Formative (3) 2020 Version Flashcards
What is the Wilson (and Jungner) 1968 criterion for setting up a screening programme? [10]
- Will the test detect the condition at an early pre-clinical stage?
- Is the disease an important public health problem?
- Is the natural history of the disease adequately understood?
- Is a test available for the condition?
- Is the test sensitive (low false negatives)?
- Is the test specific (low false positives)?
- Is the test safe?
- Is the test acceptable to the public and professionals involved?
- Is the cost of the test reasonable?
- Does the overall cost-benefit analysis make it worthwhile e.g. number of tests required to save one life?
- Is treatment for the condition being screened for of proven effectiveness?
- Is treatment for the condition being screened for safe?
- Is treatment for the condition being screened for acceptable to public and professionals?
- Are facilities for diagnosis and treatment available?
What are the main sources of data for epidemiological studies? [7]
- Mortality data
- Cancer Statistics
- Hospital activity statistics
- General Practice morbidity/disease registers
- ISD information
- NHS expenditure data
- Social security information/benefits data
What questions do you ask if someone is suspected of having a occupation-related disease? [11]
- Does he work with chemical irritants?
- How much exposure does he have to these irritants (intensity/duration)?
- Do his symptoms improve when not at work e.g. onshore, holiday?
- Is personal protective equipment (PPE) used?
- Does the patient comply with PPE use?
- Does the company enforce PPE use?
- Do other work colleagues have similar symptoms?
- Has he any hobbies/pets/other activities which may be a likely cause?
- Does he use anything he may be allergic to?
List five examples of common mild-to-moderate mental health conditions occurring in the general population. [6]
- Depression
- Generalised anxiety disorder
- Panic disorder
- Social anxiety disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
List five ways the government or local councils could consider to try and reduce health inequality. [10]
- Improving access to healthcare
- Effective partnership across a range of sectors and organisations e.g. to promote health, improve patient education about health
- Evaluate and refine integration of health and social care
- Government policies and legislation e.g. smoking ban
- Time to invest in the more vulnerable patient groups
- Reduction in poverty
- Social inclusion policies
- Improved employment opportunities for all
- Ensuring equal access to education in all areas
- Improved housing in deprived areas
What are the stages in the “Cycle of Change”? [6]
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Relapse
Define empowerment
The generation of power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves to be unable to control situations nor act on the basis of their choices
Name some concerns with having an ageing population [5]
- Increasing dependence on families and/or carers who are also ageing
- Demand for home carers and nursing home places likely to increase
- Increasing emphasis on social activities for elderly within communities
- Role of elderly as grandparents and carers of grandchildren likely to change
- Housing demands are likely to change as more elderly people live alone
List some healthcare professionals that work alongside GPs in the care for elderly [12]
- District nurse and/or practice nurse - E.g. pressure areas, bloods, BP monitoring
- Home carer - Practical tasks e.g. bathing, dressing
- Pharmacist - Advice on medication, dossett box
- Care Manager - Assessment and organisation of care
- OT - Adaptating living environment to maximise independence e.g. stair lift, hoist, shower modification
- Physiotherapist - Maintain any remaining mobility, walking aids
- GMED/NHS 24 - Out of hours care if unexpected problems
- Nurse practitioner - Initial assessment during house call if change in health, GP supported prescribing
- Dietician - Advice on diet to minimise further deterioration in renal function
- Practice receptionist - Passing on concerns/first point of contact
- Physician’s assistant - GP supported medical assessment and care
- Paramedic Practitioner - Acute assessment
- Social worker - Benefits, contact with agencies
- Link Practitioners - Signposting to third sector agencies
List some reasons that a teenager might have a poor quality of sleep [9]
- Poor diet
- Inadequate sleep
- Excess screen time
- Lack of exercise/too much exercise
- Academic difficulties
- Home/relationship difficulties
- Bullying
- Social isolation
- Mental illness
How many minutes of excercise should a teenager get daily?
60 minutes
How many hours of sleep should a teenager get a night?
8 to 10
List the benefits of excercise for young people [8]
- Builds confidence and social skills
- Develops coordination
- Improves concentration and learning
- Strengthens muscles and bones
- Improves health and fitness
- Improves sleep
- Aids weight loss/reduces risk excess weight gain
- Makes you feel good/improves feeling of general well-being
What do you need to take into consideration when breaking bad news to someone? [8]
- Listen to the patient and their carers
- Set the scene
- Check whether Michael wants to speak himself or with his sister present
- Find out what the patient already understands
- Find out how much the patient wants to know
- Share the information using a common language/avoid jargon
- Review and summarise the information
- Allow opportunities for questions
- Agree follow up and support
What are some ways that a patient can react to being given bad news? [9]
- Shock
- Anger
- Denial
- Bargaining
- Relief
- Sadness / Depression
- Fear / Anxiety
- Guilt
- Distress
