Fossil Fuels Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
What is Energy?
A
Energy is the ability to do work and make changes. We can use this energy or store it.
2
Q
Define Kinetic and Potential Energy
A
Kinetic energy is the energy generated by a moving object due to its motion. Like, running, throwing, talking…
Potential energy is the energy that can be stored and used in another time.
3
Q
Give 5 examples of Potential Energy?
A
- Water behind a dam
- Fuel in a vehicle
- Student sitting on a chair
- Hammer above a nail
- A ball in hands of a boy
4
Q
What are the 9 types of energy?
A
- Electrical energy
- kinetic energy
- Gravitational potential energy
- Elastic Potential energy
- Chemical Potential energy
- Nuclear energy
- heat energy
- sound energy
- light energy
5
Q
Define electrical energy
A
Electrical energy is the energy created by the movement of electrons in a closed circuit. Like it is used to power light, devices and other battery appliances.
6
Q
What is sound energy?
A
Energy given as sound waves when something vibrates. We can hear it as our ears detect the energy of the sound waves.
7
Q
Light Energy
A
Energy given as light waves that allows the human eye to see it. It is produced by hot objects like the sun, lightbulbs, lasers.
8
Q
Heat Energy/Thermal
A
Energy given due to the movement of atoms. Particles vibrating which make collision and produce heat.
9
Q
Gravitational Potential Energy
A
Energy found/stored in an object due to its hight/distance away from ground. When it falls it release its GPE to other forms.
10
Q
Chemical Potential Energy
A
Energy stored in the bonds of atoms. It is anything that can be burnt or undergo chemical reaction. Like fuel, food, and batteries,
11
Q
Elastic Potential Energy
A
Energy stored in objects when you streched or squeezed it. When you stretch a spring you put energy into it. Then when it is released that energy is converted to something else.
12
Q
Nuclear Energy
A
Energy produced by spliting atoms. (fission)
Nuclear energy is responsible for powering the sun, radioactivity and nuclear bombs.
13
Q
What happens when atoms are moving faster?
A
Faster the atoms are moving the hotter the object becomes.
14
Q
What is the difference between energy transfer and transformation?
A
Energy transfer is the movement of energy from one location to another. It is saying where the energy moved to. The form of the energy does not change.
Energy transformation is the change of energy form from one to another.
15
Q
What are the 3 main types of fossil fuels?
A
- Coal
- Natural Gas
- Oil
16
Q
What is fossil Fuels?
A
Fossil fuel is non-renewable resources that are fomed by anciet plants and organisms. Different types of fossil fuels are made depending on the time, pressure condition, organic matter, temperature.
17
Q
What do fossil fuels contain?
A
They contain carbon and hydrogen which can be burnt for energy
18
Q
How are coal formed?
A
Coal is made out of ancient plants/ferns/trees which was hardened due to time and pressure conditions. So, now you can find them between sedimentary rocks deposits.
19
Q
How is Oil formed?
A
Oil is made out of ancient organisms like zoo planktons which are burried underground. Oil is found as solid materials between sedimentary rocks. Then it is heated to form oil for gasoline.
20
Q
How is Natural gas formed?
A
Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel. It is also made out of small organisms like zoo planktons and algae. However, due to more presure condition and heat instead of forming the oil it becomes gaseous form.
21
Q
What are fossil fuel used for?
A
- Petrol
- Electricity
- Heat our homes
- manufacturing
22
Q
How are fossil fuel extracted?
A
Minning and Drilling
23
Q
Where is oil largely found in?
A
Below oceans floor as many tiny marine animals lives there,
24
Q
Why is using fossil fuel bad?
A
Burning fossil fuel release large amount of green house gases especially co2 into the atmosphere. This increase greenhouse effect=global warming=climate change.
25
Disadvantage of using coal?
1. Produce lots of waste products like mercury and sulfur dioxide which cause acid rain.
2. Mines can be dangerous to work in as explosions can happen anytime.
26
Disadvantages of Natural Gas?
1. Non-renewable
2. Produce lots of CO2
3. Price is increasing due to scarcity.
27
Disadvantages of Oil?
1. Non-renewable
2. Produce C02
3. Price is increasing
4. Risk of oil spillage which affect marine life
28
What is Renewable Energy?
Energy that can be regenerated. It can't be run out, there is unlimited. It can be restored in a short amount of time.
Sun, wind, hydropower, geothermal...
29
What is Non-Renewable energy?
Energy that has limits to it. It cannot be regenerate or restores as it takes too much time to produce.
Fossil Fuels and Nucleur energy
30
Importance of Carbons
31
What is an atom?
Substances are made out of small particles called atoms. Atoms are the smallest unit of element.
32
What is an element?
Elements are substance made out of one type of atom. These elements are presented in the periodic table.
33
What is a compound?
Substance made out of 2 or more types of different atoms. Elements in compund are chemically combined.
Water ( o2+ h2)
Salt ( sodium + chloride)
34
What is an mixture?
Substance made of of 2 more substance physically combined.
Milk, air
35
What is a molecule?
Has two or more atoms bonded together.
36
What does Carbon by itself forms?
Carbons bonded together form diamonds, graphite and other forms of carbon.
37
How many electrons does carbon have?
Carbon is the 6th element, so it has 6 electrons.
38
What are carbon in fuel?
In fuel it contains hydrocarbons= hydrogen and carbon.
39
equation Burning fossils?
Fuel + o2 = C02 + water
(hydrocarbon)
40
What is the carbon cycle?
Carbon cycle describe the process in which carbon atoms are travelling from atmosphere to earth, then back to atmosphere and so on.
Factories (combustion)= produce c02.
Humans and animals (respiration) = co2
Animals eat plants that contain c02.
Decomposing matter is Co2
Plants absorbs co2 from the atmosphere.
41
Why is carbon so important?
1. Living this have some form of carbon in them.
2. Food contains carbons
3. Fuel
42
What is the Periodic Table?
Periodic table is where we can get information about elements. It is split into two sections called metals and non-metals.
43
Where are non-metals
Non-metals are to the right side of the periodic table except for hydrogen.
44
Where are metals?
Metals are to the left side of the periodic table.
45
What is Alkali metals?
Alkali metals are the 1st group of elements. When the react with water it forms a base.
46
Where is Earth Alkali Metals?
In group 2 of the periodic table.
47
What are Halogens?
Halogens are found group 17 . They react with metal to form salt.
48
What is Nobel gases?
Nobel gases are in group 18 and there nonreactive gases.
49
What are metalloids?
Metalloids are 6 elements that has properties of both metals and non-metals.
50
List the first 20 elements in the periodic table?
Hydrogen, Heliium, Lithium, Berrylium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Flurine, Neon, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphrus, sulfur, clorine, argon, potassium, calcium, scandium.
51
What are the groups?
There are 18 groups. Groups tells the number of electrons in the valence shell.
If the group has 2 digits, then we take the 2nd number as the valence electrons.
52
What are periods in the periodic table?
There are 7 periods in the periodic table. All the elements in the same period has the same number of electron shells.
53
What is atomic number?
Atomic number is the number of protons/ electrons in the element.
(smallest number)
54
What is atomic mass?
Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
55
What are the 3 sub-atomic in an atom?
Protons (positive)
Neutrons (no charge)
Electrons (negative) that orbits around the nucleues of the atom.
56
What is the electronic configuration?
Electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons in the orbital shells.
1st energy level= 2 electron
2nd level= 8 electrons
3rd level= 8 electrons
4th level= 16 electrons
57
4 Properties of Metal?
1. Good conductor of heat and electricity
2. Solid at room temperature except mercury, which is liquid
3. Ductile (can be stretchable)
4. Shiny appearance
58
What are ions?
Ions are formed when the number of protons in an atom does not equal to the number of electrons. An ion therefore has gained or lost electrons. Making the atom positive or negative charged.
58
4 properties of non-metal?
1. Bad conductor of heat and electricity.
2. Gases at room temperature with some exceptions
3. Dull appearance
4. If solid, breaks easily, (brittle)
59
What is Cations
Positive charged atoms. When electrons are lost, there is more protons, making the atom positively charged.
60
What is Anions?
Negatively charged atoms. When atom gains electrons , there are more electrons than protons. So, the atom becomes negativity charged.
61
How to write ions symbol?
Write the element symbol then at the top positive or negative sign.
+ Cations
- Anions
62
What is extracting?
Extraction is separating different components presented in the same substance.
63
Chromatography?
Chromatography is the process of separating compounds of a mixture. Everything must be soluble though. So, different substances got different solubility.
64
What separation technique allows us to separate substances based on their solubility?
Paper Chromatography
65
How to set up chromatography?
In a chromatography paper draw a base line. Then put a drop of the mixture on top of the base line. After, put the bottom of the paper into a solvent.
66
What is solvent/mobile phase?
Solvent also known as mobile phase is a liquid that will dissolve susbtances.
67
How many spots does a pure substance have in the Chromatography paper?
One spot
68
How to identify a substance by doing chromatopgraphy?
After conducting an Chromatography experiment you can calculate the RF value to identify the substance.
D- sub/ D- sol
69
Explain the types of substances Distillation can separate?
1. It can separate 2 liquids which are being mixed (soluble).
2. Separate liquids based up on boiling points. Liquid with lower boiling point evaporate first.
3. Separate solid and a liquid (insoluble).
70
What is simple distillation?
Simple distillation process is when the solution is heated in a flask until it boils. The liquid with the lower boiling point will evaporate off, then the steam travels through the delivery tube which will condense back to liquid and collected in a test tube. (distillate). Left with a certain color liquid in the flask.
71
What is a Distillate?
A purified form of the original liquid.
72
What is Filltration?
Filtration is a technique of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid by pouring the mixture into filter paper.
73
What is Crystallisation?
Crystallisation is used to separate soluble solid from a liquid.
74
How to do Crystallization technique?
Heat the solution, so that the water evaporate off. Allow it to cool down and you will see left behind with crystals.
75
What is an Acid?
Acid is an substance with the Ph lower than 7.
76
5 properties of Acid?
1. Sour taste
2. Ph lower than 7
3. Turns blue litmus paper red
4. Used for food preservation
5. Burn skin/corrode metal
77
5 Properties of Base?
1. Bitter taste
2. Higher than PH 7
3. Slimmy/slippery
4. Turns red litmus paper blue
5. Good for cleaning products
78
What is PH?
PH is a scale to measure how acidic or basic a solution is.
0-6= acid
7= neutral
8-14= base
79
What is neutralisation?
Neutralisation is the reaction when a base neutralise an acid. It means you have equal amount of acids and bases, which make water (PH 7).
Acids contains H+ and base contains OH-. When it is combined, it produce H2O.
Acid + base= water + salt
80
Types of PH indicators?
1. Universal indicator
2. Universal Indicator paper
3. Litmus Paper
4. Red Cabbage indicator
81
Does PH scale works with every indicator?
PH indicators only work with universal indicator.
82
What is the universal indicator?
Universal indicator shows the PH of solutions using a drop and change colour.
Then the paper form is the same, dip the paper in, then it will change colour on the paper.
Red= strong acid
Pink, orange, yellow= weak acid
green= neutral
Blue= weak base
purple=strong base
83
What is Litmus Paper?
Litmus paper is a paper form that change from blue to red or red to blue depending on the PH.
Red litmus paper blue= Alkaline
Blue turns Red= Acid
So, you put red and blue litmus paper into a solution at the same time. If one paper stays the same, then it then that paper colour is the original PH. If both paper didn't change colour it means the solution is neutral.
84
What is Red Cabbage Indicator?
Red cabbage indicator can be used as a PH indicator as it contains a dye that change colour in presence of acids and bases.
But red cabbage indicator does not follow the PH scale, it has it's own colour range.
Red= strong acid
Pink=weak acid
Purple=neutral
Blue=weak Base
Green = strong Base
85
How to make red cabbage indicator?
1. Break cabbaged into small pieces and add it to a beaker half filled with warm water.
2. Leave the cabbage in water for about 5 mins.
3. Filter the solution, so you only have the clear purple solutions without any cabbage.
4. This is you indicator
86
Name some acids?
1. Vinegar
2. Lemon
3. Hydrochloric Acid
4. Rain
5. Fizzy drinks
6. Milk,yogurt
7. Carbonic acid
87
Name some base?
1. Sodium hydroxide
2. Bleach
3. Calcium carbonate (antacid)
4. Baking soda
4. Toothpaste
88
What is the form of chemical equations?
Reactants --> Products
89
What does the arrow in chemical equation represents?
The arrow in the chemical equations represents the direction the chemical reaction is taking place.
90
What is combustion?
Combustion is burning a fuel in oxygen.
Fuel + 02= co2+ water
(non-metal)
The product formed is an oxidised form of the original. As carbon is presented in fuel so when burnt in 02 it becomes CO2.
91
What are the 3 things we need for combustion?
For combustion we need a fuel, oxygen and heat.
92
Combustion reactions are used to?
1. Power cars
2. Fuel
3. Generate electricty
4. Heat our homes
5. Cook (stoves)
93
What is the reaction of metal with oxygen?
when metal are burnt in oxygen it produce a metal oxide.
Metal+ o2 --> Metal oxide
Calcium+o2= Calcium oxide
94
What is incomplete combustion?
Incomplete combustion is burning a fuel in limited o2.
95
What can we see incomplete combution?
. soot on boiling tube
. Black smoke
. yellow safety flame
. less heat produced
96
Incomplete combustion equation
fuel + 02= c + carbon monoxide + water
97
What is carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide is a colourless and odourless harmful gas.
98
List of strong Acid?
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrobromic acid
Sulfuric acid
nitric acid
99
List of strong bases
Bleach
Sodium hydroxide
calcium carbonate
Calcium hydroxide
Pottasium hydroxide
100
Examples of Weak Bases
Limestone
Ammonia
Water
101
What is green house effect?
Greenhouse effect is the process where greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allows sunlight to enter earth then trap the heat from the sun, and warms earth.
102
What is Global warming?
Global warming is the rising temperature of the surface of the earth.
103
Name the 5 main greenhouse gases?
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Methane
3. Nitrous Oxide
4. Water Vapour
5. Chloroflucarbons
104
What is climate change?
Climate change is significant changes to the average weather patterns due to global warming.
105
How is CO2 produced?
Buring fossil fuels in factories, power stations...
106
How is Methane produced?
There is a lot of cattle in the planet. They produce methane as waste products of digestion.
107
What is causing the temperature to rise/ global warming?
Overpopulation
Pollution
Fossil Fuels
108
What is the problems with warming temperature?
Melting ice caps
sea level rises
weather more extreme
growing crops is more difficult
109
What is ocean acidification?
Ocean acidification is the reduction of the PH level.
110
What is the causes of ocean acidiffication?
Ocean acification happens, as the co2 in the atmosphere goes into the water through like from acid rain/water absorbs it. Then the co2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid. This decreases the PH of the sea level.
111
Why is ocean acidicfication a problem?
As the Co2 reacts with water it forms carbonic acid. This means decrease in the PH of the water. Carbonic acid harms marine shelled organisms. As carbonic acid dissolves their shells. So, these animals won't have any protection so increase in predatation. Therefore, these shelled organisms will decline, which means the foodweb will be disturbed as there is less energy and nutrients flowing through the food web.
112
How is ocean acidification affect corals?
Corals are carbonate organisms. So, ocean acidification slows their growth, many fish species loose their reproduction grounds and hiding spot from predators. All of this decrease marine species and diversity.
113
Solar Power
Solar power is converting the light energy from the sun into electrical energy using solar pannels.
114
Wind Power?
Wind power is using the kinetic energy in wind to generate electricity. So, as the wind enters the wind turbines, the blades start to rotate (kinetic energy), then it converts this energy to electrical.
115
How wind energy relies on the Sun?
Wind is produced through a giant convection current in the earth's atmosphere that is driven by heat energy from the sun.
116
Advantages of Wind Power?
1. Renewable energy resource
2. no fuel cost
3. no polluting gases
117
Disadvantages of Wind Power?
1. Unreliable
2. Noisy
3. People don't like to live near those areas.
118
What is Biomass?
Biomass is the energy gained when dead animals and plants rot, the bacteria envolved produced methane. This gas is collected and burnt for fuel.
119
What is Water Power?
Waves and tidal kinetic energy is gathered by machinery to convert that energy to electricity.
120
Advantage of Water Power
Renewable resource
No polluting gas
121
Disadvantages of Water power
1. Tidal barrages destroy habitat.
2. Hydroelectric dams flood farm lands.
3. The rotting vegetation underwater releases methane.
122
What is geothermal energy?
Hot water and steam from underground can be used to drive turbines. Geothermal and nuclear energy is the only energy that does not require the sun.
123
What is an ecosystem?
Biotic and Abiotic factors living together. When different animals interact and live together in an environment.
124
What is electricity?
Electricity is due to the movement of electrons form one atom to another.
Electrons are negativly charged and they move to a positive charged areas, creating an electrical current.
125
What is an insulator?
Insulator is an object that does not allows electrons to pass through. So, electrons gather at the surface of the insulator.
Rubber, glass, wood, plastic...
126
What is a conductor?
A material which allows electrons to pass through.
Metals
127
What is the difference between current electricity and static electricity?
Current electricity is the movement of electrons flowing through a conductor in a closed circuit.
Static electricity is where electrons collects on the surface of an object (insulartor)
128
Explain static electricity?
If 2 insulators rub against each other (friction) some electrons from object 1 collects in object 2's surface. Now we have one object with positive charge and other is negative charged. No, when you touch any of those objects you will get electricuted as the charges are using your body to get to the ground.
129
Does like charges attract?
No, Like charges repels.
Opposite charges attract.
130
Why is lightning static electricity?
Lightning is static electricity as the air particles are bumbing into the clouds. (friction). This separated the charges in a cloud, protons at the top and electrons at the bottom. Then the low hanging negaive charge attract to the positive charge in earth, this is called a spark.
131
Cell/Battery
I I
+ -
Provide electrical energy
132
Circuit (wires)
Provide a path for electrons to move. The path much me a conductor that allows electrons to move through.
133
Light bulb
Converts electrical energy to light and heat energy.
134
Switch
Opens or close the circuit. Controls the electrons flow.
135
Ammeter and how is it connected to the circuit?
(amps)
Measure current
Counting the electrons flowing through the ammeter at once.
(Ammeter is connected in series circuit)
136
Volmeter
Unit: Volts
Measure voltage
Measure the difference in energy of electrons from when they arrive and leave the component.
(Volmeter is connected in Parallel)
137
Resistors
Unit: Ohmps
Measure the resistance. Reduce current flow, as these are bad conductors of electricity, so the electrons are colliding with the resistor making heat energy and slowing them down.
138
Fuse
A device that will protect and prevent the circuit from catching in fire. Inside a fuse there is a thin metal wire that melts when too much current flows from it. Which means it will break or destroys the whole circuit. Or else if there is too much current flowing in the circuit, the circuit will catch in fire.
139
Motor
(M)
Motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. So, the motor spins when electrical energy flows through it.
140
Variable Resistor
Resistance level can be adjusted
141
What is a series circuit?
In series circuit all components are connected end-to-end in one whole loop forming a single path for current to flow.
142
Current in series Circuit?
In Series Circuit current is the same at any point as there is only a sing pathway so current doesn't get split.
143
Voltage in Series Circuit?
Voltage provided by the battery is divided by the number of components in the circuit.
144
Parallel Circuits
Parallel Circuits means there is more than one path for the electrons to flow.
145
Current in Parallel circuits?
In parallel circuit current splits down in each strand.
146
Voltage in Parallel Circuits?
Voltage is the same in each strand. So, the voltage provided by battery will be lost the same amount in each strand. As in parallel circuit a loop only has one component (bulb).
However,if there is more than one bulb in parallel circuit then the voltage gets split up by the no of components in each strand.
147
What is Current?
Current is the rate of flow of charge in a circuit. To measure current we need to measure the number of electrons that flow through a circuit in a certain time.
Units: Amps
Connect the ammeter in series.
148
What is Voltage?
Voltage is the measure of the energy carried by the charge (electrons). It is the pressure level with in the electrons given by the battery.
We put the voltmeter around the component we want to measure in parallel.
Units: Volts
149
2 advantages of Parallel circuits?
1. Extra appliances (light bulbs) can be added with out affecting the output of other appliances.
2. If component breaks, the whole circuit won't break, the other components will still work.
150
Why is there voltage in the Battery?
There is voltage in the Battery because it gains potential difference. It gives a push to the electrons to move faster.
151
Why is there voltage in the Light bulb?
There is Potential difference in the lightbulb as the energy of the charged going in to the light bulb is different to the energy of the charges going out. As when the electrons go into the lightbulb due to resistivity the energy is lost, making the charges slower.
152
Why is there no voltage in the wire?
There is no voltage in the wire as wire resistivity is 0. So, it doesn't loos or gains energy of the charges.
153
What is Resistance?
Resistance is a measure of how much a material tries to stop electricity from flowing through it.
154
How a resistance work?
As electrons move along the wire they collide with metal atoms. These collisions make the atoms vibrate more... making the metal hotter.
155
What is a resistor?
Resistor is a material which interferes with the flow of charge.
156
Every component has some sort of resistance level.
In a circuit as electrical energy is converted into heat/light/sound it tries to slow down the rate that it travels through.
157
What is the reisitance level of conductors and Insulators?
Conductors (metal) have low resitance to electrons. They slighly resist the flow of electrons.
Insulators (plastic) have high resistance.
158
What is Ohms Law?
Ohms law is used to show the relationship between resitance, current, and voltage.
I=v/r
current= voltage/resistance
159
What happen when resistance is added to Series Circuit?
Current decreases
160
What happen when resistance is added to Parallel Circuit?
In parallel circuits adding resitors means to add more pathways. So, it won't affect the voltage of components. And more pathways means easier for current to flow, the total current increases and resistance decreased.
161
What is a force?
A force is a push, pull, twist of an object that cause it to speed up,down, or stays the same.
162
Does force act in pairs?
Yes, each force has an opposite force to it.
163
What can a force change?
A force can change the objects speed, direction and shape.
164
Thrust
Forward force, that result it to go forward.
165
Weight
Downward force due to gravity.
166
Friction /air resistance
Friction is resistive force due to 2 object in contact. So, object can have two ways of resistive force: road, air resitance.
Air resitstance is the resistive force due to moving through air.
Friction slow down an object
167
Lift/support
Opposite of weight force. It is force that uses motion to make an object rise up.
168
What is Newtons first law of motion?
If the resultant force acting on a moving object is zero, then the object will move at the same speed.
If the resultant force acing on a stationery object is zero, the the object will remain stationery.
169
What is Newtons 2nd Law of motion?
The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force acting on it. And it is inversely proportional to the mass.
M=f/a
170
How can we reduce friction?
We can reduce friction between 2 objects, by lubricating one of them.
171
What does arrow tell about force?
The bigger the arrow is the bigger the force will be. It also tells the direction of the force.
172
What happens if the Resultant force is not zero?
= The speed of the acceleration changes.
= The direction of the motion will change
173
What is resultant Force?
Resultant force is a single force that has the same effect as all of the original forces.
It is calculated by working out the difference between the opposing forces.
174
What units are force measured in?
Newtons
175
What is velocity?
Velocity is the speed and direction given
176
Speed formular
S=D/T
177
What is speed measured in?
Speed is measure in meters per sec.
So to convert from KM/hr divide 3.6
178
What is terminal velocity?
Terminal velocity is the maximum velocity an object can reach when it is falling. It means the object is travelling at constant speed as all the forces are balanced and the resultant force is zero.
179
What is Newtons Third Law
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
