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1. Foundations of Medicine PoNF > Formative Exam > Flashcards

Formative Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Molecule which increases H+ ion conc of solution

A

Acid

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2
Q

Immunoglobulin which can cross placenta

A

IgG

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3
Q

Function of platelets

A

Initiate blood clotting

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4
Q

What does erythropoietin accelerate the formation of

A

RBC

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5
Q

What blood cell forms a key part of innate immunity

A

Natural Killer Cells

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6
Q

What would rafiolabled Na+ as an indicator measure

A

Extracellular fluid volume

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7
Q

What is a nucleotide composed of

A
  • Base
  • (deoxy)ribose sugar
  • Phosphate
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8
Q

What could be found in the lipid membrane of eukaryotic cells

(not an exlusive list - 4 things)

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Cholesterol
  • Ion Channels
  • Receptors
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9
Q

Where are ribosomes found

Not a question from exam but good to know

A

On membranes of RER

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10
Q

What is the AA sequence in a protein called

A

Primary structure

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11
Q

How do enzymes increase the rate of spontaneous reactions

A

Decrease activation energy (Ea)

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12
Q

Whattype of bond links carbohydrate monomers together?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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13
Q

Net number of ATP produced from catabolism of 1 mole of glucose to lactate

A

2 - 4 produced overall but 2 are consumed

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14
Q

Mechanism ATPase uses in order to generate ATP

A

Binding-change mechanism

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15
Q

What is exess acetyl CoA formed from FA converted to during periods of prolonged fasting

A

Ketones

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16
Q

AA essential to nitrogen entering to body

A

Glutamate

17
Q

Explain Glutamate

not directly a question in exam but good for understanding

A

Nitrogen in the diet comes mainly from protein. Once it is broken down, the nitrogen from those amino acids is transferred (transaminated) to alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate. Glutamate is then used as an amino group donor for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids.
Alanine is a common alternative but that would be wrong! There is an alanine amino transferase, but that is involved in transferring amino groups from alanine (and other amino acids) to form glutamate.

18
Q

Cycle important in nitrogen metabolism

A

Glucose-Alanine cycle

19
Q

Proportion of TBW in extracellular and intracellular compartments

A
  • 1/3 = extracellular
  • 2/3 = intracellular
20
Q

In what solution would RBC shrink

A

Hypertonic - e.g. 30mM urea and 170mM NaCl

urea is penetrating so ignore

21
Q

What is the resting membrane potential directly generated by in the cell membrane

A

Premeability of the resting membrane to K+

22
Q

What type of membrane potential is self-propagated

A

Action potential

Not EPSP/IPSP as are graded (decrememtal)

23
Q

Main feature/property of the end plate potential

A

It is always large enough to evoke an action potential in the muscle

24
Q

What mediates the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that triggers contraction of skeletal muscle

A

Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

25
Q

What are the thick filaments of skeletal muscles composed of

A

Myosin

26
Q

Which nervous system would increase gut motility

A

Parasympathetic system (not just autonomic)

27
Q

What would an antagoinist have (affinity and efficacy)

A

Nigh affinity and no efficacy

28
Q

What is the spinal outflow of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Thoraco-lumbar

29
Q

What is the physiological significance of co-activation of alpha and gamma motor neurones innervating skeletal muscle

A

Ensures that the sensitivity of the muscle spindle is retained

30
Q

What blood cell type would have its levels elevated during a viral infection

A

Lymphocytes
(neutrophils of bacterial infection)

31
Q

Pre-contemplation

A

Stage at which an individual has no intention of changing their behaviour. They are not aware that their behaviour is a problem.

32
Q

Under what “umbrella” of care would being discharged to home fit?

A

Primary care - by GP

1. Foundations of Medicine PoNF (22 decks)

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