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Life Sciences > Formation of a new species > Flashcards

Formation of a new species Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic engineering

A

the direct manipulation of the genes in an organism

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2
Q

GMO (genetically modified organisms)

A
  • the result of genetic engineering

- improve quality of life/productivity

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3
Q

transgenic organism

A

-organism which genes have been altered using genetic engineering techniques

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4
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA that contains foreign genes

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5
Q

species

A

individuals with similar characteristics that can interbreed freely and produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

Main causes of variation in a species

A
  • crossing over and random assortment of homologous chromosomes pairs (meiosis)
  • random fusion and random mating (reproduction) (greater genetic pool)
  • mutations (gene and chromosome mutations)
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7
Q

inbreeding

A
  • crossing of closely related individuals

- promotes homozygosity

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8
Q

advantages of inbreeding

A
  • predictable offspring
  • undesirable characteristics can be isolated
  • recessive genes can be isolated
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9
Q
  1. disadvantages of inbreeding
A
  • high mortality rate
  • offspring have low resistance to diseases
  • offspring can be sterile e.g. poor sperm quality
  • decrease in frequency of heterozygous gene pairs
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10
Q
  1. disadvantages of inbreeding
A
  • gene pool decreases (increases possibility of extinction)
  • increase in abnormalities
  • recessive genetic diseases (more evident)
  • loss of vigour
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11
Q

outbreeding

A
  • crossing of unrelated individuals - offspring that is genetically diff
  • promotes heterozygosity
  • same species - diff breed
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12
Q

advantages of outbreeding

A
  • reintroduces lost characteristics
  • individuals are still “pure”
  • increases hybrid vigour in offspring
  • new characteristics are introduced - genetic variation increases - gene pool enlarges
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13
Q

disadvantages of outbreeding

A
  • typical characteristics are lost
  • loss of seperate race / breed - new races / breeds develop
  • less predictability in offspring
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14
Q

outbreeding

A
  • crossing of unrelated individuals - offspring that is genetically diff
  • promotes heterozygosity
  • same species - diff breed
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15
Q

advantages of outbreeding

A
  • reintroduces lost characteristics
  • individuals are still “pure”
  • increases hybrid vigour in offspring
  • new characteristics are introduced - genetic variation increases - gene pool enlarges
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16
Q

disadvantages of outbreeding

A
  • typical characteristics are lost
  • loss of seperate race / breed - new races / breeds develop
  • less predictability in offspring
17
Q

founder effect (deliberate isolation)

A

when a small fraction of the population moves away

18
Q

How does the founder effect work?

A
  • starts with large population with different phenotypes
  • small fraction of population moves away
  • isolation - leads to inbreeding
  • recessive allele is expressed in phenotype
19
Q

genetic bottle neck

A

animals

20
Q

speciation

A

formation of new species

21
Q

allopatric speciation

A

occurs when there is geographic isolation

22
Q
  1. How allopatric speciation occurs?
A
  • variation occurred in original population (name trait)
  • population became separated by geographical barrier (name barrier)
  • gene flow between the two populations stopped
  • became reproductively isolated
23
Q
  1. How allopatric speciation occurs?
A
  • populations adopt separately to their environments
  • the different environments exert different pressures (name them)
  • over time mutations occur and they become genotypically and phenotypically different
  • if two populations meet again, they won’t recognise each other - new species developed through allopatric speciation
24
Q

sympatric speciation

A

occurs when there is absence of a barrier

25
Q
  1. How sympatric speciation occurs?
A
  • occurs in the same geographical area (they become reproductively separated even though they occupy the same area)
  • moved away to avoid competition
  • population became separated (state the type of isolation)
  • gene flow between the two populations stopped
26
Q
  1. How sympatric speciation occurs?
A
  • became reproductively isolated
  • populations adopt separately to their environments
  • the different environments exert different pressures (name them)
  • over time mutations occur and they become genotypically and phenotypically different
27
Q

What can geographical isolation to?

A

It can lead to behavioural isolation over time

28
Q

Temporal isolation

A

breeding at different times of the year/day

29
Q

Ecological isolation

A

live in diff habitats in same environment and use diff resources

30
Q

Behavioural isolation

A

if courtship is unsuccessful, mating and fertilisation will not take place

31
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

the reproductive organs don’t fit into each other - cannot reproduce

32
Q

Hybrid

A

hybrids are infertile

Life Sciences (6 decks)

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