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Biology GCSE 2020 > Foundation: B6 - Inheritance > Flashcards

Foundation: B6 - Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cells does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell?

A

23

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3
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?

A

46

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4
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction in which gametes from two parents fuse, eg. egg and sperm

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5
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that involves only one parent.

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6
Q

What type of offspring are produced in asexual reproduction?

A

Genetically identical

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7
Q

What type of offspring are produced in sexual reproduction?

A

Genetically unique

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8
Q

Outline the stages of meiosis.

A
  1. Copes of genetic information are made
  2. The cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromsomes
  3. All of the gametes are genetically different from each other
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9
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A polymer that forms a double helix

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome.

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11
Q

What is the role of a gene?

A

It codes for a sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein

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12
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an organism

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13
Q

Why is understanding the human genome important?

A

It can help idenitfy genes linked to certain types of diseases
It can help to understand and treat inherited diseases
It is used to trace human migration pattersn

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14
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell

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15
Q

What is an allele?

A

One version of a gene

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16
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

One allele is needed for the characteristic to be present

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17
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

Two copes of the alleles are needed for the characteristic to be present

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18
Q

Define genotype

A

The combination of alleles an individual has

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19
Q

Define phenotype

A

The characteristics an individual has

20
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Two of the same alleles

21
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Two different alleles

22
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

An inherited disorder that causes extra fingers or toes

23
Q

What type of allele causes polydactyly?

A

A dominant allele

24
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

An inherited disorders that causes problems with the lungs

25
Q

What type of allele causes cystic fibrosis?

A

Two recessive alleles

26
Q

What sex chromosomes do females have?

A

XX

27
Q

What sex chromosomes do males have?

A

XY

28
Q

What factors can affect the characteristics an individual has?

A

Genetic, environmental or both

29
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences between individuals

30
Q

What is the cause of all variation?

A

Random mutations of DNA

31
Q

What is a species?

A

Organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring are in the same species.

32
Q

What process causes changes to a population over time?

A

Natural selection

33
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Humans select which individuals should breed based on their traits, to produce offspring with similar traits.

34
Q

What types of characteristics have been chosen for through selective breeding?

A

Disease resistance in crops
Animals that produce more milk or meat
Domestic dogs with a gentle nature
Large or unusual flowers

35
Q

What are some problems with selective breeding?

A

It can lead to inbreeding which causes some breed to be prone to disease or inherited defects

36
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Genes from one organism are inserted into the genome of another to give a desired characteristic

37
Q

What have plants been genetically engineered for?

A

To produce bigger and better fruits

To be resistant to diseases

38
Q

What have bacterial cells been genetically engineered for?

A

To produce useful substances like insulin for people with type 1 diabetes

39
Q

What is the eveidence for evolution?

A

The fossil record
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
Genetic evidence

40
Q

Why are there gaps in the fossil record?

A

It is difficult for soft tissue to be fossilised

41
Q

What is extinction?

A

When there are no remaining individuals of a species still alive.

42
Q

How can the development of antibiotic resistance be reduced?

A

Not over prescribing antibiotics
Completing prescribed courses of antibiotics
Reducing the use of antibiotics in farm animals

43
Q

What scientist developed the binomial classification system?

A

Carl Linnaeus

44
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

45
Q

How are organisms named with the binomial system?

A

Genus and species

46
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota

Biology GCSE 2020 (13 decks)

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