. The slurry hardens, and after excavation it is taken off the coated surface.

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22
Q

What is soil mixing? And what are a few reasons to do it?

A

When you add a substance to soil with augers or paddles rotating on the end of a vertical shaft. You can remediate chemically contaminated soil by adding

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23
Q

Crosslot columns and horizontal bracing support what?

A

WALERS!

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24
Q

Rakers sit on what?

A

Heel blocks

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25
Q

Three steps to installing a tieback.

A
  1. Drill a hole and place a steel pipe casing.
  2. Grout prestressing tendons under pressure to anchor them to the soil
  3. Tension tendons with hydraulic jack an anchor to a waler
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26
Q

When you don’t need to cheating at all, you could use ____ _____ in fractured rock or ____ _____ in particulate soils.

A

Rock anchors… Soil nails

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27
Q

What are two ways to make sure water does not enter the excavation site (other than a simple sump pump)?

A

Well points, which depress the water table in the area directly beneath the excavation.

A watertight barrier wall or temporary soil freezing, which must extend it to and in permeable surface below the excavation.

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28
Q

What do tie beams do?

A

They connect footings in order to avoid differential slippage when earthquake precautions or soil conditions require it

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29
Q

When a footing is at the very edge of the property line you have to do what in order to avoid asymmetrical loading?

A

You can use the cantilevered footing or a combined footing in order to cut off that footing’s toe

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30
Q

What is a cold joint?

A

A weakened connection between hardened and fresh concrete

31
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between a caisson and a footing.

A

Like a footing a caisson spreads the load from a column onto an area of soil that supports it. The difference is that it extends through strata of bad soil to get to a more suitable later.

32
Q

What is a belling bucket?

A

That carves out the bell at the bottom of the case son. You can also hand dig it.

33
Q

Belled caissons only work in what?

A

Cohesive enough soils

34
Q

What is a socketed caisson and what is a rock caisson?

A

Socketed is when the bearing capacity comes from frictional forces at the end of the caisson as well as from its and bearing. A rock caisson or drilled-in caisson is a special socketed with a steel H section core.

35
Q

What is different about a pile from a caisson?

A

Piles are forcibly driven into the earth rather than drilled and then poured.

36
Q

What is a pile cap?

A

A reinforced concrete That distributes load from a column on to a number of piles

37
Q

If pile caps support a loadbearing wall, what do you have to connect them with?

A

A grade beam

38
Q

What is the problem of heaving?

A

When driving down piles creates uplift in adjacent soil

39
Q

What is a mandrel?

A

Stiff, tightfitting steel liner inserted into the steel shell of a concrete site poured pile in order to keep the shell from collapsing

40
Q

Describe the pressure injected footing, and what kind of building is it good for?

A

It is good fruit tensile or tall slender building subject to uplift. First ram a steel tube with concrete with in it down into the earth. When you get to a desired points allow the concrete to form a bell out the bottom of the tube. As you raise the tube filled the rest of the pile in with concrete.

41
Q

In pile driving, what is a lead?

A

The tall vertical rails that hold the pile hammer

42
Q

Sometimes _____ is more efficient than hammering a pile

A

Vibration

43
Q

Relatively small hammers must be used with wooden tiles to avoid…

A

Splitting them

44
Q

What is a common base isolator made out of?

A

Steel plates and rubber plates with a lead core

45
Q

What is underpinning?

A

A process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundations of an existing building… Either because the foundations are no longer suitable or because a new construction has disturbed the soil.

46
Q

What is needling?

A

Exposing the entire existing foundations of a building with a needle beam that spans over the foundation, supporting the wall or columns above

47
Q

Draining behind a retaining wall reduces the likelihood of what?

A

Undermining

48
Q

What are geotextiles? And what are they used for?

A

Fabrics made of plastics that are resistant to deterioration in the soil. They are used for earth reinforcement … They act like the roots of plants

49
Q

Where do you lay a perforated drain pipe?

A

At least 6 inches below the top of the basement floor slab

50
Q

Where do you put drainage in a matte foundation building

A

Above the basement slab

51
Q

What is dampproofing and when do you use it?

A

A moisture-resistant cement plaster or asphalt compound applied to basement walls where ground water conditions are mild… Cement plaster is troweled on, asphalt dampproofing is dark and applied in liquid or spray or roller or trowel

52
Q

What is the primary difference in performance between liquid and sheet membrane waterproofing?

A

Liquid waterproofing gets around every little crevice, but it is subject to uneven application since it must be applied in the field. Sheet membrane waterproofing is factory controlled and completely even, but it is difficult to get it around complex shapes

53
Q

What does bentonite Clay do when it comes in contact with water?

A

It expands, making it impermeable

54
Q

Why is it called integral waterproofing? And how does it create flexibility an application?

A

Admixtures for concrete or mortar react chemically to stop up pores and make them cement watertight. You can apply it to an existing surface. And you can put it on either side of the barrier. It is called negative side waterproofing and that means the inner side.

55
Q

What is the difference between negative side waterproofing and blindside waterproofing?

A

Negative waterproofing is from the inner side of a concrete wall. Blindside waterproofing is when waterproofing is put directly against an existing building and new construction is placed immediately adjacent to it

56
Q

Where do you use waterstops?

A

In joints to prevent water seepage

57
Q

A shallow, frost – protected foundation uses what?

A

Extruded polystyrene foam insulation… Rigid foam

58
Q

What is controlled low strength material?

A

It is basically a fake soil, made of Portland cement and or fly ash, sand, and water… Sometimes called flowable fill… Used as backfill

59
Q

What are mud slabs?

A

Week concrete slabs that create a level base for an excavation… You put it down before you pour the foundation, something to work with

60
Q

How high above finish grade does a foundation wall need to be for wood construction?

A

6”

61
Q

For a crawl space, 6” min. is needed between grade and _____.

A

Ventilation

62
Q

What is the minimum depth for a crawl space? And what is the minimum size of its access door?

A

24” depth, 18” x 24” access door

63
Q

What does the effective depth of a footing mean?

A

Distance from the top of the footing to the reinforcing bars within the footing

64
Q

What is a minimum effective depth, or minimum distance between the top of steel reinforcement from the top of the footing?

A

6”

65
Q

What is the minimum distance between the steel reinforcement in the bottom of the footing?

A

Usually 3”

66
Q

What does the formula A = P/S describe?

A

The area of a footing equals the column load in pounds divided by the soil bearing capacity in psf

67
Q

Closely spaced footings or adjacent footings located at different levels can cause…

A

Overlapping soil stresses

68
Q

Adjacent isolated footings can be located no more then…

A

2X the footing width min. away from each other

69
Q

What is the bearing prism angle of rock versus soil?

A

60° for rock, 30° for soil

70
Q

What is the minimum height in a step in a stepped footing?

A

2’-0”

71
Q

What is the min. ground slab thickness?

A

4”

72
Q

Why does the American Concrete Institute recommend a 2 inch layer of sand to be placed over the moisture barrier and under the concrete slab?

A

To absorb excess water from the concrete during curing

73
Q

Isolation joints are often called…

A

Expansion joints

74
Q

What is the difference between isolation joints, construction joints, and control joints?

A

Isolation joints allow movement to occur between the concrete slab and adjoining columns and walls (or between two separate pieces of building construction)

Construction joints allow construction to stop at one point and to continue at a later time

Control joints create lines of weakness so that cracking occurs in predetermined locations

75
Q

What is the minimum depth of a thickened slab footing?

A

1’-0”

FUNDAMENTALS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (7 decks)

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