Formulas to Memorize

Question 1

MAP =

Answer 1

Mean arterial pressure = CO x TPR

Question 2

CO =

Answer 2

HR x SV

Question 3

SV =

Answer 3

EDV - ESV

Question 4

Ejection Fraction =

Answer 4

SV/EDV

Question 5

What causes an increase in stroke volume?

Answer 5

1. (+) Inc. cardiac preload (via effect on EDV)
2. (+) Inc. cardiac contractility (via effect on ESV)
3. (-) Inc. cardiac afterload (via effect on ESV)

Question 6

Cardiac preload is proportional to:

Answer 6

Pcv = Central Venous Pressure

Question 7

What causes an increase in Pcv (Central Venous Pressure)?

Answer 7

1. (+) Inc. total blood volume
2. (+) Inc. peripheral venous tone
3. (+) Skeletal muscle pump
4. (+) Respiratory pump
5. (-) Standing
6. (-) Inc. cardiac output

Question 8

What increases venous tone?

Answer 8

(+) Inc. sympathetic activity (via NE, alpha-receptors)

Question 9

What increases contractility of ventricular cells?

Answer 9

(+) Inc. sympathetic activity (via NE, beta-receptors)

Question 10

What is cardiacafter load proportional to?

Answer 10

Mean arterial pressure

Question 11

What causes increase in HR?

Answer 11

1. (+) Inc. sympathetic activity (via NE, beta-receptors)

2. (-) Inc. parasympathetic activiyt (via ACh)

Question 12

What causes increase in TPR?

Answer 12

1. (+) Inc. sympathetic activity (via NE, alpha-receptors)

2. (-) Inc. local metabolites (Inc. local metabolic rate)

Question 13

What is arterial pulse pressure (Pp) proportional to?

Answer 13

SV/Ca (arterial compliance)

Question 14

What influences CA?

Answer 14

(-) Inc. age