formative quiz flashcards

Question 1

what type of bacterium is Escherichia coli?

Answer 1

Gram-negative bacillus

Question 2

topical anti fungal preparations are used to treat what?

Answer 2

fungal skin infections

Question 3

how does genetic variation in bacteria occur?

Answer 3

through spontaneous mutation in the chromosome and transfer of plasmids between bacteria

Question 4

are all penicillins inactivated by beta-lactamase?

Answer 4

no, some penicillins are resistant to beta-lactamase like flucloxacillin

Question 5

is an organism sensitive to an antibiotic is always killed by it?

Answer 5

no, antibiotics can be bacteriocidal and kill bacteria or bacteriostatic and prevent its replication

Question 6

do bacterial exotoxins only act at the site of infection?

Answer 6

no, bacterial exotoxins are secreted by the organism or released during cell lysis and can enter the bloodstream and cause systemic effects

Question 7

can viruses only be cultured inside other cells?

Answer 7

yes, viruses require a host cells nucleic acids and organelles in order to replicate

Question 8

is bacterial DNA only found in the chromosome?

Answer 8

no, as well as chromosomal DNA bacteria contain small loops of DNA called plasmids.

Question 9

are carbapanems members of the beta-lactam class of antibiotics?

Answer 9

yes, penicillin, cephalosporins and carbapanems are all beta lactic antibiotics. they all possess the typical chemical structure the beta lactic ring

Question 10

is all antibiotic resistance caused by genes carried on plasmids?

Answer 10

no, spontaneous mutations on bacterial chromosomal DNA can arise which result in antibiotic resistance

Question 11

are antiviral drugs virucidal?

Answer 11

no, antiviral drugs are all virustatic they inhibit growth and or replication of viruses

Question 12

is antiseptic safe to use on the skin?

Answer 12

yes, clinical practice examples are iodine chlorhexididne and isopropyl alcohol

Question 13

are capsulate organisms (eg. pneumococcus ) resistant to phagocytosis

Answer 13

yes, the capsule enables the organism to evade phagocytosis

Question 14

how is malaria diagnosed?

Answer 14

visualisation of parasites in a peripheral blood film, usually done using thick or thin smears, thick smears detect presence of parasite thin smears allow identification of species

Question 15

what type of bacteria is streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 15

gram positive coccus

Question 16

does chlorination of drinking water prevent intestinal parasites?

Answer 16

no an example of a parasite not killed by chlorination is cryptosporidium

Question 17

should live vaccines be given to pregnant or immunocompromised patients?

Answer 17

no, live vaccines carry theoretical risk of infection to the foetus or immunocompromsed patient

Question 18

is aciclovir used to treat all herpes infections?

Answer 18

no, aciclovir is used to treat herpes simplex and varicella zoster infections, many other herpes viruses require other antiviral agents

Question 19

what is co-trimoxazole a combination of?

Answer 19

trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole

Question 20

does programmed cell death involve phagocytosis?

Answer 20

yes, this is a clean form of cell death known as apoptosis

Question 21

does vasoconstriction promote bleeding during injury?

Answer 21

no, vasoconstriction limits blood flow and prevents bleeding.

Question 22

what is the most common immunotherapy side effect?

Answer 22

colitis in 30% of dual immunotherapy patients

Question 23

what type of cells do the majority of cancers come from?

Answer 23

epithelial cells (around 85%)

Question 24

what is haemostasis?

Answer 24

cessation of bleeding after an injury

Question 25

what level of PDL1 does a patient have to be at to be eligible for pembrolizumab?

Answer 25

must be over 50% to be eligible for treatment however there are other immunotherapy treatments are available to those with a PDL1 lower than 50%

Question 26

what does cyclin D do in the cell cycle?

Answer 26

controls the movement through the cell cycle, binds with CDK 4/6 and help push cells out of G0 into G1 to grow

Question 27

how does thrombosis occur?

Answer 27

when platelets and fibrin form a solid pale plug

Question 28

what is the name of localised tissue death?

Answer 28

infarction, eg myocardial infarction

Question 29

what are the key features of telomeres?

Answer 29

short ends of chromosomes

Question 30

what is circulatory shock?

Answer 30

failure of the circulatory system and is characterised by low blood pressure.

Question 31

what is thrombolysis?

Answer 31

mechanism for removing thrombus and clots, thrombolytic enzymes are present in the blood and this process can be replicated artificially with drugs

Question 32

when does epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) occur?

Answer 32

occurs in embryogenesis and cancer