Formative Flashcards
List four aspects of lifestyle you MAY cover in a consultation with ANY patient when giving advice to promote a healthier lifestyle. (4 marks)
Diet Exercise Alcohol Smoking Illicit drug use Sexual health (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
Which factors enable you, as a GP, to be the most appropriate professional to guide a patient about their worries? (4 marks)
Aware of their current and past medical history
Aware of their social circumstances e.g. family support
GP has knowledge of a broad range of illnesses and health conditions
Trusted health professional who is likely to have been known by the patient / family for some time, perhaps lifelong
GP has a role in prevention as well as diagnosing / treating illness / disease i.e. GP is responsible for holistic patient care
GP likely to be local to their home and therefore accessible
(Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
When discussing a patient’s concerns you use open-ended questions. List four other types of question which may be used in a consultation and give a brief explanation of each. (8 marks)
Direct question - asks about a specific item
Closed question - can only be answered by saying yes or no
Leading question - presumes the answer (and is best avoided)
Reflected question - the doctor does not answer the question but asks the patient to think about the answer themselves
(4 x 2 = 8 marks)
List the five core concepts associated with the Social Cognitive Theory. (5 marks)
Observational learning / modelling (people learn by observing others - learned behaviours) Outcome expectations Self efficacy Goal setting Self regulation (5 x 1 = 5 marks)
According to Social Cognitive Theory, an individual’s behaviour is influenced by personal, behavioural and environmental factors. Give three examples of environmental factors which may influence an individual’s behaviour. (3 marks)
Culture Social support Location Income Time (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
What is the World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of health? (4 marks)
Health is a state of complete physical (1 mark), mental (1 mark) and social (1 mark) well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (1 mark).
List four factors which influence lay beliefs about health AND give an example of how each of these factors may influence lay beliefs about health. (8 marks)
Age - older people concentrate on functional ability, younger people tend to speak of health in terms of physical strength and fitness Social class - people living in difficult economic and social circumstances regard health as functional (ability to be productive, take care of others), women of higher social class or educational qualifications have a more multidimensional view of health Gender - men and women appear to think about health differently (women may find the concept of health more interesting, women include a social aspect to health) Culture - different perceptions of illness / disease, differences in concordance with treatment (4 x 2 = 8 marks)
List six actions the government could take to stem the rise in obesity. (6 marks)
Health education - diet and exercise Tax on unhealthy foods, "fat tax" Legislation - proper labelling, lists of ingredients / food content Enforcement of legislation Ban on advertising unhealthy food Improve exercise / sport facilities Subsidise healthy food Transport policy e.g. cycle lanes Funding of NHS treatment for obesity e.g. specialist clinics, bariatric surgery (Any 6 x 1 = 6 marks)
What is meant by cultural competence? (2 marks)
Cultural competence is the understanding of diverse attitudes, beliefs, behaviours, practices, and communication patterns attributable to a variety of factors (such as race, ethnicity, religion, SES, historical and social context, physical or mental ability, age, gender, sexual orientation, or generational and acculturation status).
(2 marks for complete definition, 1 mark for partial definition where student shows some understanding)
List five potential difficulties which may arise when consulting with a patient from a different culture. (5 marks)
Lack of knowledge about NHS / UK health care system
Lack of knowledge about common health issues / different health beliefs
Fear and distrust
Racism
Bias and ethnocentrism
Stereotyping
Language barriers
Presence of a third party e.g. family member, translator in the room
Differences in perceptions and expectations between patient and doctor
Examination taboos
Gender difference between doctor and patient
Religious beliefs
Difficulties using language line
Patient may not be entitled to NHS care
(Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
List three different routes via which someone may be exposed to a hazardous substance (other than via skin). (3 marks)
Blood Sexual contact Inhalation Ingestion (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
List two categories of hazard (other than chemical) AND give an example of each in relation to working in a chemistry lab. (4 marks)
Physical - heat, noise, radiation from lab equipment
Mechanical - trips and slips
Biological - spread of infection amongst colleagues e.g. respiratory, gI
Psychological / stress - anxiety re: job security, relationships with colleagues, stressful when busy / deadlines to meet
(Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks for category plus 2 x 1 = 2 marks for relevant example in each category = 4 marks)
List three aspects of advice you may give to the patient / their carer when safety netting. (3 marks)
Advise the patient of the expected course of the illness / recovery
Advise of symptoms indicating deterioration
Advise who to contact if patient deteriorates
(Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
List three other ways in which Neighbour suggests risk can be minimised (apart from safety netting). (3 marks)
Summarise and verbally check that reasons for attendance are clear
Hand over and bring the consultation to a close i.e. hand over to the patient at the end to ensure all issues have been covered
Deal with the housekeeping of recovery and reflection e.g. record keeping, referral if necessary, pausing to reflect before next patient
(3 x 1 = 3 marks)
Following discussion with a patient, you decide to refer her back to the chest clinic, employing your role as a “gatekeeper”. What is meant by the term “gatekeeper” in this context? (1 mark)
The person who controls patients’ access to specialist or secondary care
(1 mark)
