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MAOR102 > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What are pūrākau

A

A means to understand creation and beginnings (narratives)

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2
Q

What are atua

A

Ancestors of ongoing influence with power over a particular domain

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3
Q

What are tohunga

A

Experts within their practice, endowed by the atua with an ability to perform particular activities taught to humanity by the atua themselves

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4
Q

What are karakia

A

Formulaic chants accompanying ritual acts addressed to the atua

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5
Q

Where is Nga Puhi

A

Up North

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6
Q

Where is Te Arawa

A

Middle of the North island

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7
Q

Who is Io

A

A supreme being who exists externally in Te Korekore (the void)

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8
Q

Which iwi believe in Io

A

Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Kahungunu (maintain that Io has long been part of their traditions)

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9
Q

How is creation described by the Io pūrākau

A

Whakapa of karakia recited by Io. In speaking the names of different realms/stages of creation, Io brings them into existence

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10
Q

Why is Io controversial

A

A later tribal tradition developed by tohunga after they become familiar with Christianity. Inauthentic, developed in response to foreign ideas

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11
Q

What are the two separation narratives

A

Te Arawa and Ngāi Tahu

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12
Q

What do separation narratives involve

A

The physical separation of primordial parents Ranginui and Papatūānuku. Separation actioned by their children

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13
Q

What does the Te Arawa narrative involve

A

Rangi and Papa embrace in total darkness, sons exist in cramped space in between. Brothers seek to create space, eventually Tane does it successfully, parents complain, likening the treatment to kōhuru

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14
Q

What was Tūmatauenga’s suggestion to their parents in the Te Arawa narrative

A

Kill them

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15
Q

What was TaneMahuta’s suggestion to their parents in the Te Arawa narrative

A

Separate them by inverting his body and pushing them apart with his legs

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16
Q

Who is the third brother in Te Arawa narrative

A

Tāwhirimātea (disagreed with both brothers)

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17
Q

What happens with Tāwhirimātea after parents’ separation

A

Allies with father Rangi out of aroha for his parents and attacks his brothers, each brother defeated except Tūmatauenga

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18
Q

What does Tūmatauenga do after parents separated

A

Fights and seeks utu against brothers for lack of support. Those who failed to fight are eaten and come under Tūmatauenga’s authority as tēina (junior in rank)

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19
Q

What is Tane Mahuta atua of (brother in Te Arawa)

A

Forests, birds

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20
Q

What is Tawhirimatea atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)

A

Wind

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21
Q

What is tumatauenga atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)

A

People

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22
Q

What is Haumia-tiketike atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)

A

Fernroot (wild foods)

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23
Q

What is Rongo-mā-tāne atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)

A

Sweet potato (cultivated foods)

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24
Q

What is Tangaroa atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)

A

Sea, fish, reptiles

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25
Q

What does the Ngai Tahu narrative involve

A

Papatūānuku initially married to Takaroa, goes away to bury child’s placenta. While Takaroa away, Papa marries Raki. Takaroa returns and challenges Raki to a fight. Raki is defeated, subsequent children sickly and weak. Raki (still embraces Papa) instructs his son Tane to separate parents so that light will grow, insists all brothers assist

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26
Q

Where is Ngai Tahu

A

South island

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27
Q

How are parents separated in the Ngai Tahu narrative

A

Tane instructs brothers to prop Raki up in the sky while paia performs karakia to give them strength. Raki is killed in the process but his wish is for his children to live in a world of light. Tane adorns his naked father with stars

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28
Q

What is Te Po

A

The night

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29
Q

What is Te Ao

A

The day

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30
Q

What is Te Kore

A

The void

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31
Q

What is te Kore-matua

A

Parentless

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32
Q

Who was Raki married to before Papatuanuku (ngai tahu narrative)

A

Pokoharu-a-te-pō

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33
Q

What is the main difference between Te Arawa and Ngai Tahu narratives

A

Te Arawa parents forcibly separated, Ngai Tahu Raki asks to be separated

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34
Q

What is Hawaiki

A

Conceptual place somewhere in the pacific. Spiritual home beyond physical earth (thought of as an island zone)

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35
Q

Who was the first human (Ngai Tahu)

A

Tiki-auaha made by Tane from Hawaiki’s earth. Breathes life into him

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36
Q

Who was the first female human (Ngai Tahu)

A

Io-wahine, made by Tane by mixing water and Hawaiki’s earth

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37
Q

How was the first child created (Ngai Tahu)

A

Tane experimentally copulates with Io-wahine. Io-wahine runs forth and marries Tiki-auaha

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38
Q

What is the word for female element

A

uha/uwha

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39
Q

How is the first female made (Ngati Kahungunu)

A

Tane creates the female form from the earth at kurawaka, the puke (mons pubis) of papatuanuku. Tane sculpts the earth creating hineahuone. breathes life into her, she sneezes (tihei mauri ora)

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40
Q

What is the name of the first female (ngati kahungunu)

A

Hineahuone

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41
Q

How is the first child created (ngati kahungunu)

A

Tane has intercourse with hineahuone to establish where reproduction will spring from. Karakia recited to excite Tane, ensure offspring and strengthen implantation of te ira tangata (spark of life)

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42
Q

How many daughters do Tane and Hineahuone have

A

4

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43
Q

Who does Tane marry after Hineahuone

A

Their first born daughter Hine-titama who is unaware Tane is her father, when she discovers she flees to Rarohenga (underworld) and becomes Hine-nui-te-pō

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44
Q

Who is Hine-nui-te-pō

A

Maiden of night/dark

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45
Q

What themes and ideas do purakau provide

A

Precedents to live by. Understanding of right from wrong. Emergence of natural world, men and women are equal, rituals for spiritual and material wellbeing.

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46
Q

How are purakau relevant today

A

Reflection of current social practices, understanding of the importance of whakapapa, continuation of rituals for spiritual and material wellbeing

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47
Q

What is tikanga Maori

A

Maori cultural practices, customs and traditions, protocols, etiquette, guidelines for behaviour, customary practices

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48
Q

Where does tikanga originate

A

Matauranga, passed on through purakau

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49
Q

What is mātauranga maori

A

Knowledge, environment, development, contact

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50
Q

What are the values of tikanga

A

Whakapapa, spiritual and physical worlds, individual vs the collective

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51
Q

What are the overarching governing principles of Maori society

A

Whanaungatanga, manaakitanga, aroha

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52
Q

What is whanaungatanga

A

Unity to a common cause: whanau (give birth, be born, family), hapu (pregnant, sub tribe), iwi (bones, people, tribe), relationships. Structural scaffolding of human relationships

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53
Q

What is manaakitanga

A

Care and support, making people feel welcome, guiding principle for everyone

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54
Q

What is aroha

A

Love, compassion, empathy, sympathy, concern for others

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55
Q

What is kawa

A

Tikanga specific to certain region

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56
Q

What is mana

A

Prestige, authority. Comes from atua, whakapapa, achievements

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57
Q

What is mana atua/tūpuna

A

Mana everyone is born with, descended from atua

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58
Q

What are the types of mana

A

Mana atua/tūpuna, mana tuku, mana whakatupu, mana wahine, mana whenua

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59
Q

What is mana tuku

A

Conferred (delegated responsibility/authority)

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60
Q

What is mana whakatupu/whakatipu

A

Accrued/achieved, built over a lifetime

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61
Q

What is mana wahine

A

Mana of women, inherited, originates from papa tuanuku

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62
Q

What is mana whenua

A

Associated with customary occupation of tribal land

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63
Q

What is tapu

A

Sacred, set apart, special, restricted. Within people places and objects, associated with the atua and spiritual world. Is layered

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64
Q

What are the types of tapu

A

Intrinsic, extrinsic

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65
Q

What is intrinsic tapu

A

Comes from the atua associated with a specific realm, e,g the intrinsic tapu of the trees and forests descend from Tane-mahuta

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66
Q

What is extrinsic tapu

A

Tapu placed on things to protect the wellbeing of people. Can be an extension of tapu, applied or removed. For the safety and wellbeing of people. E.g Rahui

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67
Q

What is Rāhui

A

Tapu for environmental and resource management. Allows tapu to lessen over time

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68
Q

What is noa

A

Free from restrictions, neutral state, balance. Compliments tapu to create balance (remove layers of tapu)

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69
Q

What are agents of noa

A

Karakia, food, water, wahine

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70
Q

What is a kawangawhare

A

Opening of a house and removal of the associated tapu

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71
Q

What is whakanoa

A

Breaking tapu by eating

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72
Q

What is utu

A

Reciprocity, binding principle for balance. Can be positive (good deeds returned) or negative (revenge)

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73
Q

What is mauri

A

Life force that binds together the physical and spiritual elements required for them to exist. Embedded in living beings from their conception. Can be embedded in inanimate objects. Begins at conception, ends with death

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74
Q

What is wairua

A

Non physical spirit, distinct from body and mauri. Begins when eyes form in the foetus and is immortal, but can leave your body. Emphasises a deeper connection with the world around us

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75
Q

Where does wairua go at death

A

Returns to hawaiki

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76
Q

Where does wairua exist during life

A

Co exists with mauri (specific place in body?), during sleep wairua can leave resulting in dreams

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77
Q

What is te ao maori

A

Holistic, cyclic and balanced. Every action has a consequence and at times requires another action to return to balance. Concepts provide the reasons and underpin the application for tikanga

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78
Q

Which islands are associated with the Tahitic branch of polynesian language

A

Cook Islands, society islands, tuamotu islands (Hawaiki must lie close to these islands)

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79
Q

What were the reasons for leaving Hawaiki

A

Escaping conflicts over land boundaries, gardens, fruit trees, men of rank seeking to marry the same woman, internal cultural imperatives (i.e usually due to societal tensions not overpopulation or shortages). Carefully planned, waka gifted to migrants or specifically built for the trip

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80
Q

Why did Turi (of Aotea waka) leave Hawaiki

A

Heard a threatening song composed by his opponent which his wife overheard and sung to him

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81
Q

Who was the chief builder of the Tainui waka

A

Rakataura

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82
Q

Who was the commander of the Aotea waka

A

Turi

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83
Q

Who was the commander of the Te Arawa waka

A

Tama-te-kapua

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84
Q

Who was the (female) commander of the Tainui waka

A

Whakaotirangi

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85
Q

What does Horouta (waka name) mean

A

Swallowed land, because it was fast

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86
Q

What does Tainui (waka name) mean

A

Big in sea because it didn’t sit right in the sea and needed remedial work

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87
Q

What cargo was taken on Hawaiki migrations

A

Taro, hue (gourd), aute (paper mulberry), karaka tree, kumara, animals like kiore (pacific rat) and kuri (dog), other objects like tools, weapons, mauri (protective stones), figures of guardian atua, cultural knowledge (karakia, stories, ritual) in memories

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88
Q

When were the earliest settlers in Aotearoa (according to archaeology)

A

Mid 14th century. Major settlement event shortly after 1300 AD

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89
Q

Which ancestors returned visit and return to Hawaiki (provide information and instructions to later migrants)

A

Kupe, Irakewa (father of Toroa), Ngahue

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90
Q

Where did the Uruao waka settle

A

Encountered people living up north, sailed for unoccupied Te Waipounamu

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91
Q

Where did the Tainui waka settle

A

Hoturoa visits relations on Tamaki river who had settled there two generations earlier

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92
Q

Where did the Tutara-kauika waka settle

A

Leaders visit sister living in Aotearoa

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93
Q

How many people made up the NZ founding population

A

500 people, ~190 females

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94
Q

Did waka travel in convoy

A

One or two other waka, some solo e.g Aotea

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95
Q

Where was mtDNA found which showed that early settlers weren’t maternally collected and hence were from different islands

A

Wairau Bar (top of south island)

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96
Q

How were waka usually designed (structured)

A

Double hulled

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97
Q

Who were the leaders of waka

A

Rangatira (commander at stern, others supervising at bow, midships) and tohunga (specialists, responsible for navigation, ritual protection from elements)

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98
Q

Who were kaihautu of waka

A

Person giving time to paddlers

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99
Q

Who were kaiurungi of waka

A

Person steering boat

100
Q

How many crew made up waka

A

22-70

101
Q

What are the waka names we should recognise

A

Aotea, Horo-uta, Kurahaupo, Mataatua, Takitimu, Tainui, Te Arawa, Tokomaru, Te Ara-tawhao, Te Ririno, Kairaerae

102
Q

What conflicts on waka sometimes occurred

A

Tohunga sometimes tricked onto voyage by rangatira

103
Q

What conflict occurred on Te Arawa

A

Tama-te-kapua had an affair with Ngatoro-i-rangi’s wife, prompting Ngatoro to drive the waka into Te Korokoro-o-te-parata (whirlpool/storm). People plead with him, he saved ship

104
Q

What challenge did Kurahaupo waka face

A

Wrecked, came ashore on Rangitahua island (Raoul island)

105
Q

What challenge did tuwhenua waka face

A

Leprosy

106
Q

What challenge did Arai-te-uru waka face

A

Lost crew and goods in rough seas (Moeraki boulders), capsizes at Matakaea (shag point)

107
Q

What challenge did Takitimu waka face

A

Hunger (long voyage), rough seas, nearly rolls at Muriwhenua, loses crew and equipment, founders in Te-Ara-A-kiwa (Foveaux strait)

108
Q

What challenge did Horo-uta waka face

A

Capsizes off Whakatane

109
Q

What challenge did Tainui waka face

A

Nearly founders when crew distracted by sight of large trees, stuck on Auckland canoe portage

110
Q

What challenge did Mataatua waka face

A

Men neglect ship’s safety, Wairaka saves boat

111
Q

Where did Tainui and Te Arawa waka land

A

East coast point

112
Q

What are some of the waka which landed in the North

A

Kurahaupo, takitimu, tinana, horouta, paikea, aotea, nukutere

113
Q

What are some of the waka landing sites of Te Tai Tokerau (up North)

A

Parengarenga harbour, rangaunu harbour, takou bay, whangaruru harbour, kaipara harbour

114
Q

What are some of the waka landing sites of Tainui and Te Arawa (bay of plenty)

A

Te Haukapua, manukau harbour, tauranga moana, whaingaroa, te ahurei, mokau, whangaparoa, torere, whakatane, maketu

115
Q

What are some of the waka landing sites of Te Tai Hauauru (West coast)

A

Hawaiki-iti, mohakatino, tongaporutu, ngamotu (new plymouth)

116
Q

What are some of the waka landing sites of Te Tai Rawhiti (East coast)

A

Whangaokena, Uawa (Tolaga bay), turanganui-a-kiwa

117
Q

What are some of the waka landing sites of Te Wai Pounamu (south island)

A

Whakatu (Nelson), whatakai-o-rakihouia (kaikoura), horomaka (banks peninsula), moeraki, shag point, te waewae bay

118
Q

What were the first actions upon landing a waka

A

Erect a tuahu (altar, sacred site) to thank atua for protection, comprising fire, mauri and wooden posts. Karakia by Ngatoro-i-rangi (tuwharetoa), exploring and naming of the landscape. Establish claims to land by naming after body parts

119
Q

What did Horo-uta waka do upon landing

A

Performs whakau ritual, clearing way for her exploration journey

120
Q

What did Uru-ao’s captain Rakaihautu do upon landing at whakatu (Nelson)

A

Walks south creating the major southern lakes with his kō (digging stick), Tu-whakaroria

121
Q

What were the first actions of settlement by Maori

A

Identify resource base of new land, especially its industrial grade stone resources to manufacture adzes, cutting tools from obsidian, stone resources identified in first decade of settlement. Planting crops, development of food storage techniques due to cooler weather, maintaining and adapting ancestral tool kits due to lost resources, adaptations to rich local resources: animals (moa, sea mammals, birds)

122
Q

What were some of the Maori settlement strategies

A

Exploring wider landscape from waka landing base, waka crew breaking up into smaller exploration parties under an ancestor, travelling together to new settlement, settling in dispersed settlements around landing place, disputes sometimes broke up settlements with some ancestors seeking new home

123
Q

What is Wairau bar thought to have been

A

focal point of colonisation, maintaining links to various other settlements

124
Q

How were bonds made and strengthened between different waka settlements

A

Waka continue to travel between communities, intermarriage

125
Q

How did tangata moana become tangata whenua

A

Identify with features of the land e.g Te Tai-o-Arai-te-uru (Otago coast), Takitimu mountains in murihiku (southland)

126
Q

What is Maori vs maori

A

Maori are the indigenous people, maori means normal/ordinary

127
Q

What does iwi taketake mean

A

Indigenous peoples

128
Q

What are pepeha

A

A way of introduction for Maori. Acknowledge one’s whakapapa connection to place and people, reinforces a continued connection to where one is from, state geographical and ancestral markers of identity. Assert indigeneity

129
Q

What is whakapaparanga

A

Social structure

130
Q

What is the first layer of social structure

A

Waka (consisting of rangatira, tohunga, kaihautu, kaiurungi)

131
Q

What is the second layer of social structure

A

Iwi (imagined community, loose confederation of hapu, not an everyday functional unit in everyday Maori society)

132
Q

Who lead iwi

A

Ariki (high chiefs)

133
Q

What is the third layer of social structure

A

Hapu (everyday unit of Maori society where people collaborate and live, made of a few whanau)

134
Q

Who lead hapu

A

Rangatira (job is to weave the people together)

135
Q

How did the signing of te tiriti result in iwi becoming more relevant

A

Government will only enter into direct negotiations with “large natural groupings.” Hapu leaders signed but were too resource intensive to deal with

136
Q

What is the final layer of social structure

A

Whanau (multigenerational, extend across direct descent lines)

137
Q

Who are the elders of whanau

A

Kaumatua, Kuia

138
Q

What are parents called

A

matua/papa, whaea/mama, mātua: parents

139
Q

What are siblings called

A

Tuakana: older sibling of the same sex
Teina/taina: younger sibling of the same gender
Tuahine: sister to a male
Tungane: brother to a female

140
Q

What are grandparents called

A

Koroua, kuia

141
Q

What are ancestors called

A

Tupuna/tipuna

142
Q

Who are the leaders of the whanau

A

Kaumātua

143
Q

What are the key roles of rangatira

A

Clear communication, care for others, bring people together

144
Q

What is whāngai

A

To feed. A practice to provide alternative arrangements of care within a whakapapa. Similar to adoption but not secretive, whangai children know where they are from and where they sit in their whakapapa

145
Q

What is the purakau of Maui-tikitiki-a-taranga (origin of whangai)

A

Maui thought to be stillborn, mother Taranga casts him away in woven basket. Grandfather Tamanui-ki-te-rangi finds him and raises him with the knowledge of his whakapapa. Taranga is routinely counting her sons when Maui-tikitiki-a-taranga stands among them. When asked who he is he recites his whakapapa to justify his place within the whanau

146
Q

Why does whangai occur

A

Many customary reasons, for example eldest child raised by grandparents, orphaned children, giving to a couple unable to produce a child, not being ready to become a parent

147
Q

What does kaitiakitanga mean

A

Guardianship, stewardship, trusteeship, trustee

148
Q

What does tiaki mean

A

To care for, guard, protect, watch over, shelter

149
Q

What does prefix kai mean

A

Added to verbs to express some kind of action, denoting human agent

150
Q

When was the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act

A

1998

151
Q

After papa and raki’s marriage, which sky children (sons) came down to meet their father’s new wife

A

Aoraki (cloud in the sky), Rakiroa (long Raki), Rakirua (raki the second), Rarakiroa (long unbroken line)

152
Q

When was the Nga Wai o Maniapoto (Waipa river) act

A

2012

153
Q

What was the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998

A

Government gave money for greivances to do with land

154
Q

What was the Nga Wai o Maniapoto (Waipa river) act 2012

A

Restoration and maintenance of the river in accordance with Maori values such as mauri

155
Q

When was the Te Urewera act

A

2014

156
Q

What is Te Urewera thought of as

A

The heart of the great fish that Maui caught

157
Q

What was the Te Urewera act 2014

A

Made Te Urewera a living entity

158
Q

What are other natural living entities in NZ law

A

Tongariro, Taranaki, Whanganui (and Te Urewera)

159
Q

What is whanaungatanga

A

Kinship. The defining principle, informs human relationships with physical and spiritual world. Means extended family, relationships, responsibilities. The glue that holds the maori world together, whakapapa (genealogy)

160
Q

What was Te Mana O Te Wai

A

Kahui wai maori report to Hon Minister David Parker. Protection of freshwater, incorporated into policy

161
Q

What are the obligations of Te Mana O Te Wai

A
  1. To the water: protect its health and mauri
  2. Provide essential human health needs such as drinking water
  3. Consumption provided that such use does not adversely impact the mauri of freshwater
162
Q

What are the principles of Te mana o te wai

A

Mana whakahaere, kaitiakitanga, manaakitanga. Governance, stewardship, care, respect

163
Q

What must regional councils do under Te Mana o te wai

A

Engage with communities and tangata whenua to protect freshwater, enable application of concepts such as matauranga maori to its management

164
Q

What are the spheres of iwi/hapu and crown collaboration

A

Tinorangatira sphere, kawanatanga sphere, relational sphere (joint deliberate body)

165
Q

Which iwi is tangata whenua of te urewera

A

Nga Tuhoe

166
Q

What are marae

A

A complex of buildings, physical manifestation of origin/belonging/whakapapa

167
Q

What is the Lapita culture

A

Proto-Austronesians who explored the remote pacific. Extended far into the East with continued cultural development. Ancestors of Maori

168
Q

Where do Austronesian languages originate from

A

South East Asia

169
Q

How did marae develop

A

Further exploration East, marae begin to appear. Formal structures purposed for celestial navigation. Land based constants to fix latitude while at sea. ~30 generations ago developed into highly ritualised spaces

170
Q

What was the original marae

A

Taputapuātea (at Ra’iātea). A university for expert navigators and explorers: place of higher learning

171
Q

What were marae upon arrival to Aotearoa and Te Waipounamu

A

Complex social spaces governed by traditional practices. Communities within which kin lived. A space of chiefly authority, people engage in rituals of encounter with other communities

172
Q

What is the marae atea

A

Ceremonial courtyard (grass outside) central to pā, provided a space to wānanga and communicate knowledge

173
Q

What is the tūāhu

A

Hidden away from general view, remained a place of tapu

174
Q

How did marae location change post European arrival

A

Moved to areas to conveniently access port locations (strategic - economic opportunities, engage with outside world)

175
Q

How do hapū fit into marae

A

Multiple hapū can be associated with a marae. Political powerhouse of Te Ao Maori. Make decisions and engage with outsiders. Pā usually only housed one or a few hapū

176
Q

What tikanga Maori rituals occur at marae

A

Pōwhiri, tangihanga, wānanga. Te Ao Maori governed by tikanga

177
Q

How are marae sites of tapu

A

Managed by kaumātua, highly ritualised space and traditional practices, set aside for specific purposes

178
Q

What is the whare tupuna

A

Meeting house, embodying an ancestor

179
Q

What is the whare whakairo

A

Carved meeting house

180
Q

What is the wharenui

A

Large/main meeting house

181
Q

What is the wharepuni

A

Sleeping house

182
Q

What is the kāuta (of the marae)

A

Cooking shed

183
Q

What is the wharekai

A

Kitchen

184
Q

What is the whareiti/wharepaku

A

Toilet

185
Q

What is the whare karakia

A

Church

186
Q

What is the kūwaha/wāhi tapu (of marae)

A

Cemetery/burial grounds

187
Q

What is the kūwaha/waharoa (of the marae)

A

Entrance to the marae atea

188
Q

What is the kōhanga reo (of the marae)

A

Māori language preschool

189
Q

What does Tūrangawaewae mean

A

A place to stand

190
Q

What does ahi kā mean

A

keeping fires of occupation burning, right to return

191
Q

What is the significance of marae

A

Connection to tupuna and whanaunga, place and whenua, important ceremonial rituals, vessel/repository for ancient and traditional knowledge, site of cultural resistance

192
Q

How are marae sites of cultural resistance

A

Te Reo, tikanga Maori. The last bastion of Maori culture in its most potent form

193
Q

What are urban/pan-tribal marae and what is their purpose

A

Marae that pop up to serve everyone and reaffirm a sense of identity outside one’s tribal territory. Diaspora: not many Maori live within home territory

194
Q

What are the two groups involved in a powhiri

A

Tangata whenua (hosts) and manuhiri (visitors)

195
Q

What are waewae tapu

A

Manuhiri who have never been to the particular marae or place before

196
Q

What is the purpose of pōwhiri

A

Welcoming and clearing of tapu. Traditionally used to gauge intention

197
Q

What is a waerea (start of pōwhiri)

A

Protective incantation performed by manuhiri before going onto and entering marae. By a male (rangatira), performed quietly while deciding other roles in subsequent pōwhiri

198
Q

What is a wero (start of pōwhiri)

A

Performed by toa (warrior) from tangata whenua. Symbolic gift (taki/small wooden dart) laid down, manuhiri must pick it up. Manner of manuhiri toward laying down of taki shows their intention. Nowadays only occurs at very special occasions

199
Q

What is a karanga (pōwhiri)

A

Performed by women on both sides. Usually older women, weaving spiritual rope between groups. Central to the demonstration of aroha and expression of emotion. Gives breath to the feelings of our tūpuna. The first voice

200
Q

What is the caller of the karanga called

A

Kaikaranga

201
Q

What is the whakaeke (pōwhiri)

A

Slow movement of manuhiri onto marae atea. Haka powhiri may be performed by tangata whenua at this time. Men in some iwi may perform the waerea during the whakaeke

202
Q

What is the whaikōrero

A

Oratory performed (usually) by men on both sides. Men sit at the front, women and children behind. Occurs within the realm of Tūmatauenga (protect women and children). Begins with and returns to tangata whenua

203
Q

What is the speaker of the whaikorero called

A

Kaikorero

204
Q

What are the different kawa of speaking orders of the whaikōrero

A

Pāeke: all host speakers, then visitors
Tāutuutu: alternating
Whakawhitiwhiti: hybrid of above

205
Q

What is the waiata tautoko/kīnaki

A

Song of support after speech, typically by women. Speaks to the mana of the kaikōrero, can be used to neutralise tapu of whaikōrero. Can be used politically, or to rein in a speaker. Usually reflects tone of gathering

206
Q

What is a koha

A

Gift. Money, food, resource, precious items, materials to tangata whenua

207
Q

What is a hongi

A

Pressing of noses and sharing of breath. Symbolic breath of life.

208
Q

What is the hākari (final part of pōwhiri process)

A

Collective partaking of food, shows manuhiri the capacity of the tangata whenua to manaaki. Food is an agent of whakanoa

209
Q

What is the importance of pōwhiri

A

Maintaining tikanga of marae, addressing tapu of waewae tapu, whanaungatanga, whakapapa, manaaki, survival of Te Reo and tikanga Maori

210
Q

Who is Dame Arpoha Reriti-Crofts (ngai tahu)

A

Community worker, former president of the Maori womens welfare league

211
Q

Who is Dr Te Moana-nui-a-kia Jackson (ngati kahungunu, ngati porou)

A

Lawyer, advocate for maori rights

212
Q

Who is Sir Wira Gardiner (ngati Awa, Ngati Pikiao, Te whakatohea, te whanau-a-apanui)

A

Public servant, founding director of waitangi tribunal, former CE of Oranga Tamariki

213
Q

Who is Titewhai Harawira (Ngapuhi)

A

Maori rights activist, queen of maori protest

214
Q

Who is Maanu Paul (ngati Awa, ngati manawa)

A

Maori rights activist, disruptor of the status quo

215
Q

Who is Sir Toby Curtis (ngati Pikiao, ngati rongomai)

A

Te Reo Maori advocate, Maori broadcasting/media, chair- Te Mangai Paho and Te Arawa Lakes trust

216
Q

Who is Georgina Beyer (te arawa, ngai tahu)

A

Former labour MP and mayor, world’s first openly transgender MP

217
Q

Who is Joe Hawke (ngati whatua)

A

Bastion point leader, former MP

218
Q

Who is Anituatua Black (ngai tuhoe)

A

Educator, founding staff member of Te tumu

219
Q

Who are the sisters of matariki

A

Waipunarangi, ururangi, tupuārangi, hiwaiterangi, waitī, waitā, pohutukawa, tupuānuku, tupuārangi

220
Q

What is the general process of a tangihanga/takiauē

A

Body prepared for burial, taken to a place and mourned, visitors welcomed, speeches made, body buried, whānau brought back into the world of the living

221
Q

Which matariki sister is associated with the dead (if clear, fewer deaths that year)

A

Pohutukawa, especially those who died in the past year. Matariki is a time to let go of grief

222
Q

How is Hine-tītama related to the dead

A

Fled to the darkness when she found she married her father. Said she’d look after their children in the darkness, he could look after them in the light.

223
Q

Who is known as the atua of death (more our kuia who looks after us after death)

A

Hine-tītama

224
Q

How did Maui, son of Hine-nui-te-po try to avoid death

A

Going back into mother and coming out her mouth. Fantail stopped him by waking hine-nui-te-po. Fantail now seen as bringer of death

225
Q

Where is the final resting place

A

Differs between iwi, but wairua leaves physical world and mauri ceases to exist

226
Q

What is ōhakī (before death)

A

Oral will- discussion of who will take over, punishment, revenge

227
Q

What is the whare tūroro

A

Place someone near death is kept to be kept separate from normal activities. First term for hospital

228
Q

What is the tuku wairua (tangihanga)

A

Karakia chanted by tohunga. Like euthanasia: just before person passes to send wairua on

229
Q

What is the tapu after death like

A

On person who died, everyone and everything associated. Scary, but for protection and to please atuas

230
Q

What is tūpāpaku (in preparing a body)

A

Put into crouching position to receive everyone coming in to pay their respects

231
Q

What is kōkōwai (in preparing a body)

A

Smear body with red clay and oil (embalming process)

232
Q

What are maori coffins made of

A

Harakeke, koha given to weaver

233
Q

What preparations for a tangihanga happen at the marae

A

Kai preparations, whare organised for visitors, ceremonial roles, anything put in coffin stays there, tikanga, looking after the kids

234
Q

Where is the body kept during a tangihanga

A

Mahau, wharenui, wharemate (separate whare set up), varies between iwi

235
Q

What do the whaikorero and waiata address in a tangihanga

A

Address person as if they are alive. Angry at knowledge lost. Address whanau. Will remember you, but farewell to your wairua

236
Q

Who are the kirimate / whānau pani

A

Those who relied heavily on the person, status changed due to passing. Must only grieve and not help with anything else

237
Q

How might grief be expressed

A

Haehae (scratching skin to show pain), whakamomori (suicide)

238
Q

How might you be able to tell a marae is mourning

A

Kawakawa leaves hanging up to mask smell

239
Q

What is tono

A

Body snatching. Need to talk about where to bury body and why

240
Q

How long did a tangi usually last (shorter now due to health and safety)

A

3 days

241
Q

What is Pō poroporoaki

A

Celebration of the life of the deceased. Share stories, sing songs. Kirimate, whanau pani can speak. Closing of coffin, service (marae, church)

242
Q

What is nehu/urupā

A

Burial: fill in the hole yourself

243
Q

What is kawe mate

A

Burial away from tribal area, take home spiritually

244
Q

What is hiwaiterangi

A

Hopes for the new year

245
Q

What is takahi whare

A

Trample the house. Whakanoa

246
Q

What is hura kōhatu

A

Unveiling of the headstone

247
Q

Who is the notable tohunga in the Ngai Tahu separation narrative

A

Matiaha Tiramoeku

MAOR102 (3 decks)

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