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Biology GCSE 2020 > Foundation: B5 - Homeostasis > Flashcards

Foundation: B5 - Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenence of internal conditions

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2
Q

What three things are maintained in the human body?

A

blood glucose concentration
body temperature
water levels

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3
Q

What do all control systems include:

A

receptors, coordination centres, effectors

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4
Q

What is the importance of the nervous system in humans?

A

It allows humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour

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5
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) made up of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment, eg. temperature change

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7
Q

Why are reflex actions important?

A

They are automatic and rapid, they do not involve the consious part of the brain. They help to keep us safe from harm.

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8
Q

What is the endocrine system made of?

A

Glands, hormones, bloodstream, target organs

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9
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

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10
Q

Which gland is considered to be the ‘master gland’?

A

The pituitary gland

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11
Q

Compare the action of the nervous system to the action of the endorcrine system.

A

Nervous system: messages travel as electrical impluses, faster response, shorter effect on the body.
Endocrine system: messages travel as chemical messengers, slower response, longer effect on the body.

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12
Q

How do messages travel in the nervous system?

A

As electrical impluses through neurons.

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13
Q

Which hormone reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood?

A

Insulin

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14
Q

Which organ releases insulin?

A

The pancreas

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15
Q

When is insulin released from the pancreas?

A

When the blood glucose concentration is too high.

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16
Q

What effect does insulin have on blood glucose?

A

It causes glucose to be converted into glycogen to be stored in the liver or muscles.

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17
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

A disorder which a person is born with. The pancreas does not produce insulin and is treated with insulin injections.

18
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

A disorder which a person develops due to poor diet. The body stops responding to insulin. It is treated with a carbohydrate-controlled diet & exercise plan.

19
Q

What are the main male & female reproductive hormones?

A

Males: testosterone
Females: oestrogen

20
Q

What are the three main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen, FSH, LH

21
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Causes an egg to mature, stimulates the release of oestrogen

22
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Repairs & thickens the uterus lining, inhibits the release of FSH, stimulates the release of LH

23
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Causes a mature egg to be released.

24
Q

List three non-hormonal methods of contraception, and state how they work.

A
  1. Condom - prevents sperm from reaching the egg
  2. Spermicial jelly - kills sperm before it reaches the egg
  3. Intrauterine device - prevents a fertilised egg from implanting on the uterus wall
25
Q

How do hormonal methods of birth control reduce the risk of pregnancy?

A

They contain oestrogen, which inhibits the release of FSH, so no egg matures.

26
Q

Outline the process of a nervous system response.

A

Stimulus –> receptor –> coordinator –> effector –> receptor

27
Q

Outline the process of a reflex action.

A

Stimulus –> receptor –> sensory neuron –> relay neuron –> motor neuron –> effector –> response

28
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A small gap between two neurons.

29
Q

How do messages travel across a synpase?

A

When the electrical impluse reaches the end of a neuron, it stimulates the neuron to release a chemical messenger. The chemical messenger travels across the synapse and attaches to receptors on the second neuron. This stimulates the neuron to generate another electrical impluse.

30
Q

What are the sense organs and what stimuli do they detect?

A 
Skin - touch, temperature, pain
Tongue - chemicals in food and drink
Nose - chemicals in the air
Eye - light
Ear - sound
31
Q

List some effectors and the response they could cause.

A

A muscle contracting to move an arm

A gland releasing a hormone into the blood

32
Q

HT What hormone is released when blood sugar is too low?

A

Glucagon

33
Q

HT Where is glucagon released from in the body?

A

The pancreas

34
Q

HT What effect does glucagon have on blood glucose levels?

A

It causes glycogen from the liver and muscles to be converted back into glucose to be released into the blood, to increase blood glucose levels.

35
Q

HT What hormones are given to a woman to increase the chance of becoming pregnant?

A

FSH and LH

36
Q

HT What is infertility?

A

Not being able to get pregnant through sexual intercourse.

37
Q

HT How can infertility be treated?

A

Fertility drugs to promote ovulation or through IVF

38
Q

HT What are the steps in IVF?

A
  1. The woman is given fertility drugs to promote ovulation
  2. Eggs are collected and fertilised with a sperm sample in a lab
  3. The fertilised eggs develop into embryos
  4. The embryos are implanted into the mother’s uterus
39
Q

HT What are some possible negative effects of IVF?

A

It can be emotionally and physically stressful, it does not have high success rates, it can lead to multiple births which can be a risk to the babies and mother

40
Q

HT What is the role of thyroxine in the body?

A

It stiumulates the basal metabolic rate, and plays an important role in growth and development.

41
Q

HT What is the role of adrenaline in the body?

A

Is increases heart rate and boosts oxygen and glucose delivery to the brain and muscles in times of fear or stress - it prepares the body for fight or flight.

Biology GCSE 2020 (13 decks)

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