Formative Exam Flashcards
Molecule which increases H+ ion conc of solution
Acid
Immunoglobulin which can cross placenta
IgG
Function of platelets
Initiate blood clotting
What does erythropoietin accelerate the formation of
RBC
What blood cell forms a key part of innate immunity
Natural Killer Cells
What would rafiolabled Na+ as an indicator measure
Extracellular fluid volume
What is a nucleotide composed of
- Base
- (deoxy)ribose sugar
- Phosphate
What could be found in the lipid membrane of eukaryotic cells
(not an exlusive list - 4 things)
- Carbohydrates
- Cholesterol
- Ion Channels
- Receptors
Where are ribosomes found
Not a question from exam but good to know
On membranes of RER
What is the AA sequence in a protein called
Primary structure
How do enzymes increase the rate of spontaneous reactions
Decrease activation energy (Ea)
Whattype of bond links carbohydrate monomers together?
Glycosidic bonds
Net number of ATP produced from catabolism of 1 mole of glucose to lactate
2 - 4 produced overall but 2 are consumed
Mechanism ATPase uses in order to generate ATP
Binding-change mechanism
What is exess acetyl CoA formed from FA converted to during periods of prolonged fasting
Ketones
AA essential to nitrogen entering to body
Glutamate
Explain Glutamate
not directly a question in exam but good for understanding
Nitrogen in the diet comes mainly from protein. Once it is broken down, the nitrogen from those amino acids is transferred (transaminated) to alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate. Glutamate is then used as an amino group donor for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids.
Alanine is a common alternative but that would be wrong! There is an alanine amino transferase, but that is involved in transferring amino groups from alanine (and other amino acids) to form glutamate.
Cycle important in nitrogen metabolism
Glucose-Alanine cycle
Proportion of TBW in extracellular and intracellular compartments
- 1/3 = extracellular
- 2/3 = intracellular
In what solution would RBC shrink
Hypertonic - e.g. 30mM urea and 170mM NaCl
urea is penetrating so ignore
What is the resting membrane potential directly generated by in the cell membrane
Premeability of the resting membrane to K+
What type of membrane potential is self-propagated
Action potential
Not EPSP/IPSP as are graded (decrememtal)
Main feature/property of the end plate potential
It is always large enough to evoke an action potential in the muscle
What mediates the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that triggers contraction of skeletal muscle
Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What are the thick filaments of skeletal muscles composed of
Myosin
Which nervous system would increase gut motility
Parasympathetic system (not just autonomic)
What would an antagoinist have (affinity and efficacy)
Nigh affinity and no efficacy
What is the spinal outflow of the sympathetic nervous system
Thoraco-lumbar
What is the physiological significance of co-activation of alpha and gamma motor neurones innervating skeletal muscle
Ensures that the sensitivity of the muscle spindle is retained
What blood cell type would have its levels elevated during a viral infection
Lymphocytes
(neutrophils of bacterial infection)
Pre-contemplation
Stage at which an individual has no intention of changing their behaviour. They are not aware that their behaviour is a problem.
Under what “umbrella” of care would being discharged to home fit?
Primary care - by GP
