Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT0001 > Formative quiz 1 > Flashcards

Formative quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What cell type is predominantly formed by the last wave of neural crest cells to leave the neural tube?

A

Melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens when you breathe in (inhalation)?

A

Breathing allows oxygen (which humans and a lot of other species need for survival) to enter the lungs, from where it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

  1. The diaphragm contracts and moves down.
  2. The external intercostal muscles contract.
  3. The sternum moves forward.
  4. Neck muscles contract.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease is a congenital disorder that disrupts the myelin sheath of peripheral axons. Which cell type is most likely affected by this disorder?

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the mammalian blastocyst, which one of the following tissues forms extra-embryonic mesoderm?

A

Epiblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

You have marked cells of the trunk neural crest soon after neural tube closure and then observed the distribution of these cells at the end of development. Which of the following cell-types would NOT be marked?

  • Enteric neuron
  • Sympathetic neuron
  • Schwann cells
  • Sensory neurons
  • Melanocyte
A

Enteric neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following statements about Schwann cells is FALSE?

Select one:

  • Schwann cells will only secrete the myelin sheath when in contact with the axons of motor-neurons.
  • The myelin sheath secreted by Schwann cells helps saltatory conduction of the action potential.
  • They differentiate in response to signals from axons.
  • There are both myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells.
  • Schwann cells are formed by trunk neural crest cells.
A

Schwann cells will only secrete the myelin sheath when in contact with the axons of motor-neurons.

Schwann cells are the principle glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. They wrap around axons and in many cases secrete the myelin sheath that helps saltatory conduction of the action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The pancreas is a mixed exocrine and endocrine gland. What is its exocrine function?

A

The secretion of enzymes and salts involved in digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the peripheral nervous system which of the following is not a division of the efferent system?

A

Viscerosensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following statements is true of smooth muscle?

Select one:

  • Has multiple nuclei in each cell.
  • Involuntary
  • Found in the diaphragm
  • Fast contracting
  • Clearly striated
A

Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle found in organs such as the digestive system, reproductive system, respiratory system, skin, urinary system, and vasculature. It is slow to contract and slow to tire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hans Driesch (1893) dissociated 2-cell sea urchin embryos and allowed the blastomeres to develop separately. What happened to these blastomeres?

A

They formed half-sized but otherwise normal larvae.

A minority of separated blastomeres would have died but most formed half-sized but otherwise normal larvae. Since they have no external source of nutrition they cannot grow to normal size until they start to feed for themselves (unlike mammals).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which of these statements applies to the phrenic nerves?

Select one:

Mixed autonomic nerves that supply the diaphragm

Sympathetic nerves that supply the diaphragm

Mixed autonomic and somatic nerves that supply the diaphragm

Somatic nerves that supply the diaphragm

Parasympathetic nerves that supply the diaphragm

A

Mixed autonomic and somatic nerves that supply the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What defect might you observe following damage to cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)?

A

Defective movement of the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells from which region of embryonic neural tube?

A

The vagal region of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Morphogens have been an important concept in developmental biology since the early 20th century. However, it wasn’t until 1988 that the first morphogen was described, the Drosophila protein Bicoid. What distinctive feature demonstrated that Bicoid was a morphogen?

A

It acts in a concentration dependent manner to specify different cell fates in the embryo.

Bicoid is a transcription factor that patterns the rostral half of the syncytial blastoderm stage Drosophila embryo. Because there are no cell membranes it can diffuse to form a gradient over the rostral half.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

You have grafted the newly formed floor plate of a quail embryo into the dorsal half of a newly formed chick neural tube. What, if any, is the effect of this graft on the host neural tube.

A

The grafted floor plate induces ectopic motor-neurons in the host neural tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In development what is the term ovoviviparity used to describe?

A

When eggs are fertilized internally + retained by the mother, but are not connected by a placenta.

17
Q

Which one of the following statements about the epiblast layer of the mammalian gastrula is FALSE?

Select one:

It forms embryonic mesoderm.

It forms the nervous system.

It forms Heuser’s membrane.

It forms embryonic endoderm.

It forms the amniotic membrane.

A

It forms Heuser’s membrane.

18
Q

The spinal cord is composed of both white and grey matter. Which of the following statements is correct for white matter?

Select one:

White matter is where neurons are born during embryonic development.

White matter is organized into 9 distinct layers of cells within the spinal cord.

White matter is composed of glial cells and axons.

White matter is composed of neurons that receive pain and touch.

White matter is where neurons and glia differentiate.

A

White matter is composed of glial cells and axons.

In the spinal cord, white matter is composed of bundles of nerve fibres (axons) and their supporting glial cells, while grey matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies and glial cells.

19
Q

Which region of the human digestive tract contains skeletal muscle?

A

Oesophagus

20
Q

Eggs and sperm are genetically very similar, but structurally very different. Why is this so?

A

Both contain a haploid chromosome number, but eggs must provide nutrients for early development, while sperm must be able to move efficiently.

21
Q

On what day of human development does the primitive streak form?

A

Day 14

22
Q

In embryology, what is the term totipotent used to describe?

A

The ability of a fertilized egg to form all cell types.

23
Q

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold grafted the dorsal blastopore lip of an amphibian gastrula into the ventral half of a similarly staged host. What was the result that they obtained?

A

A conjoined twin in which the notochord was always formed by grafted cells.

24
Q

Which of the following statements about mammalian oogenesis is TRUE?

Select one:

Meiosis is not initiated until puberty.

Oocytes are held in the prophase I stage until ovulation is initiated.

Oocytes are held at the anaphase II stage until fertilized by sperm.

A single polar body is produced during meiosis.

Mammalian oocytes are very large cells, being greater than 200 microns in diameter.

A

Oocytes are held in the prophase I stage until ovulation is initiated.

25
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of an ideal respiratory surface?

Select one:

It is thin.

Exposed to a source of oxygen (air or water).

Low surface to volume ratio.

Well supplied with blood.

It is wet.

A

Low surface to volume ratio.

26
Q

Which one of the following statements about polyspermy is TRUE?

Select one:

Polyspermy is the production of sperm with different morphologies.

Polyspermy is the production of multiple sperm during meiotic cell division.

Polyspermy is the presence of sperm from different males in the female reproductive tract.

Polyspermy is the production of X and Y sperm during spermatogenesis.

Polyspermy is the fertilization of a single egg by multiple sperm.

A

Polyspermy is the fertilization of a single egg by multiple sperm.

27
Q

Which one of the following statements about the primitive gut is correct?

Select one:

The pancreas forms as both dorsal and ventral diverticuli from the midgut.

The midgut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery.

The liver diverticulum is induced by signals from the dorsal mesentery.

The allantois is a vestigial structure connected to the hindgut.

The yolk sac is lined by cells of the definitive endoderm.

A

The allantois is a vestigial structure connected to the hindgut.

28
Q

Which ONE of the following is a key feature of ALL epithelia?

Select one:

A single cell type

A single layer

Derived from endoderm

Allows easy diffusion

A basement membrane

A

A basement membrane

29
Q

The left lung does not have?

A

Horizontal fissure

30
Q

What are the three main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric.

31
Q

What is the main non-neural cell type of mammalian ectoderm?

A

Keratinocyte

The ectoderm is the outermost layer of the embryo, forming epidermis and nervous system. The main cell type of the epidermis is the keratinocyte.

32
Q

Which one of the following statements about the pancreas is FALSE?

Select one:

It secretes bicarbonate.

It is formed of both dorsal and ventral parts.

It contains cells that secrete hormones.

It is mesodermal in origin.

It drains into the duodenum.

A

It is mesodermal in origin.

33
Q

Where would you find elastic cartilage?

A

External ear

34
Q

The hepatic diverticulum is formed by the foregut during the 4th week of human development. Its formation is induced by signals from which tissue(s)?

A

Cardiac mesoderm and septum transversum.

35
Q

Differentiation is the process whereby?

A

Cells acquire their functional characteristics.

36
Q

Up to 70% of neural tube defects (NTD) can be prevented if women who can conceive take a daily Folic Acid supplement. When in human development is Folic Acid needed to prevent NTD?

A

3-4 weeks post fertilization.

37
Q

In the newly formed vertebrate neural tube Sonic Hedgehog acts as?

A

A morphogen to pattern the ventral half of the neural tube.

38
Q

Which one of the following statements about neural development is correct?

Select one:

The roof plate is an important signalling centre that induces the formation of motor neurons.

The neural crest is induced by signals from the floor plate.

When the neural tube forms it is already substantially patterned along the dorsal-ventral axis.

The neural plate closes to form the neural tube in the rostral margin, then spreads caudally.

The notochord is an important signalling centre that induces formation of the floor plate.

A

The notochord is an important signalling centre that induces formation of the floor plate.

ANAT0001 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions